AP World History Semester 1 Final Exam Practice Test

The correct answer is Vassals. In feudal societies, vassals were members of the military elite who were granted land by greater Lords in exchange for their military service and loyalty. These vassals were expected to provide military support to their Lords when called upon and were considered to be part of the noble class. They held their land as a fief, which was a form of feudal land tenure.

Islamic teachings in North and West Africa introduced a common bond among the people, as they shared a common religion. However, these teachings did not erase the existing social or ethnic stratifications that were present in the region. This means that while there was a sense of unity and shared beliefs due to Islam, the social and ethnic divisions still remained intact.

The 17th century Scientific Revolution in Western Europe was heavily influenced by Greek rational philosophies and classical scientists such as Aristotle. During this time, scholars in Western Europe began to challenge traditional beliefs and rely more on observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning. They looked to the ancient Greeks, particularly Aristotle, for inspiration and guidance in their scientific pursuits. Aristotle's emphasis on empirical observation and logical deduction provided a framework for the development of modern scientific methods. This influence paved the way for significant advancements in various fields, including physics, astronomy, and biology, during the Scientific Revolution.

The Sui dynasty is the correct answer because it was the dynasty that brought an end to the period of political chaos after the fall of the Qin and Han dynasties. The Sui dynasty, led by Emperor Wen, successfully reunified China and established a centralized government, thus restoring stability and order to the country. This period of stability paved the way for the subsequent Tang dynasty, which is often considered a golden age in Chinese history. The Qing and Song dynasties came later and were not directly responsible for ending the political chaos after the fall of the Qin and Han.

A good definition of a "barbarian" by 600 A.D. would be someone who is not part of a civilization. This term was often used by ancient Greeks and Romans to refer to people who were considered uncivilized or outside of the established societies. It was a way to differentiate between those who had organized societies, such as the Greeks and Romans, and those who did not have the same level of social, political, and cultural development. Being part of a civilization meant having a structured society with laws, government, and cultural practices, while being a barbarian meant being outside of these established systems.

The development of agriculture led to the establishment of settled communities, which in turn brought about changes in various aspects of society. The role of women in society underwent changes as the division of labor became more pronounced, with men typically taking on agricultural tasks and women focusing on domestic duties. The movements of hunter-gatherer societies were also impacted, as they transitioned to a more sedentary lifestyle centered around farming. Communication between different peoples increased as agriculture allowed for the growth of larger populations and the establishment of trade networks. However, the development of agriculture did not directly influence the tendency to believe in many gods, as religious beliefs are shaped by a variety of factors that are not solely dependent on agricultural practices.

The correct answer is that Enlightenment philosophies were founded on the rational approach of the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution, which took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, emphasized the use of reason, observation, and experimentation to understand the natural world. This rational approach to knowledge influenced the thinkers of the Enlightenment, who sought to apply reason and logic to all aspects of human life, including politics, society, and religion. The Enlightenment philosophers believed in the power of reason to improve society and advocated for ideas such as individual rights, freedom of thought, and separation of powers. Therefore, it can be said that Enlightenment philosophies were built upon the rational approach of the Scientific Revolution.

The Hanseatic League was a commercial alliance during the Late Middle Ages. It was a confederation of merchant guilds and market towns that dominated trade in Northern Europe from the 13th to the 17th century. The League facilitated trade, established common trading practices, and provided mutual protection for its members. It played a significant role in the economic development and growth of cities in the region, making A commercial alliance the correct answer.

Buddhism played a key role in the transmission of Chinese civilization to Japan. Buddhism originated in India and was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty. It then spread to Japan through various means, including trade and diplomatic exchanges. The arrival of Buddhism in Japan had a profound impact on Japanese culture, influencing art, architecture, literature, and religious practices. Buddhist teachings and practices became integrated into Japanese society and played a significant role in shaping Japanese civilization.

Mongol rule had cut off and isolated Russia from Western contacts. During the Mongol rule, Russia was under the control of the Golden Horde, which limited its interactions with the outside world. The Mongols discouraged cultural and intellectual exchange, isolating Russia from the Renaissance and Reformation movements that were taking place in Western Europe. This isolation prevented Russia from experiencing the intellectual and cultural changes that occurred during these periods.

During the division of the Mongol empire, India did not become a center for any of their khanates. This means that the Mongols did not establish a significant political or administrative presence in India. Instead, other regions such as East Asia, Iran and Mesopotamia, and the steppes of Russia, Ukraine, and Siberia became centers for the Mongol khanates.

