Biology 9. Elements, Water And Carbohydrates

A hydrogen bond is the bond between water molecules. It is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and an oxygen atom of another water molecule. This bond is responsible for the unique properties of water, such as its high boiling point, surface tension, and ability to dissolve many substances.

The correct answer is "hydrolysis, Hydrolysis, hydrolysis reaction." Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by water, resulting in the formation of two or more new substances. In the diagram, it is likely that a larger molecule is being broken down into smaller molecules or ions through the addition of water molecules. This process is commonly seen in biological systems, such as the digestion of food in the human body.

Nitrogen is an essential component of proteins. Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids, and nitrogen is a crucial element found in the structure of amino acids. It forms the peptide bonds that link amino acids together to form proteins. Therefore, proteins cannot be synthesized without the presence of nitrogen. On the other hand, while carbohydrates, lipids, and polysaccharides may contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, they do not necessarily contain nitrogen.

Organic compounds are described by two characteristics: they are found in living things and they contain carbon. This means that they are present in biological organisms and they have carbon atoms in their molecular structure. Compounds that do not contain carbon are considered inorganic.

Arrow D points to the hydrogen bond between water molecules. Hydrogen bonding occurs when the hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom of another water molecule. This attraction creates a weak bond between the two molecules, resulting in the unique properties of water, such as its high boiling point and surface tension.

Starch and glycogen are both forms of stored carbohydrates, but they differ in their sources and functions. Starch is a stored product of plants, serving as a reserve of energy for the plant. It is commonly found in foods like potatoes, rice, and wheat. On the other hand, glycogen is the stored food in animals, functioning as a reserve of energy for the body. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscles. The given answer accurately describes this distinction between starch and glycogen.

The diagram likely depicts a condensation reaction. In a condensation reaction, two molecules combine, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water, to form a larger molecule. This process is commonly observed in the formation of polymers, such as when monomers join together to form a polymer chain. The answer options "condensation," "Condensation," and "condensation reaction" all refer to the same type of reaction.

The significance of the polarity of water molecules is that it allows water to act as a good solvent. The polarity of water molecules means that they have a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other. This allows water to easily dissolve many different substances, making it an effective solvent. This property of water is important in various biological and chemical processes, as it allows for the transportation of nutrients and waste products within organisms, as well as the dissolution and transport of various chemicals in the environment.

Amino acids are the monomers that are linked together through peptide bonds to form proteins. Therefore, the correct pairing of monomer and polymer is amino acids --> protein.

Water molecules are described as polar because they have an uneven distribution of charge, with the oxygen atom being slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms being slightly positive. This polarity is due to the unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, which leads to the formation of a polar covalent bond. Therefore, the correct answers are that water molecules are polar and formed through a covalent bond.

A carbon atom has four bonds when forming compounds because it has four valence electrons. Carbon is in group 14 of the periodic table, meaning it has four valence electrons in its outermost shell. In order to achieve a stable electron configuration, carbon forms four covalent bonds, sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. This allows carbon to achieve a full octet of electrons, resulting in a stable compound.

Monomers are small molecular units that are linked together to form complex organic compounds called polymers. This process is known as polymerization. Monomers can be identical or different and can be linked together in various ways to create different types of polymers. Dimers, on the other hand, are formed by the combination of two identical molecules. Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Therefore, the correct answer is monomers.

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk and dairy products, and it is not commonly found in plants. Plants primarily contain carbohydrates such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and cellulose. Sucrose is a common sugar found in plants, while glucose and fructose are monosaccharides commonly found in fruits and plants. Cellulose, on the other hand, is a polysaccharide and is the main component of plant cell walls. Therefore, lactose is the correct answer as it is not typically found in plants.

Hemoglobin is a type of organic compound that is found in blood. It is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids, and hemoglobin is a specific protein that is essential for the transport of oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is protein.

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A glycosidic bond is formed when two glucose molecules are linked together. This bond is formed through a condensation reaction, where a hydroxyl group from one glucose molecule reacts with the anomeric carbon of the other glucose molecule, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond. This bond is important in the formation of disaccharides, such as maltose, lactose, and sucrose, as well as in the formation of polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose.

The correct answer is 1. The functional group that is most likely to be found in proteins is the amino group (-NH2). Proteins are composed of amino acids, which contain an amino group, a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain. The amino group plays a crucial role in the formation of peptide bonds, which link amino acids together to form proteins.

The correct answer is D because ribose is a five-carbon sugar molecule with a linear structure. Option D is the only one that represents a five-carbon molecule, while the other options represent either four or six carbon molecules.

