The Autonomic Anatomy & Physiology II - Ch. 14

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1. In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

Explanation

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are long and extend from the central nervous system to the ganglia, while postganglionic fibers are short and connect the ganglia to the target organs. This arrangement allows for a more localized and specific control of bodily functions by the parasympathetic nervous system.

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About This Quiz
Nervous System Quizzes & Trivia

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions. The contraction of both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is controlled by motor... see moreneurons of the autonomic system. See what else you understood about the chapter through the quiz below. All the best in your revision! see less

2. During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs.

Explanation

During sympathetic activation, the body's "fight or flight" response is triggered, leading to various physiological changes. These changes include an elevated heart rate, elevated blood pressure, sweating, and elevated blood glucose levels. These responses are necessary to prepare the body for potential danger or stress, allowing it to respond quickly and effectively. Therefore, all of the given options are correct as they are all associated with sympathetic activation.

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3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

Explanation

The sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the cardiac plexus. The cardiac plexus is a network of nerves located at the base of the heart, where the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers come together. These fibers play a crucial role in regulating heart rate and cardiac function.

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4. Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

Explanation

Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart. This helps to reduce excessive heart rate and can be useful in conditions such as tachycardia or high blood pressure. However, beta-blockers are not typically used to treat constipation, diarrhea, excessive salivation, or prostate disorders.

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5. The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

Explanation

The correct answer is parasympathetic. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is often referred to as the "rest and digest" division because it is responsible for promoting relaxation, conserving energy, and facilitating digestion. It counteracts the effects of the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the body's fight or flight response.

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6. Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as

Explanation

Ganglionic neurons innervate various structures, including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands. These neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to these target tissues, allowing for coordinated and regulated function. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as ganglionic neurons innervate all the mentioned structures.

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7. In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

Explanation

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short and postganglionic fibers are long. This is because sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord and synapse with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic ganglia, which are located close to the spinal cord. From there, the postganglionic fibers travel a longer distance to reach their target organs or tissues.

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8. The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?

Explanation

The celiac ganglia innervate all of the above organs, including the liver, spleen, stomach, and pancreas. The celiac ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located near the celiac artery in the abdomen. They are part of the autonomic nervous system and play a role in regulating the functions of these organs, such as digestion and blood flow.

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9. Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

Explanation

The parasympathetic outflow is responsible for rest and digest activities in the body. The vagus nerves, also known as the tenth cranial nerves, play a significant role in carrying parasympathetic fibers to various organs in the body, including the heart, lungs, and digestive system. These nerves are responsible for regulating heart rate, promoting digestion, and controlling various involuntary functions. Therefore, it is correct to say that almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the vagus nerves.

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10. Craniosacral division is another name for the

Explanation

The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The parasympathetic division is responsible for the "rest and digest" response, which promotes relaxation, digestion, and other activities that conserve and restore energy. This division is activated during times of rest and relaxation, and it helps to counterbalance the effects of the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. Therefore, the correct answer is the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

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11. Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?

Explanation

If Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms containing muscarine, she would likely experience symptoms such as diarrhea, salivation, a very low heart rate, and sweating. Muscarine is known to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, which can lead to increased secretions in the digestive system (diarrhea and salivation), a decrease in heart rate, and excessive sweating. Therefore, all of the mentioned symptoms would be expected in this case.

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12. Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.

Explanation

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called collateral ganglia. These ganglia are located outside the sympathetic chain and are associated with specific organs or regions within the abdominopelvic area. They receive preganglionic fibers from the sympathetic chain and provide postganglionic fibers to the target organs. The collateral ganglia play a crucial role in regulating the sympathetic innervation of these organs, coordinating various physiological functions and responses.

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13. The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the  

Explanation

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia. These ganglia are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are located outside of the spinal cord. They play a role in regulating various functions in the abdominal region, such as digestion and blood flow. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all three ganglia mentioned are included in the sympathetic collateral ganglia.

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14. The adrenal medullae secrete

Explanation

The adrenal medullae are part of the adrenal glands and are responsible for secreting hormones. In this case, the correct answer is "both epinephrine and norepinephrine." Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both catecholamines that are released by the adrenal medullae. They play a role in the body's response to stress, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.

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15. Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

Explanation

Dual innervation refers to the phenomenon where an organ receives nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. These two divisions have opposing effects on the organ, with the sympathetic division generally stimulating activity and the parasympathetic division generally inhibiting activity. This dual innervation allows for precise control and regulation of organ function.