By 600 A.D., an early civilization was beginning to take shape in Central America. This is evident from the archaeological evidence found in this region, such as the ancient cities of Teotihuacan, Tikal, and Copan. These civilizations, including the Maya and the Olmec, developed advanced agricultural systems, complex social structures, and impressive architectural achievements. The region's geographical location, with its fertile lands and access to trade routes, likely contributed to the growth and development of these early civilizations.

During the Tang and Song rule in China, there was a flourishing of Chinese culture and significant accomplishments in various fields such as literature, art, science, and technology. This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" as it witnessed advancements in areas like poetry, painting, ceramics, printing, and navigation. The Tang and Song dynasties also saw the rise of a prosperous urban middle class and the development of a sophisticated bureaucracy. This era is considered a pinnacle of Chinese civilization and a time of great cultural and intellectual achievements.

During the postclassical period, the typical pattern for relations between China and its neighbors was for these states to acknowledge Chinese superiority and pay tribute, but to remain independent. This means that while the neighboring states recognized China as a superior power and paid tribute to maintain diplomatic relations, they were allowed to govern themselves and maintain their independence. This pattern allowed China to exert influence and control over its neighbors without directly occupying or incorporating them into the Chinese empire.

During the Hellenistic period, which lasted from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, significant advancements were made in various fields. One of the notable areas of progress was in medicine, with the establishment of medical schools and the development of new theories and practices. Additionally, Hellenistic scholars made significant contributions to the field of geometry, building upon the foundations laid by earlier Greek mathematicians. These advancements in medicine and geometry were emblematic of the intellectual and scientific achievements of the Hellenistic society.

The common cultural trait of the urbanized trading ports on the east coast of Africa was the Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language. This language developed as a result of the interaction between Bantu-speaking communities and Arab traders who arrived in the region for trade. The Swahili language incorporated Bantu grammar and vocabulary, while also adopting Arabic loanwords and script. This cultural fusion of Bantu and Arabic influences was a defining characteristic of the urbanized trading ports in East Africa.

The Roman classic culture borrowed heavily, especially from the Greek and Hellenistic states. This means that the Romans incorporated many aspects of Greek and Hellenistic culture into their own. They adopted Greek art, literature, philosophy, and architecture, among other things. This borrowing of ideas and cultural elements helped to shape and influence Roman society and contributed to the development of their own unique culture.

After 200 A.D., an increasing number of people in Asia, North Africa, and Europe began to adopt faiths characterized by monotheism. This means that they started to believe in the existence of only one god. This shift from polytheism, the belief in multiple gods, to monotheism was a significant development in the religious beliefs of these regions. It marked a transition towards a more centralized and unified understanding of the divine, with a focus on a single deity.

The Renaissance in Europe was largely a cultural and intellectual movement. It was a period of great artistic, intellectual, and scientific advancements that saw a renewed interest in the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. However, it did not simply replicate or imitate these ancient cultures, but rather built upon them and developed new ideas and perspectives. The Renaissance also saw a rejection of many medieval values and traditions, as it embraced humanism and individualism. Overall, the Renaissance was a transformative period that brought about significant cultural and intellectual changes in Europe.

In pre-Islamic times, the status of Mecca was enhanced by the presence of the Ka'ba, a religious shrine that attracted pilgrims. The Ka'ba was considered a sacred site and was visited by people from different regions, which increased the significance and reputation of Mecca. The pilgrimage to the Ka'ba was an important religious practice, and it brought economic benefits to the city as pilgrims would often engage in trade and commerce during their visit. Therefore, the presence of the Ka'ba played a crucial role in elevating Mecca's status.

Islam in West Africa initially converted the Kings and Elites first, without necessarily affecting the masses. This can be attributed to the fact that the ruling class and influential individuals were more likely to embrace a new religion as a means of consolidating power and gaining favor with Arab traders. However, it does not imply that the masses were completely unaffected by the spread of Islam. Over time, Islam did have an impact on the wider population, but its influence was initially concentrated among the upper echelons of society.

West African Muslims jurists and clerics were commonly concerned about the persistence of pagan beliefs and practices among the population. This suggests that they were worried about the influence of non-Islamic customs and traditions on the Muslim community in West Africa. They may have viewed these pagan beliefs as a threat to the purity and adherence to Islamic teachings in the region.

