Advanced Placement World History: Modern! Practice Test

The correct answer is Japanese planes bombed the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor. This event, which occurred on December 7, 1941, was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II and was a significant factor in the eventual defeat of the Axis powers.

Gandhi's "unusual" political ideas included nonviolence. This means that he believed in resolving conflicts and achieving political goals without the use of force or violence. Gandhi promoted peaceful protests, civil disobedience, and passive resistance as effective means of bringing about social and political change. He believed in the power of love, truth, and nonviolent resistance to overcome oppression and injustice. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence had a significant impact on the Indian independence movement and inspired many other civil rights and peace movements around the world.

Globalization refers to the process of increasing integration and interaction between countries and societies around the world. This includes economic integration, such as the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders, as well as cultural and political integration, such as the exchange of ideas, values, and policies. It is not related to the warming of the earth's core, colonization of planets, protecting markets through tariffs, or the call for a one-world government.

Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong were the first humans to walk on the moon in the 20th century. They were part of the Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed on the moon on July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong famously took the first step onto the lunar surface, followed shortly by Buzz Aldrin. Together, they spent a total of about two and a half hours outside the lunar module, conducting experiments and collecting samples before returning to Earth. Their historic achievement marked a significant milestone in human space exploration.

The correct answer is "reduce trade barriers and enforce international trade agreements." The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to promote free and fair trade by reducing barriers such as tariffs and quotas, and ensuring that countries adhere to international trade rules and agreements. The goal of the WTO is to create a level playing field for all nations and foster economic growth through increased global trade.

The "Brazilian Solution" refers to the combination of dictatorship, repression, and government promotion of industrialization. This term is used to describe the authoritarian regime that was established in Brazil during the 1960s and 1970s, which aimed to accelerate economic development through the suppression of political opposition and the implementation of industrial policies. This approach prioritized economic growth over civil liberties and human rights, leading to widespread repression and human rights abuses.

The term "Blitzkrieg" refers to a military tactic used by the German forces during World War II. It involved the use of a fast and overwhelming attack, combining air and ground forces to quickly penetrate enemy lines and disrupt their defenses. The term "lightning war" accurately captures the essence of this strategy, emphasizing the speed and intensity of the German offensive operations.

The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet-dominated counterpart to NATO. It was a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries. The purpose of the Warsaw Pact was to counter the influence of NATO and to maintain Soviet control over the Eastern Bloc. The member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged to provide mutual military assistance to each other in the event of an attack. This alliance played a significant role in the Cold War and the division of Europe between the Eastern and Western Blocs.

The correct answer is military alliance consisting of the United States and western European countries. NATO was formed in 1949 as a collective defense agreement between the United States, Canada, and several European countries. Its purpose was to provide mutual defense and security against the potential threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The alliance was based on the principle of collective defense, where an attack on one member would be considered an attack on all. NATO played a significant role in maintaining stability and deterring aggression during the Cold War period.

The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. This event marked the end of the Soviet Union as a political entity and the beginning of independent states emerging from its former territory. The dissolution was a result of various factors, including political and economic reforms, nationalist movements, and the weakening of centralized authority. The year 1991 is significant as it represents a major turning point in global politics and the end of the Cold War era.

The goal of terrorism is to convince people that their government is incapable of protecting them from pervasive threats. This is achieved through acts of violence and destruction, which create fear and insecurity among the population. By demonstrating the government's inability to maintain security and protect its citizens, terrorists aim to undermine public trust and confidence in the government, potentially leading to social and political instability.

The correct answer is New Deal. Franklin D. Roosevelt's economic recovery plan during the Great Depression was known as the New Deal. This plan aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy through various government programs and policies. The New Deal included initiatives such as the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and the Social Security Act, among others, which aimed to create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and provide a safety net for citizens.

The significant internal conflict in India was found between Hindus and Muslims. This conflict has historical roots and has been a major issue in the country for many years. The conflict stems from religious differences and has led to violence and tensions between the two groups.

Thomas Malthus argued in 1798 that population growth would outstrip food production. He believed that population increases at a geometric rate while food production only increases at an arithmetic rate. Therefore, he concluded that eventually the population would exceed the available food supply, leading to famine, disease, and other forms of population control. This theory became known as the Malthusian theory of population. Malthus' ideas were controversial and sparked debates about the relationship between population growth and resources.