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16. The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil." is

Explanation

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic system controls the constriction of the pupil, while the sympathetic system controls the dilation of the pupil. Both systems work together to regulate the size of the pupil in response to different stimuli and lighting conditions.

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17. Autonomic motor neurons

Explanation

Autonomic motor neurons are responsible for conducting impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. These neurons are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. Unlike somatic motor neurons that control skeletal muscles, autonomic motor neurons regulate activities such as digestion, heart rate, and glandular secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is that autonomic motor neurons conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

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18. A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

Explanation

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a preganglionic neuron. This type of neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia, which then relay the signals to the target organs or tissues. Preganglionic neurons are part of the autonomic nervous system and play a crucial role in regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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19. Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the

Explanation

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia can affect the function of the heart, pupils, salivary glands, and lungs. The cervical sympathetic ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for regulating various bodily functions. Damage to these ganglia can disrupt the normal functioning of these organs and lead to symptoms such as abnormal heart rate, pupil dilation or constriction issues, dry mouth, and difficulty breathing. Therefore, all of the above options can be affected by injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia.

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20. Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

Explanation

The control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends on both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. The parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction, which narrows the airways, while the sympathetic system causes bronchodilation, which widens the airways. Therefore, both systems work together to regulate the diameter of the respiratory passages and control airflow.

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21. The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

Explanation

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions in the body. During digestion, the parasympathetic nervous system is particularly active as it helps in stimulating the release of digestive enzymes, increasing blood flow to the digestive organs, and promoting the relaxation of the gastrointestinal muscles. This allows for optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume. Therefore, the correct answer is digestion.

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22. Parasympathetic stimulation

Explanation

Parasympathetic stimulation refers to the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for promoting rest and relaxation in the body. One of the effects of parasympathetic stimulation is an increase in gastric motility, which means that it enhances the movement and contractions of the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to improved digestion and absorption of nutrients. This can help to speed up the process of food passing through the stomach and intestines, ultimately aiding in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume.

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23. Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?

Explanation

All of the options listed are examples of visceral reflexes. A visceral reflex is an automatic response that occurs in the body without conscious control, in response to stimuli affecting the internal organs. The defecation reflex is the reflex that triggers bowel movements. The cardioacceleratory reflex increases the heart rate in response to certain stimuli. The pupillary reflex controls the size of the pupils in response to changes in light. Ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli is also a visceral reflex. Therefore, all of the options listed are examples of visceral reflexes.

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24. The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

Explanation

The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. In both systems, the preganglionic neurons originating from the CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia before reaching the effector organs. This synapse allows for the transmission of signals from the CNS to the effector organs, enabling the control of various physiological processes.

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25. The celiac ganglion innervates the

Explanation

The celiac ganglion is a cluster of nerve cells located near the base of the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system by innervating various organs in the abdominal region. The stomach, liver, and pancreas are all innervated by the celiac ganglion, making "all of the above" the correct answer. This means that the celiac ganglion sends nerve fibers to these organs, allowing for the regulation of their functions and communication between them and the central nervous system.

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26. The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine." is

Explanation

Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. In the parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine is released at the ganglionic synapse, where it acts on postganglionic neurons. In the sympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine is released at the ganglionic synapse for most preganglionic neurons, but not for those that innervate the adrenal medulla. In both systems, acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter to transmit signals from the preganglionic neurons to the postganglionic neurons.

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27. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

Explanation

The correct answer is lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. These neurons originate from segments T1 to L2, which corresponds to the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord. This is where the cell bodies of these neurons are found before they project to the sympathetic ganglia.

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28. Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

Explanation

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and consist of two parts: the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing and releasing hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline directly into the bloodstream, which helps to regulate the body's response to stress and maintain homeostasis. Therefore, the adrenal glands are the correct answer in this case.

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29. The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

Explanation

The sympathetic division of the ANS is known as the thoracolumbar division. This division is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response, mobilizing energy and preparing the body for action. It is called thoracolumbar because the preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

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30. The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

Explanation

This statement is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. In the parasympathetic nervous system, the ganglia are located near or within the end organ, allowing for a shorter distance for the transmission of signals. In contrast, in the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia are located closer to the spinal cord, resulting in a longer distance for signal transmission. Therefore, this statement does not apply to the sympathetic nervous system.