The major lasting result of the Crusades was the establishment of cultural and economic contacts between Western Europe and the Middle East. The Crusades, a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the medieval period, resulted in increased trade and cultural exchange between the two regions. The Crusaders brought back goods, knowledge, and ideas from the Middle East, which had a significant impact on Western European society. This contact also led to the exchange of scientific, technological, and philosophical ideas, contributing to the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.

The Ilkhanate undertook the invasion of the Muslim heartland. The Ilkhanate was a Mongol khanate that ruled over Persia and other parts of the Muslim world from the 13th to the 14th century. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson, Hulagu Khan, the Ilkhanate launched a series of military campaigns against the Muslim states, including the sack of Baghdad in 1258. This invasion had a significant impact on the Muslim world and led to the collapse of several Muslim dynasties.

The term "Islam" means "submission." This refers to the core belief in Islam that followers must submit themselves entirely to the will of Allah. It encompasses surrendering one's desires and actions to Allah's guidance and accepting His commands without question. Islam emphasizes the importance of submission as a means to achieve peace and harmony in both personal and collective aspects of life.

The correct answer is "Retained a unified state throughout most of its history." This means that unlike the other civilizations mentioned, Egypt remained politically unified for a significant portion of its existence. This is supported by the fact that ancient Egypt was ruled by a series of pharaohs who maintained centralized control over the entire kingdom. In contrast, the other civilizations mentioned experienced periods of political fragmentation and decentralization.

During the period of manorialism, the relationship between peasants and their lords was based on a system of obligations and duties. Peasants were required to give a portion of their produce to their lord as a form of rent or tax. Additionally, levels of technology and production were generally low and limited, as most peasants were engaged in subsistence agriculture. However, manors and peasants did not depend on merchants for most necessities. Instead, they were largely self-sufficient, producing their own food, clothing, and other essential items within the manor.

Mercantilism is an economic theory that emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. It advocated for government intervention in the economy to promote domestic industries, increase exports, and limit imports. The goal was to accumulate wealth and strengthen the nation-state. The correct answer accurately defines mercantilism by stating that it held that government should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports from other nations. This aligns with the core principles of mercantilism, which focused on economic nationalism and protectionism.

The correct answer is Andean River Valleys and the plateaus of Ecuador and Peru. This answer is supported by the fact that the Andean region in South America, specifically the river valleys and plateaus of Ecuador and Peru, played a significant role in the development of ancient American civilizations such as the Inca and the Moche. These civilizations had advanced agricultural systems, complex social structures, and impressive architectural achievements, making them important centers of American civilization.

The Byzantine Empire did not conquer the Ottoman Empire or include all of the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire actually conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453, marking the end of Byzantine rule. Therefore, this statement is not significant in describing the Byzantine Empire.

Shintoism is the correct answer because it is a religion that originated in Japan. It is a traditional religion that focuses on the worship of kami, which are spirits or deities that are believed to inhabit natural elements. Shintoism has been practiced in Japan for centuries and has had a significant influence on Japanese culture, rituals, and traditions. Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Jainism are religions that originated in other parts of the world and are not associated with Japan.

The given answer states that Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese civilization until the 20th century. This suggests that the impact of the Tang repression of the Buddhists was that it strengthened Confucianism and solidified its position as the dominant ideology in Chinese society. It implies that Confucianism gained more influence and popularity compared to Buddhism during this period.

Islam's strength as a successful universalizing religion, similar to Christianity, lies in its egalitarianism. This principle transcends previous loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances, promoting equality and unity among its followers. By emphasizing the equal worth and rights of all individuals, regardless of their background or social status, Islam attracts a diverse range of people and fosters a sense of inclusivity. This inclusive nature has contributed to the widespread acceptance and growth of Islam as a global religion.

The correct answer is Carthage and Rome. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between these two powers in the Mediterranean region. Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa, and Rome, the dominant city-state in Italy, fought three major wars between 264 and 146 BCE. These wars were primarily fought over control of trade routes and territories in the Mediterranean. Rome eventually emerged as the victor, leading to the destruction of Carthage and the expansion of Roman influence in the region.

The pilgrimage by the faithful to Mecca is the correct answer because it refers to the pillar of Islam known as Hajj. The Hajj is a religious pilgrimage that all able-bodied Muslims are required to undertake at least once in their lifetime. This pillar of Islam played a crucial role in creating the world's first global civilization because it brought Muslims from various regions together in Mecca, fostering cultural exchange, trade, and the spread of Islamic ideas and practices. The Hajj also helped to strengthen the sense of unity and community among Muslims, contributing to the growth and development of the Muslim world.