The Battle of Britain was primarily conducted by air attacks. This means that the main form of warfare used during this battle was through aerial bombings and dogfights between aircraft. The use of submarines, naval warships, ground force invasion, and magneto-electric pulse detonation are not mentioned as the primary methods used in this battle.

D-Day refers to the start of the final Allied push to end the war in Europe, which began on June 6, 1944. It was a significant military operation during World War II, where Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy in France. The invasion marked a turning point in the war and ultimately led to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control.

Nelson Mandela, a leader of the African National Congress, organized guerrilla resistance in 1960. Mandela was a prominent anti-apartheid activist and played a key role in the fight against racial segregation in South Africa. He advocated for non-violent resistance but later turned to armed struggle after peaceful protests were met with violent repression. Mandela's leadership and involvement in guerrilla resistance ultimately led to his arrest and imprisonment for 27 years before he was released and became the first black President of South Africa.

During World War II, aircraft carriers played a crucial role in the Pacific Ocean. They provided a mobile and flexible platform for launching air strikes against enemy forces and targets. The ability to project air power over long distances allowed the United States to effectively counter Japanese aggression and regain control of the Pacific. Holding the Philippine Islands was important strategically, but it was the aircraft carriers that provided the means to achieve victory by dominating the skies and supporting amphibious operations. The base at Pearl Harbor was significant but was severely damaged during the surprise attack in 1941. The atomic bomb was a game-changer in ending the war, but it was not the key to victory in the Pacific. Short supply lines were important for logistical support, but they did not directly contribute to military success in the region.

The end of the war in the Pacific arena was controversial because of the U.S. use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This decision to drop atomic bombs resulted in the loss of thousands of civilian lives and caused immense destruction. It sparked international objection and raised ethical concerns about the use of such devastating weapons. The use of atomic bombs also had long-lasting environmental effects due to radioactivity. The economic devastation that would occur to the rest of Japan is not mentioned as a reason for the controversy.

Gandhi protested British violence and policies through fasting. Fasting was one of the nonviolent methods used by Gandhi to draw attention to his cause and to put pressure on the British government. By abstaining from food, Gandhi demonstrated his commitment to his beliefs and his willingness to sacrifice himself for the cause of Indian independence. Fasting was a powerful tool for Gandhi as it not only showcased his personal strength and determination but also appealed to the moral conscience of the British rulers and the international community.

The correct answer is the Cuban missile crisis. In 1962, the United States discovered that the Soviet Union had deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba, which led to a tense standoff between the two superpowers. This event, known as the Cuban missile crisis, brought the world to the brink of nuclear war and was a major turning point in the Cold War. The United States responded with a naval blockade of Cuba, demanding the removal of the missiles. Ultimately, a diplomatic agreement was reached, with the Soviet Union agreeing to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the United States removing their missiles from Turkey.

The correct answer is the Soviet Sputnik satellite launch. This event marked the first time that a man-made object was successfully launched into space, and it sparked a sense of urgency and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. The launch of Sputnik in 1957 by the Soviet Union was seen as a technological and scientific achievement, and it led to increased investments in space exploration and the development of new technologies. This event ultimately set the stage for the space race between the two superpowers.

Cambodia is not one of the "Asian Tigers" because the term refers to the highly developed economies of East Asia, known for their rapid industrialization and high growth rates. Cambodia, although located in Asia, does not have the same level of economic development and growth as the other countries listed.

The Nazis did not murder Aryans in the interest of "racial purity" as they considered Aryans to be the superior race. The concept of racial purity was based on their belief in the superiority of the Aryan race and the need to eliminate other groups that they considered inferior, such as Jews, homosexuals, the disabled and mentally ill, Gypsies, and the Polish elite.

Apartheid was a system of racial segregation implemented by the South African governments. This policy aimed to separate different racial groups, particularly black and white individuals, and enforce discrimination and inequality. It involved laws that restricted the rights and freedoms of non-white individuals, such as separate facilities, education, and job opportunities. Apartheid was a significant and controversial aspect of South African history, eventually abolished in the 1990s through the efforts of activists and international pressure.

The correct answer is Africa because the question states that out of the 40 million people infected with the HIV virus, 28 million of them live in a specific region. Since Africa is the only region mentioned in the given options, it can be inferred that the majority of HIV infections are concentrated in Africa.