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31. The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to

Explanation

Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to an increase in metabolic activity because these receptors are involved in regulating metabolism. It can also cause relaxation of airway smooth muscle, which helps in the treatment of conditions like asthma. Additionally, the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes, promoting fat metabolism. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

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32. Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

Explanation

Adrenergic receptors are proteins in the plasma membrane that are involved in the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine. When these receptors are activated, the levels of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) are affected, leading to various physiological responses. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine can activate both alpha and beta types of adrenergic receptors, although norepinephrine mainly activates the alpha type. Therefore, all of the above statements are true.

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33. A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to

Explanation

When a neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine, it will lead to the activation of chemically gated ion channels. This activation will cause the entry of sodium ions into the neuron, which will result in the excitation of the neuron. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

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34. A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

Explanation

The person's physical responses, such as increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and hairs standing up, are all characteristic signs of sympathetic activation. Sympathetic activation is the body's automatic response to a perceived threat or danger. It involves the release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the blood, which increases heart rate and prepares the body for a fight or flight response. The autonomic centers in the hypothalamus play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating these physiological responses. Therefore, all of the given options - sympathetic activation, increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, and increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus - are correct explanations for the person's physical signs.

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35. Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

Explanation

The correct answer is "chain". Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that are located along both sides of the spinal cord are referred to as sympathetic chain ganglia. These ganglia form a chain-like structure and are responsible for transmitting sympathetic signals throughout the body.

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36. What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem?

Explanation

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions. Preganglionic neurons are the type of neurons that exit the brain stem in the parasympathetic division. These neurons carry signals from the brain stem to ganglionic neurons located in peripheral ganglia. From there, the ganglionic neurons transmit the signals to target organs, allowing for the regulation of various bodily functions such as digestion, heart rate, and glandular secretion.

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37. Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

Explanation

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38. Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

Explanation

The correct answer is abdominopelvic. Collateral ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system and are located outside of the central nervous system. They contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity, which includes the organs in the abdomen and pelvis.

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39. The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

Explanation

The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and digestion, and it stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles in the urinary bladder to initiate the process of urination. The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for the fight or flight response and does not directly control the contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle.

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40. Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

Explanation

Preganglionic fibers are nerve fibers that originate in the central nervous system (CNS) and travel to ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS. These preganglionic fibers then synapse on postganglionic fibers, which are nerve fibers that extend from the ganglia to their target organs or tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is ganglionic neurons, as these are the neurons that receive the synaptic connections from preganglionic fibers.

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41. Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

Explanation

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells leads to the activation of cAMP, which in turn increases heart rate and enhances the force of contraction. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

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42. Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Explanation

The statement that preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long is false. In the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, the opposite is true. Preganglionic fibers are long, extending from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord to ganglia near or within the target organs. On the other hand, postganglionic fibers are short and directly innervate the target organs.

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43. Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

Explanation

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the digestive tract. Collateral ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as digestion. These ganglia contain neurons that innervate various organs, including the digestive tract. If these neurons are injured, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive tract, leading to issues with digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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44. Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.

Explanation

Ganglionic neurons typically synapse with preganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. These ganglionic neurons then have axons that innervate visceral effectors. This means that the synapse between the preganglionic and ganglionic neurons occurs in the autonomic ganglia, and the ganglionic neurons are responsible for transmitting signals to the visceral effectors, such as smooth muscle or glands.

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45. In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

Explanation

When sympathetic stimulation is increased, the autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels also increases. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, which includes increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and redirecting blood flow to vital organs. This increased sympathetic stimulation causes the blood vessels to constrict, leading to an increase in autonomic tone.

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46. Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

Explanation

A sweat gland is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type because it releases acetylcholine instead of norepinephrine.

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47. Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N

Explanation

The preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the ganglia, which then relay the signals to the target organs. Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus) all contain preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons. However, cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) does not contain these fibers. Instead, it is responsible for controlling the muscles of the tongue.

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48. A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

Explanation

The drug mentioned in the question decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. The receptor that is responsible for increasing heart rate is the beta-1 adrenergic receptor. Therefore, the drug is likely to bind to beta-1 adrenergic receptors in order to decrease heart rate.

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49. A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

Explanation

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel. Autonomic tone refers to the level of activity in the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as blood vessel constriction and dilation. When the autonomic tone decreases, the smooth muscle in the blood vessel relaxes, causing the vessel to dilate and increase in diameter. This dilation allows for more blood to flow through the vessel, resulting in an increase in blood flow.

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50. Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

Explanation

Autonomic tone is important for ANS function because it allows ANS neurons to have the ability to both increase and decrease their activity levels. This provides a range of control options, allowing the ANS to respond appropriately to different situations and maintain homeostasis in the body. It ensures that the ANS can regulate various bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration, based on the needs of the body at any given time.