The correct answer is maritime tools such as the Junk. The Junk was a type of ship that was developed during the Song Dynasty in China. It had a flat bottom and multiple sails, which allowed it to navigate the open seas more efficiently. This technological advance in shipbuilding enabled the Chinese to engage in long-distance trade and exploration, expanding their influence and establishing trade routes with other countries. The Junk played a crucial role in facilitating Chinese overseas trade by providing a reliable and efficient means of transportation for goods and people.

The correct answer is that the decline of the civilization is not simply the result of attack from outside invaders. This means that the downfall of a civilization cannot be solely attributed to external forces or invasions. Other factors such as internal conflicts, political instability, economic issues, or social unrest can also contribute to the decline. This lesson can be observed in both late Han China and the Roman Empire, where internal factors played a significant role in their decline alongside external pressures.

Chinese belief systems differ from single deity religions and polytheism most in their secular emphasis and lack of gods to worship. Unlike single deity religions that focus on the worship of one god or polytheism that involves the worship of multiple gods, Chinese belief systems prioritize secular values and do not revolve around deities. Instead, they emphasize ethical behavior, moral conduct, and the performance of rituals and rites to maintain harmony and balance in the world. This secular approach sets Chinese belief systems apart from other religious traditions.

Portugal was the first European nation to establish an overseas Empire in the 15th century. This is because of their early exploration efforts led by Prince Henry the Navigator, who sponsored numerous voyages along the African coast. These explorations eventually led to the discovery of new trade routes and the establishment of colonies and trading posts in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Portugal's empire reached its peak during the Age of Discovery, making them the correct answer to this question.

During the Abbasid period, one significant change that occurred with respect to women was the establishment of the harem. The harem was a secluded area within the household where women, particularly wives and concubines, lived. It was a symbol of wealth and power, and women in the harem were strictly guarded and secluded from the outside world. This change reflected a shift towards a more patriarchal society, where women's roles were confined to the private sphere and their freedom and autonomy were greatly restricted.

During the Renaissance, the urban environment and commercial economy played a crucial role in influencing and financing the period. The growth of cities and trade led to the accumulation of wealth, which in turn supported the flourishing of art, literature, and scientific advancements. The urban centers became vibrant hubs of cultural exchange and patronage, attracting artists, scholars, and thinkers. The commercial economy provided the necessary financial support for the creation of magnificent artworks, architectural marvels, and the sponsorship of intellectual pursuits. This symbiotic relationship between the urban environment, commercial economy, and the Renaissance highlights their interdependence and significance.

The influence of Chinese culture in Korea resulted in the adoption of the Chinese writing system, Chinese forms of Buddhism, and legal reform. However, it did not lead to unified resistance from the Three Kingdoms. This is because the Three Kingdoms of Korea (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) were often in conflict with each other and did not unite against Chinese influence.

During Rome's decline, one important early symptom was the drop in population due to a series of plagues. These plagues, such as the Antonine Plague and the Plague of Cyprian, caused significant loss of life and weakened the population of the empire. The decline in population had far-reaching consequences, including economic decline, decreased military strength, and social instability, all of which contributed to the overall decline of the Roman Empire.

Catherine the Great allied with the nobles and gave them absolute control over their peasants. This decision allowed her to maintain the support of the nobility, who were a powerful class in Russia at the time. By granting them control over their peasants, Catherine ensured their loyalty and cooperation in achieving her domestic goals. This policy also helped to maintain social order and stability within the country.

The Sumerian Civilization was known for its advancements in various fields, including architecture, writing, and mathematics. Ziggurats were one of the architectural achievements of the Sumerians, serving as religious temples. Cuneiform was their system of writing, which involved wedge-shaped symbols impressed on clay tablets. The numeric system of the Sumerians was based on the numbers 10, 60, and 360, which allowed them to perform complex calculations. However, a simplified alphabet of around 22 different letters was not part of the Sumerian Civilization. They primarily used cuneiform for writing, rather than a simplified alphabet.

The decline of the Abbasid power was not due to invasions of European Crusaders. Instead, it was primarily caused by rebellious governors and new dynasties, regional loyalties, and Shi'a dissenters and slave revolts. The European Crusaders did not play a significant role in the decline of the Abbasid power.

