Biology Regents Comprehensive Review

The phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between different species. The branches represent common ancestors and the distance between branches indicates the level of relatedness. In this case, since the branch connecting species Y and Z is shorter than the branch connecting species X and G, it indicates that Y and Z are more closely related. Therefore, the statement "Species Y and Z are more closely related than X and G" is true.

The correct answer is "All cells have lysosomes." The cell theory states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, one or more cells make up an organism, and cells carry out their own life functions. However, not all cells have lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal, but not all cells have them. Therefore, this statement does not align with the cell theory.

Dehydration synthesis is the process through which two monosaccharides can be combined into a disaccharide. This process involves the removal of a water molecule to form a covalent bond between the monosaccharides, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule. This process is the opposite of hydrolysis, which breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones by adding water molecules. Respiration, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis are unrelated processes and do not involve the combination of monosaccharides into a disaccharide.

Hydrolysis is the process in which a disaccharide can be broken down into two monosaccharides. This process involves the addition of water molecules to break the chemical bonds between the two sugar units in the disaccharide. The water molecules provide the necessary energy to break these bonds, resulting in the separation of the two monosaccharides. This process is commonly observed in the digestion of complex carbohydrates in the human body, where enzymes facilitate the hydrolysis of disaccharides into simpler sugars for absorption and utilization.

Bacteria is a moneran because it is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Monerans are a group of prokaryotic organisms, which means they have a simple cell structure without a true nucleus. Bacteria are the most common and well-known type of monerans, and they can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body. They play an important role in various ecological processes and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on other organisms.

The correct answer is Lysosome; Removes Old Parts. Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris. They play a crucial role in the removal of old or damaged cellular components, such as organelles or proteins, through a process called autophagy. This helps maintain the overall health and functionality of the cell.

Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells. It is involved in growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues in multicellular organisms. Budding, asexual reproduction, and sporulation are all forms of reproduction that involve mitosis. However, sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg cells) to form a genetically diverse offspring, which does not involve mitosis. Therefore, mitosis is not associated with sexual reproduction.

RNA contains ribose, which is a sugar molecule, whereas DNA contains deoxyribose, a slightly different sugar molecule. This difference in sugar composition is what distinguishes RNA from DNA. RNA also contains at least one strand, is made up of nucleotides, and can have Guanine as a nitrogenous base, but these characteristics are not unique to RNA and can also be found in DNA.

Crossing over occurs during the Prophase of Meiosis. This is the stage where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called recombination. This genetic exchange increases genetic diversity and results in the formation of new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes. Therefore, crossing over is a crucial event in meiosis that contributes to genetic variation among offspring.

In a chemical reaction, when one substance is oxidized, it loses electrons, while the other substance is reduced, gaining those electrons. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, where electrons are transferred between molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is "Oxidized, Reduced".

Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine. This is because the small intestine is responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. It receives digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver, which help to further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The small intestine also has a large surface area due to its villi and microvilli, which increases the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.