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51. Splanchnic nerves

Explanation

The splanchnic nerves consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia. This means that the first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord send their axons through the splanchnic nerves to synapse in collateral ganglia. These ganglia are located outside of the sympathetic chain ganglia. Therefore, the splanchnic nerves are responsible for controlling sympathetic function of structures in the thorax by transmitting signals from the spinal cord to the collateral ganglia.

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52. Nicotinic receptors

Explanation

Nicotinic receptors are a type of ion channel receptor that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to these receptors, they open chemically gated sodium ion channels, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell. This influx of positive ions depolarizes the cell membrane, leading to the generation of an action potential. Therefore, the correct answer is that nicotinic receptors open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

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53. Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions.

Explanation

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release multiple neurotransmitters at their effector junctions. Acetylcholine is released at certain effector junctions, such as sweat glands, while norepinephrine is released at most effector junctions. Additionally, nitric oxide is also released by postganglionic sympathetic axons in certain situations. Therefore, all of the above options, acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and norepinephrine, are correct answers for this question.

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54. Muscarinic receptors

Explanation

Muscarinic receptors are a type of receptor that are typically activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are found in various locations throughout the body and are involved in mediating the effects of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending on the specific tissue or organ they are located in. Norepinephrine, on the other hand, is a different neurotransmitter that acts on adrenergic receptors, not muscarinic receptors.

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55. Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

Explanation

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling rest and digest functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic functions include slowing down the heart rate, constricting the pupils, stimulating urination, and stimulating defecation. However, dilation of the airways is not a parasympathetic function. Instead, it is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight or flight response.

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56. Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate?

Explanation

Increased heart rate is primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for decreasing heart rate. Therefore, both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input would lead to increased heart rate.

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57. Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

Explanation

This answer is an example of higher-level control of autonomic function because it involves a conscious emotional response (fear) triggering an increase in heart rate. Higher-level control refers to the influence of the central nervous system, particularly the brain, on autonomic functions. In this case, the fear response originates in the brain and activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to an increase in heart rate.

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58. Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

Explanation

The correct answer is sympathetic chain ganglia. Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within the sympathetic chain ganglia. These ganglia are located on both sides of the vertebral column and are part of the sympathetic nervous system. They receive preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord and send out postganglionic fibers to innervate various organs and tissues in the body.

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59. Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Explanation

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released at the sympathetic chain ganglia. The sympathetic chain ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for transmitting signals between the central nervous system and various organs and tissues in the body. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter used by the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic chain ganglia to communicate with the postganglionic neurons. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

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60. Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except

Explanation

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are responsible for the fight-or-flight response in the body, which involves increasing heart rate to pump more blood and oxygen to the muscles. Therefore, it is expected that the action of these fibers would result in increased heart rate. However, the given answer states that decreased heart rate is not associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers. This suggests that the sympathetic fibers do not have a direct effect on reducing heart rate.

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61. Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves.

Explanation

The intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the pelvic nerves. These nerves originate from the sacral region of the spinal cord and travel to the target organs in the pelvis. They play a crucial role in controlling various functions such as peristalsis in the large intestine, contraction of the urinary bladder, and regulation of reproductive processes.

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62. Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the

Explanation

The sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is provided by the inferior mesenteric ganglion. This ganglion is responsible for transmitting signals from the sympathetic nervous system to the bladder, helping to regulate its function. The other options, such as the celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, pudendal ganglion, and pelvic ganglion, are not involved in the sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder.

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63. The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is

Explanation

The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots" is true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. In both systems, the preganglionic neurons originate in the central nervous system and send their axons through the ventral roots of the spinal cord to reach the autonomic ganglia. From there, the postganglionic neurons extend to their target organs or tissues to regulate their function.

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64. As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?

Explanation

The white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 are responsible for carrying sympathetic nerve fibers. These fibers innervate various organs in the body, including the heart and the pupil of the eye. Therefore, if these nerves are severed on the left side of Brad's body, it would be expected that the left pupil and the heart would be affected by this injury.

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65. Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

Explanation

The pupillary reflex is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata. The pupillary reflex is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, specifically the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. The parasympathetic division causes the pupil to constrict, while the sympathetic division causes the pupil to dilate. These actions are controlled by the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) and the sympathetic chain ganglia, not the medulla oblongata.

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66. Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland

Explanation

Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland release epinephrine into blood capillaries. This is because the adrenal gland is part of the sympathetic nervous system, and when stimulated, it releases epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream. Epinephrine is an important hormone and neurotransmitter that helps prepare the body for fight or flight responses, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels.