Confucianism and Daoism originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption. Both philosophies emerged during periods of social and political turmoil in ancient China. Confucianism, developed by Confucius, sought to restore social order and harmony through moral principles and ethical behavior. Daoism, founded by Laozi, emphasized living in accordance with the natural flow of the universe and finding balance. These philosophies provided guidance and solutions to the challenges faced by individuals and society, making them responses to societal problems during times of disruption.

In 1271, Kubilai Khan changed the name of the Mongol dynasty in China to the Yuan. This is historically accurate as Kubilai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, established the Yuan dynasty in China after successfully conquering the region. The name "Yuan" was chosen by Kubilai Khan to represent his rule and signify the beginning of a new era in Chinese history under Mongol rule.

Alexander the Great's conquests had a major impact on the spread of Greek culture throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. As he conquered various territories, he encouraged the adoption of Greek language, customs, and traditions. This led to a blending of Greek and local cultures, known as Hellenization, which had a lasting influence on the region. Greek became the dominant language of government, administration, and commerce, and Greek art, architecture, philosophy, and literature spread and flourished in the conquered territories. This cultural diffusion played a significant role in shaping the Eastern Mediterranean and its subsequent history.

The correct answer states that the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects were different from those of the Iberian nations because they were largely driven by private initiative of merchant groups and the establishment of chartered trading companies. This means that the Dutch and British expeditions were primarily funded and organized by private individuals and businesses, rather than receiving governmental support like the expeditions of Spain and Portugal.

The Byzantine Orthodox missionaries allowed people to use local languages in religious services and literature. This means that they did not insist on using a specific language like Latin, as the Roman Catholic Church did. By permitting the use of local languages, the Byzantine Orthodox missionaries were able to reach a wider audience and communicate with the local population more effectively. This approach likely contributed to the spread of the Byzantine Orthodox faith in different regions.

Moscow served as the political center for the Russian liberation from the Mongols. During the 14th and 15th centuries, Moscow gradually gained power and influence, eventually leading the Russian resistance against the Mongols. The city's strategic location and the leadership of Ivan III played a crucial role in the liberation. Moscow's rise in power continued after the liberation, eventually establishing itself as the capital of Russia and the center of political, cultural, and economic activities in the country.

Each new Inca ruler had to secure new land and wealth for himself. The expansion of the Inca state was driven by the ambition of the rulers to increase their power and wealth. Each new ruler sought to establish their authority by conquering new territories and acquiring more resources. This desire for expansion was a key factor in the growth of the Inca empire.

As the power of the Heian Emperors declined, local nobles took advantage of the situation and established their own estates. They did this by seizing land from the imperial government and reducing the peasants who worked on these lands to serfdom. This means that the peasants became bound to the land and were essentially treated as property of the nobles. This shift in power and control over the land and the peasants contributed to the further weakening of the central imperial government during this period.

During the Renaissance, there was a shift in focus from the spiritual and other-worldly aspects of life towards a greater emphasis on the Earthly world. This period saw a renewed interest in humanism, individualism, and the study of the natural world. Artists and scholars began to explore and depict the human experience, nature, and the physical world in their works. This marked a departure from the medieval culture, which was more focused on religion and the afterlife. Therefore, the statement "More concerned with things of the Earthly world" accurately describes the difference between Medieval and Renaissance culture.

The Olmecs were the core civilization for other civilizations in Mesoamerica. They were the earliest known civilization in the region and had a significant influence on later cultures such as the Aztecs and Mayans. The Olmecs developed many important cultural and artistic traditions, including the creation of monumental stone heads and the establishment of complex trade networks. Their influence can be seen in the religious beliefs, architecture, and artistic styles of later Mesoamerican civilizations.

The purpose of the early English voyages to the New World was to discover a northwest passage to India. This was motivated by the desire to find a shorter and more direct trade route to the lucrative markets of India, bypassing the long and dangerous journey around Africa. The English hoped that by finding a northwest passage, they could establish a profitable trade route and gain a competitive advantage over other European powers in the lucrative spice trade.

The Protestant Reformation was a religious and political revolution because it challenged the influence of the Emperor as head of the Holy Roman Empire, the influence of the Roman Church and Italy in Germany, and the papal position as head of the Western Church. However, it did not directly challenge the noble and aristocratic class structure within society. While the Reformation did lead to some social and economic changes, it primarily focused on religious reforms and did not specifically target the noble and aristocratic class.