During the Korean War, the United States feared that attacking China might prompt Soviet retaliation. The conflict had already escalated with the involvement of China, and a direct attack on Chinese territory could have potentially drawn the Soviet Union into the war. The United States was concerned about the possibility of a larger conflict with the Soviets, which could have had severe consequences. Therefore, they chose to limit the war to the Korean peninsula, focusing on defending South Korea rather than expanding the conflict further.

The answer "usually newly independent, poor nations" is the best explanation because it accurately describes the characteristics of Third World nations. These nations were often newly independent from colonial rule and faced economic challenges, making them poor. This term was commonly used during the Cold War era to refer to these nations, regardless of their geographical location. The other options are not as comprehensive or accurate in describing Third World nations.

Perestroika refers to the policy of restructuring the Soviet Union that was authorized by Mikhail Gorbachev. It aimed to introduce economic and political reforms to improve the efficiency and productivity of the Soviet economy. Glasnost, on the other hand, refers to the policy of openness and transparency that accompanied perestroika. Samizdat refers to the underground distribution of uncensored and unofficial publications in the Soviet Union. Kulak refers to the wealthy peasants who were targeted during collectivization in the Soviet Union. Tanizat is not a term related to the restructuring of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev.

The term "sick man of Europe" was used to describe the declining state of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. It reflected the empire's weakened political, economic, and military power, as well as its internal instability and struggles with modernization. This phrase was commonly used by European powers to highlight the empire's vulnerability and its inability to keep up with the progress and advancements of other European nations.

The correct answer is "killed 20 million." The influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 was a global pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. It infected approximately one-third of the world's population and resulted in an estimated death toll of 20 to 50 million people worldwide. This pandemic was one of the deadliest in history, affecting all age groups and causing high mortality rates, particularly among young adults. Antibiotics were not effective in treating the influenza virus, as antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not viral infections.

The correct answer is "Long March." Mao Zedong's escape from the Guomindang to Shaanxi in 1934 is commonly referred to as the Long March. This was a strategic retreat by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, covering a distance of over 6,000 miles. The Long March lasted for about a year and involved crossing difficult terrains, enduring harsh weather conditions, and engaging in multiple battles with enemy forces. It played a crucial role in solidifying Mao's leadership and establishing the Communist Party as a significant force in China.

The correct answer is that the Marshall Plan provided 12.5 billion dollars in economic aid to friendly European countries. The Marshall Plan was a program initiated by the United States after World War II to provide financial assistance to European countries in order to help them rebuild their economies. The plan aimed to promote economic stability and prevent the spread of communism in Europe. The funds provided through the Marshall Plan were used for various purposes such as infrastructure development, industrial modernization, and agricultural improvements. This aid played a crucial role in the post-war recovery of Europe.

The correct answer is anger at American influence in the Middle East. This is because the September 11, 2001, attacks were carried out by the terrorist group Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, who expressed anger and resentment towards American foreign policies, particularly in the Middle East. Bin Laden and his followers believed that the United States had too much influence in the region and were interfering in Muslim affairs. The attacks were seen as a way to retaliate against this perceived American dominance and to send a message of resistance.

The correct answer is industrialize using small-scale industries and collectivized agriculture. This is because Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward was a plan to rapidly industrialize China by promoting small-scale industries and collectivized agriculture. The goal was to increase agricultural and industrial production through the establishment of communes and the implementation of backyard steel furnaces. However, this plan ultimately led to a severe economic downturn and a widespread famine, causing the death of millions of people.

The most important political issue in Arab countries since World War II has been the struggle with Israel. This conflict has been ongoing for decades and has had a significant impact on the political landscape of the region. The Arab-Israeli conflict has led to numerous wars, diplomatic tensions, and ongoing disputes over land and resources. It has also shaped the relationships between Arab countries and the international community, particularly with regards to the United States and other Western powers. The struggle with Israel has been a central focus for Arab countries and has influenced their domestic and foreign policies.

The correct answer is "eliminated tariffs among the United States, Canada, and Mexico." The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a trade agreement between these three countries that aimed to eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers. It created a free trade zone, promoting economic integration and facilitating the flow of goods and services between the participating nations. This agreement was not related to the European Union, as stated in one of the incorrect options.

Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks, a Marxist political party in Russia. The Bolsheviks played a crucial role in the Russian Revolution of 1917, overthrowing the Provisional Government and establishing a socialist government. Lenin's leadership and ideology were instrumental in shaping the direction of the Bolshevik party and its revolutionary activities. The Bolsheviks eventually became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with Lenin as its first leader.