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67. Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

Explanation

The celiac ganglion is not a parasympathetic ganglion. It is actually a sympathetic ganglion located in the abdomen. Parasympathetic ganglia are typically found near or within the target organs they innervate, while sympathetic ganglia are located in the sympathetic chain along the spinal cord. The ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion, and otic ganglion are all examples of parasympathetic ganglia.

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68. Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

Explanation

The correct answer is splanchnic nerves. Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the splanchnic nerves. These nerves are responsible for carrying autonomic signals from the central nervous system to the collateral ganglia, which are located in the abdominal region. The splanchnic nerves play a crucial role in regulating various functions of the organs in the abdominal cavity, such as digestion and blood flow.

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69. Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Explanation

The vagus nerves provide preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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70. An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

Explanation

The correct answer is "activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors." This is because drugs that activate β2 adrenergic receptors help to relax the smooth muscles in the airways, relieving airway constriction in asthma or allergy. Additionally, blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors can also help to relax the airways and reduce constriction. Therefore, an inhaler used to treat airway constriction may contain a drug that either activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors to provide relief.

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71. Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs?

Explanation

The gray ramus carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs.

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72. Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.

Explanation

Sweat glands contain muscarinic cholinergic receptors. These receptors are a type of acetylcholine receptor that is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When these receptors are stimulated, they trigger the production and release of sweat.

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73. Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

Explanation

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating urinary incontinence because they work by blocking the action of the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls the involuntary contractions of the bladder. By blocking these contractions, the medication can help to reduce the frequency and urgency of urination, and improve bladder control. These agents are not typically used for treating heart failure or high blood pressure, as they have different mechanisms of action and there are other medications available specifically for those conditions.

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74. The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter." is

Explanation

This statement is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter in its postganglionic axons. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system primarily uses norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter in its postganglionic axons. Therefore, the statement is not true for the sympathetic nervous system. Additionally, the statement does not apply to the somatic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter in its motor neurons.

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75. Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Explanation

White rami are exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS. These are small bundles of myelinated preganglionic nerve fibers that connect the spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia. The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, and the white rami play a crucial role in transmitting signals from the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglia, where they can then be relayed to various target organs.

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76. Nerves between the sympathetic chain ganglia and the collateral ganglia are called ________.

Explanation

The correct answer is splanchnic nerves. Splanchnic nerves are the nerves that connect the sympathetic chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia. These nerves play a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, specifically in the transmission of signals between different ganglia.

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77. Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

Explanation

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves. The celiac ganglion is part of the autonomic nervous system and is involved in regulating the functions of various organs in the abdominal region. Activation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would result in the release of neurotransmitters that stimulate the liver to break down glycogen into glucose. This glucose can then be used as a source of energy by the body.

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78. Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

Explanation

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would not directly affect the ability to dilate or constrict the pupils. The pupils are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, specifically the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III). Damage to the ventral roots of the thoracic spinal nerves would primarily affect motor function in the trunk and limbs, not the cranial nerves responsible for pupillary constriction. Therefore, the correct answer is constrict the left pupil.

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79. Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

Explanation

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine leads to the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. This is because activation of α1 adrenergic receptors triggers a signaling pathway that involves the activation of phospholipase C (PLC). PLC cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 then binds to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, causing the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm. Calcium ions play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. Therefore, the correct answer is the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

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80. Sympathetic nerves

Explanation

The sympathetic nerves stimulate gastric secretion. This means that they activate the release of gastric juices in the stomach, which aids in the digestion process.

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In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and...
During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass...
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the...
Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as
In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and...
The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
Craniosacral division is another name for the
Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What...
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in...
The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the  
The adrenal medullae secrete
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil." is
Autonomic motor neurons
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called...
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function...
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which...
Parasympathetic stimulation
Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?
The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion...
The celiac ganglion innervates the
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release...
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in...
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into...
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the...
The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end...
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?
A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This...
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race...
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of...
What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain...
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs...
The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth...
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic...
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the...
Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the...
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a...
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of...
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac...
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood...
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it
Splanchnic nerves
Nicotinic receptors
Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________...
Muscarinic receptors
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate?
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of...
Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or...
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of...
Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and...
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the
The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral...
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and...
Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the...
Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?
Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the
Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to...
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy...
Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the...
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating
The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine...
Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the...
Nerves between the sympathetic chain ganglia and the collateral...
Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves...
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results...
Sympathetic nerves
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