The Greek and Hellenistic approach in science used mathematics to try and explain nature's patterns. This means that they believed that mathematical principles could be applied to understand and explain the natural world. They believed that through mathematical reasoning and observation, they could uncover the underlying patterns and laws that governed nature. This approach was a departure from the purely theoretical and speculative approach of earlier civilizations and laid the foundation for modern scientific inquiry.

During the period between 600 and 1450 A.D., commerce in the Indian Ocean was characterized by a flourishing trade network that involved a diverse range of merchants from various regions. This included Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African traders who actively engaged in economic activities within the Indian Ocean. European merchants did not dominate the trade routes during this time, and there was certainly not a lack of economic activity in the region. The dominance of Chinese merchants is also not supported by historical evidence.

The question asks about the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa, implying that the other groups mentioned (Phoenicians, Arabs, and Vandals) are not indigenous. The Phoenicians (Carthaginians) were a Semitic people from the eastern Mediterranean who settled in North Africa but were not originally from there. The Arabs and Vandals were also foreign groups that migrated to North Africa. The Berbers, on the other hand, are the indigenous people of North Africa, with a long history and cultural heritage in the region. Therefore, the correct answer is Berbers.

Peter the Great of Russia emulated the aspect of royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military from Western culture. He aimed to centralize power and modernize Russia by implementing reforms that strengthened the authority of the monarchy and created a more efficient military. This included establishing a new administrative structure, introducing Western-style military tactics and technology, and promoting merit-based appointments within the bureaucracy. These changes were influenced by Peter's observations of Western European countries and his desire to transform Russia into a more powerful and modern state.

Peter the Great's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a westward shift in expansion. This means that Peter the Great focused on expanding Russia's territory towards the west, rather than towards the east or other directions. By engaging in conflicts with these western powers, Peter the Great demonstrated his intention to assert Russian influence and control in Europe, rather than in Asia or other regions. This shift in foreign policy interests marked a significant change in Russia's approach to expansion under Peter the Great's rule.

Luther gained widespread support among the German elite because German princes who converted to Protestantism saw it as an opportunity to gain more independence from the emperor. By turning Protestant, these princes could seize church lands and have control over the church within their territories. This allowed them to increase their power and authority, furthering their own interests and undermining the authority of the emperor.

The correct answer states that the Song Empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang Empire. This means that the Song Empire did not have as much land or territory as the Tang Empire. The other options are incorrect because they either state that the Song Empire was larger than the Tang and the Han, or that the Song Empire and the Tang Empire were virtually identical in their territorial extent, or that although they were approximately the same size, the Song Empire did not expand as far north as the Tang. Only the correct answer indicates that the Song Empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang Empire.

The schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches was not caused by Islamic influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity. The main reasons for the schism included disputes over religious ceremonies, papal interference in Byzantine affairs, and the difference in clerical celibacy between the two churches. Islamic influence did not play a significant role in the split between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.

The use of tools is not one of the key traits for a society to be considered a civilization. The other traits listed, such as a centralized government, surplus of food, job specialization/social classes, arts/architecture, and writing system, are all essential characteristics of a civilization. The use of tools, although important for the development of a society, is not specifically mentioned as a defining trait for a civilization.

North Africa was the region of Africa that was first converted to Islam by 700 A.D. This is because North Africa, specifically the area known as the Maghreb, was in close proximity to the Arabian Peninsula where Islam originated. The spread of Islam was facilitated by trade routes and Arab conquests, leading to the conversion of many North African societies to Islam. By 700 A.D., Islam had firmly established itself in North Africa, making it the first region on the continent to adopt the religion.

Following the decline of the Teotihuacan civilization, the northern nomadic peoples who entered Central Mexico were the Aztecs. The Aztecs, also known as the Mexica, migrated from the north and settled in the area that is now modern-day Mexico City. They established their capital city of Tenochtitlan and went on to build a powerful empire in the region. The Aztecs were known for their military prowess, sophisticated agricultural practices, and complex social and political systems. They were eventually conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century.

The development of writing helps explain why governments could become more bureaucratic and formal. Writing allowed for the creation of written laws, codes, and administrative records, which were essential for governing large populations and complex societies. It enabled governments to establish and enforce rules, maintain records, and communicate with their subjects more efficiently. Writing also facilitated the development of a standardized system of communication, which contributed to the growth of bureaucracy and formalized governance structures.

The major barrier to Western European expansion prior to the 15th century was the low level of European technology. This means that the technological advancements in Europe were not advanced enough to support large-scale exploration and expansion. Without advanced technology, such as navigational tools and shipbuilding techniques, Europeans were unable to effectively explore and conquer new territories. This hindered their ability to expand their influence beyond their own borders.