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharide units. Starch is the main storage form of carbohydrates in plants, while glycogen is the main storage form in animals. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Maltose, fructose, and galactose are not polysaccharides but rather disaccharides or monosaccharides.

Carbon is the most abundant element in living things because it is a key component of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules are essential for the structure and function of cells and are the building blocks of life. Carbon's ability to form stable covalent bonds with other elements allows for the diversity and complexity of organic molecules, making it crucial for life processes.

Covalent compounds are formed through the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals. This sharing of electrons allows both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration, resulting in a strong bond between them. Transfer of electrons, on the other hand, is characteristic of ionic compounds where electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. The bond between a metal and a nonmetal is characteristic of an ionic compound, not a covalent compound. Therefore, the correct characteristics of covalent compounds are sharing of electrons and a bond between two nonmetals.

Option D represents an amino acid. Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. They contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded to a central carbon atom. In option D, the structure shown represents an amino acid with the amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to the central carbon atom.

The correct answer is "glucose + fructose = sucrose". This is because a condensation reaction occurs when two molecules combine to form a larger molecule while releasing a small molecule, such as water. In this case, glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose, with the release of a water molecule.

In a water molecule, the oxygen atom is slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. The positive pole of a water molecule is the hydrogen atom. In the given options, arrow A points to the hydrogen atom, indicating the positive pole of the water molecule.

The three monosaccharides among the given options are fructose, glucose, and galactose. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. Fructose is a sugar commonly found in fruits and honey. Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body and is found in many foods, especially carbohydrates. Galactose is a sugar that is commonly found in dairy products and is often metabolized into glucose in the body. Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are not monosaccharides as they are composed of two or more sugar units.

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules result in cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion refers to the attraction between water molecules, which allows them to stick together and form surface tension. Adhesion refers to the attraction between water molecules and other substances, allowing water to stick to surfaces. These properties are a result of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which are formed due to the polarity of the water molecule.

Glucose, amino acid, and starch are organic compounds because they all contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Carbon is a key element in organic compounds, and these three substances are commonly found in living organisms. CO2, H2O, and calcium carbonate do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and are therefore considered inorganic compounds.

Water's high specific heat is significant to living things because it allows certain organisms to maintain a stable body temperature. This is important for homeostasis and the proper functioning of bodily processes. Additionally, sweating in humans produces a cooling effect due to water's high heat capacity, helping to regulate body temperature. Furthermore, because blood contains water, it serves as a good transport medium for heat, allowing for efficient distribution of thermal energy throughout the body.

Hydrolysis reaction involves the addition of water molecules and the breaking of polymers and bonds. Water is added and split refers to the process of water molecules being added to a compound, causing it to split into two or more components. Polymer is broken refers to the breaking of large molecules into smaller units. Bond is broken refers to the breaking of chemical bonds between atoms or molecules.

Glycerol is a type of alcohol that contains three carbon atoms, making it a triose sugar. Triose sugars are the simplest type of sugar and consist of three carbon atoms. Therefore, the pair "glycerol = triose sugar" is correct.

Condensation reaction involves the formation of a covalent bond between two molecules, resulting in the removal of a small molecule, usually water. This reaction leads to the formation of a polymer, which is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits. Therefore, the correct answers are: Water is formed and removed, Polymer is formed, and Bond is formed.

The structural formula shown in the question is a hexose sugar because it contains six carbon atoms. It is also a monosaccharide because it is a single sugar unit. Additionally, it is specifically glucose because the structure matches the molecular formula of glucose, which is C6H12O6.

Proteins and nucleic acids contain phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential element found in these biomolecules. Proteins are composed of amino acids, and some amino acids contain phosphorus in their side chains. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, also contain phosphorus in their phosphate groups, which are crucial for their structure and function. Carbohydrates and lipids do not typically contain phosphorus.

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all examples of disaccharides, which are composed of two sugar units. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides, meaning they are made up of a single sugar unit. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides, consisting of many sugar units linked together. Glycerol is not a sugar and therefore not a disaccharide.

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is significant to living things because it gives water unique properties such as high surface tension. This allows plant roots to easily absorb and transport water to other plant parts, as well as enables some insects to crawl on the surface of bodies of water.

The answer is correct because in a water molecule, oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen. This means that oxygen attracts the shared electrons in the covalent bond more strongly, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms. Therefore, oxygen is slightly more negative, while hydrogen is slightly more positive.