The Viet Cong were a communist guerilla movement in Vietnam that was supported by North Vietnam. They fought against the South Vietnamese government and the United States during the Vietnam War. The Viet Cong aimed to unify Vietnam under communist rule and were a significant force in the conflict.

The correct answer is "Shi'ite in Lebanon." Hezbollah is a Shi'ite Islamist political and military organization based in Lebanon. They are known for their strong support for Iran and their involvement in the Lebanese government and armed forces. Hezbollah has been involved in various conflicts in the region, including the Syrian Civil War, where they support the Syrian government. They are not affiliated with any other religious or ethnic groups mentioned in the options.

In response to the protests in Tiananmen Square, the Chinese government resorted to using force. This is evident from historical records and accounts of the events that occurred in 1989. The Chinese government deployed the military and security forces to suppress the demonstrations, leading to a violent crackdown on the protesters. This action resulted in numerous casualties and widespread condemnation from the international community.

Hitler's goal for Germany included the repeal of the Treaty of Versailles, taking over all German-speaking territory, expanding into Poland, and eliminating the Jews from Europe. However, his goal did not involve dividing the Western world from the Eastern by a tripartite pact with Japan. This answer is incorrect because Hitler did form a pact with Japan, known as the Tripartite Pact, but its purpose was to create an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan to counter the growing influence of the United States, rather than dividing the Western world from the Eastern.

In 1935, Mussolini saw an opportunity to expand Italy's empire and took advantage of the weakness of the Western democracies by invading Ethiopia. This was part of his plan to establish Italy as a major power and gain control over more territories. The invasion of Ethiopia was a significant event in history as it demonstrated Mussolini's aggressive foreign policy and disregard for international law. It also highlighted the failure of the League of Nations to prevent acts of aggression by its member states.

The Balfour Declaration is the correct answer because it had a significant impact on the future relations between Jewish and Palestinian settlers. The declaration, issued by the British government in 1917, expressed support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. This policy decision was a key factor in the eventual establishment of the state of Israel and has been a source of ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. The other options listed do not have the same level of historical significance in relation to Jewish and Palestinian relations.

During World War II, the United States focused its military efforts primarily on defeating Germany. This was due to the fact that Germany posed a greater threat to the Allies and had a stronger military compared to Japan. The United States, along with its allies, dedicated significant resources, troops, and strategic planning to the European theater of war, which ultimately led to the defeat of Germany before Japan. This concentration of efforts delayed the final defeat of Japan, as the Allies had to redirect their attention and resources towards the Pacific theater to effectively combat the Japanese forces.

The European Union (EU) is considered the most successful regional trade association because it has achieved a high level of economic integration among its member states. The EU has established a single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor. It has also implemented a common currency, the euro, in several member countries. The EU has been successful in promoting trade, investment, and economic growth among its member states, leading to increased prosperity and stability in the region. Additionally, the EU has played a significant role in shaping global trade policies and has negotiated numerous trade agreements with other countries and regions.

The correct answer suggests that although free trade was initially seen as the best way to achieve economic growth in the 1990s, it also had negative consequences such as causing downturns and inequalities, which in turn led to protests around the world. This explanation highlights the potential drawbacks of free trade and the social unrest it can generate.

During the 1980s, the Soviet Union (USSR) was engaged in an "unwinnable war" with Afghanistan. The USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support the communist government, but faced strong resistance from Afghan rebel groups known as the Mujahideen. The war dragged on for nearly a decade and resulted in heavy casualties for the USSR. The conflict became a quagmire for the Soviet forces, draining their resources and ultimately leading to their withdrawal in 1989.

The correct answer is increases in electricity and heavy industries. This is because Stalin's First Five-Year Plan, implemented from 1928 to 1932, aimed to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. The plan emphasized the development of heavy industries such as iron, steel, and machinery, as well as the expansion of electricity production. The goal was to transform the Soviet Union into a modern industrialized nation and catch up with the more advanced Western countries. This focus on industrialization was prioritized over the production of consumer goods for export or acquiring colonies.

The stock market crash of 1929 resulted in the deepest, most widespread depression in history. This means that the economic downturn that followed the crash was severe and affected a large number of countries and regions. It was not limited to a specific country or a minor event with a quick recovery. The use of the phrase "most widespread depression in history" emphasizes the magnitude and global impact of the economic crisis that followed the stock market crash.