During the Ming Dynasty, one of the major innovations was the launch of huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions throughout Asia and beyond. These expeditions, led by famous explorer Zheng He, aimed to establish diplomatic relations, expand trade networks, and showcase the power and wealth of the Ming Dynasty. These expeditions were massive in scale, involving hundreds of ships and thousands of crew members. They traveled to Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East, and even Africa, bringing back valuable goods and establishing China as a dominant maritime power in the region. This innovation greatly influenced global trade and cultural exchange during that time.

The correct answer explains that the period known as the Medieval Ages in Europe began with the fall of Rome and ended with the decline of Europe's feudal and religious institutions. This implies that it was a time of transition and change, marked by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism and the Catholic Church as dominant powers in Europe.

Merchants played a significant role in spreading Islam through West and East Africa, as well as Southeast Asia. They traveled to these regions for trade purposes and established Muslim families and traditions in the process. Their interactions with local communities and the influence they had as traders contributed to the spread of Islam in these areas.

Roman slaves were used for household care and tutoring, entertainment, and agricultural labor. However, they were not used for military service. In ancient Rome, military service was typically reserved for Roman citizens, and slaves were not granted citizenship rights. They were primarily utilized for domestic tasks, entertainment purposes, and working in the fields. Military service required loyalty and a sense of duty, which slaves were not considered to possess. Therefore, they were excluded from serving in the military.

Athenian democracy was distinctive compared to modern American ideas about democracy because it emphasized the direct participation of all citizens in lawmaking and policymaking. In Athens, every eligible citizen had the opportunity to directly voice their opinions and vote on important decisions, rather than electing representatives to govern on their behalf. This direct democracy allowed for a more inclusive and participatory form of government, where ordinary citizens had a direct say in shaping the laws and policies that affected them.

One of the primary limitations on Russian expansion of their agricultural economy was the lack of technological improvements. This means that Russia did not have access to advanced farming techniques, machinery, or tools that could have helped them increase agricultural productivity. Without these technological advancements, it would have been difficult for Russia to effectively expand their agricultural sector and meet the growing demands of their population.

During the Early Modern Era, the world economy and trade did not include areas such as Japan, China, and many Muslim regions. This suggests that these regions were not actively participating in global trade during this time period. It implies that trade routes and networks were not well-established or accessible to these areas, limiting their involvement in the global economy.

Rome successfully expanded for several reasons. Firstly, it possessed a trained and disciplined military, which allowed it to conquer and maintain control over vast territories. Secondly, the Roman government proved flexible and tolerant, enabling them to incorporate conquered peoples into their empire. Additionally, Roman leaders made citizens out of conquered elites, further solidifying their rule. However, the one reason that does not explain Rome's successful expansion is the absence of organized and powerful rivals to oppose their expansion in the area. This suggests that the presence of rivals would have potentially hindered Rome's expansion efforts.

The court bureaucrats (scholar-gentry) in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam were the class that most welcomed Chinese influence and culture. These bureaucrats were highly educated and held influential positions in the government. They saw Chinese culture as a model to emulate and believed that adopting Chinese practices would enhance their own prestige and power. They actively promoted Chinese literature, philosophy, and administrative systems in their respective countries, making them the class most receptive to Chinese influence.

The correct answer is "Broke the power of the vassals in order to enhance the power of the Emperor." This is because the doctrine sponsored by the Qin Dynasty aimed to centralize power and authority in the hands of the Emperor. They implemented policies that weakened the regional lords and vassals, consolidating power under the Emperor's control. By breaking the power of the vassals, the Qin Dynasty was able to enhance the authority and control of the Emperor over the entire state.

The explanation for the correct answer is that one problem facing historians who study the Mongols is the bias of historical accounts, written by those defeated by the Mongols. This means that the historical records available may be skewed or influenced by the perspective of the people who were on the losing side of conflicts with the Mongols. Therefore, historians need to carefully analyze and interpret these accounts to gain a more accurate understanding of the Mongols and their history.

Republican Romans and Democratic Athenians would have agreed that all of the following were politically important except for the division of powers within the state. Both Republican Romans and Democratic Athenians valued a strong military as a means of protecting their city-states, an involved citizenry as a way to ensure active participation in political affairs, and splendid public buildings as a symbol of their power and wealth. However, the concept of dividing powers within the state, as seen in systems like checks and balances, was not a prominent feature in either the Roman or Athenian political systems.

After gaining independence from China, the Vietnamese rulers retained the Chinese administrative system, which was based on the Confucian Examination System. This system allowed for a highly centralized administrative structure, with power held by a scholar-gentry. This system was used to select officials based on their knowledge of Confucian texts and principles. By adopting this system, the Vietnamese rulers were able to maintain a centralized bureaucracy and ensure the continuity of governance in their newly independent state.

Trained bureaucrats from non-aristocratic groups would have most likely supported the Qin Dynasty because the Qin Dynasty implemented a centralized bureaucratic system that valued meritocracy. The dynasty relied on trained bureaucrats who were selected based on their skills and abilities rather than their social status or family background. This group would have been supportive of the Qin Dynasty's emphasis on meritocracy and the opportunities it provided for individuals from non-aristocratic backgrounds to rise to positions of power and influence.

Mongol policies in Russia led to the rise of serfdom. This is because the Mongols imposed a system known as "yoke" on the Russian people, which involved the subjugation of the peasantry. The Mongols granted control of the land to local Russian princes, who in turn exploited the peasants and forced them into a state of serfdom. This meant that the peasants were bound to the land and had limited rights and freedoms. The Mongol rule contributed to the development and consolidation of serfdom in Russia, which lasted for several centuries.

Kubilai Khan's major concern in governing China was to avoid the Mongols being assimilated by Chinese culture and practices. This suggests that he wanted to maintain the distinct Mongol identity and prevent the Mongols from adopting the customs and traditions of the Chinese. By doing so, he aimed to preserve the Mongol culture and ensure the dominance of the Mongol ruling class in China. This approach also helped to maintain the loyalty of the Mongol elites and prevent any potential rebellion or loss of control over the Chinese population.

During the Abbasid Caliphate, the language associated with administration and scholarship was Persian. This is because the Abbasid Caliphate had a strong Persian influence, with many Persian scholars and administrators serving in the government. Persian became the language of choice for official documents, court proceedings, and scholarly works. It was also widely spoken and understood throughout the empire. Arabic, although the language of the Quran and the Islamic religion, was primarily used for religious purposes during this time. Turkish and Armenian were not as widely spoken or used in administration and scholarship during the Abbasid Caliphate.

Tang military expansion in Central Asia promoted renewed commercial contacts between China and West Asia. This is because as the Tang Dynasty expanded its military presence in Central Asia, it established control over key trade routes such as the Silk Road. This allowed for increased trade and cultural exchange between China and West Asia, leading to the growth of commercial contacts and the spread of goods, ideas, and technologies between the two regions.

After the arrival of Islam in West Africa, societies often continued to recognize traditions granting women extensive rights. This is because Islam, while introducing new social norms and customs, also incorporated and adapted to existing cultural practices. In many West African societies, women held positions of power and influence, and these traditions were not completely abolished with the arrival of Islam. Instead, Islam provided a framework that allowed for the coexistence of existing traditions and Islamic principles, resulting in the continuation of women's rights in many aspects of society.

Catherine the Great flirted with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, indicating that she was interested in them and may have been influenced by them. However, she did not take any action to abolish Serfdom, suggesting that she did not fully embrace the ideals of the Enlightenment or prioritize the welfare of the serfs.

The answer is "The absorption by the Muslims of many Hindu social practices." This is because the question is asking about the result of contacts between Hindus and Muslims. When different cultures come into contact with each other, there is often a sharing and exchange of ideas, customs, and practices. In the case of Hindus and Muslims, their interactions led to the absorption of many Hindu social practices by the Muslims. This suggests a cultural blending and influence between the two groups rather than constant warfare, mass conversions, or the seclusion of Hindu women.

Serfs of the medieval West could not be bought and sold by their landlords. Serfs were tied to the land and were not considered property that could be bought or sold. They were obligated to their Lords and had heavy obligations, such as working the land and providing a portion of their goods to their Lords. They also retained essential ownership of their houses, as it was necessary for their livelihood. However, the practice of buying and selling serfs was not a common occurrence in the medieval West.

The Roman Empire was known for its policy of tolerating local political and religious diversity. Unlike many other empires of the time, the Romans did not impose their own political or religious beliefs on the regions they conquered. Instead, they allowed the conquered peoples to maintain their own political systems and religious practices as long as they acknowledged Roman authority. This approach helped to maintain stability and prevent widespread rebellion within the empire.