The Autonomic Anatomy & Physiology II - Ch. 14
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions. The contraction of both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is controlled by motor neurons of the autonomic system. See what else you understood about the chapter through the quiz below. All the best in your revision!
- 1.
The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is
- A.
True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
- B.
True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
- C.
True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
- D.
Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
- E.
True only for the somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer
C. True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.Explanation
The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. In both systems, the preganglionic neurons originating from the CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia before reaching the effector organs. This synapse allows for the transmission of signals from the CNS to the effector organs, enabling the control of various physiological processes.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
- A.
The brain stem.
- B.
The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
- C.
The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
- D.
Both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
- E.
The anterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
Correct Answer
D. Both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. -
- 3.
Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.
- A.
Brain; visceral effectors
- B.
Autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
- C.
Visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia
- D.
Visceral effectors; brain
- E.
Brain; spinal cord
Correct Answer
B. Autonomic ganglia; visceral effectorsExplanation
Ganglionic neurons typically synapse with preganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia. These ganglionic neurons then have axons that innervate visceral effectors. This means that the synapse between the preganglionic and ganglionic neurons occurs in the autonomic ganglia, and the ganglionic neurons are responsible for transmitting signals to the visceral effectors, such as smooth muscle or glands.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Autonomic motor neurons
- A.
Cause general relaxation.
- B.
Cause general excitation.
- C.
Conduct impulses from sensory receptors.
- D.
Conduct impulses to skeletal muscles.
- E.
Conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
Correct Answer
E. Conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.Explanation
Autonomic motor neurons are responsible for conducting impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. These neurons are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. Unlike somatic motor neurons that control skeletal muscles, autonomic motor neurons regulate activities such as digestion, heart rate, and glandular secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is that autonomic motor neurons conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
- A.
Somatic division
- B.
Craniosacral division
- C.
Resting division
- D.
Thoracolumbar division
- E.
Both somatic division and craniosacral division
Correct Answer
D. Thoracolumbar divisionExplanation
The sympathetic division of the ANS is known as the thoracolumbar division. This division is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response, mobilizing energy and preparing the body for action. It is called thoracolumbar because the preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Craniosacral division is another name for the
- A.
Sympathetic division of the ANS.
- B.
Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
- C.
"fight or flight" division.
Correct Answer
B. Parasympathetic division of the ANS.Explanation
The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The parasympathetic division is responsible for the "rest and digest" response, which promotes relaxation, digestion, and other activities that conserve and restore energy. This division is activated during times of rest and relaxation, and it helps to counterbalance the effects of the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. Therefore, the correct answer is the parasympathetic division of the ANS.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.
- A.
Upper motor
- B.
Lower motor
- C.
Preganglionic
- D.
Postganglionic
- E.
Somatomotor
Correct Answer
C. PreganglionicExplanation
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a preganglionic neuron. This type of neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia, which then relay the signals to the target organs or tissues. Preganglionic neurons are part of the autonomic nervous system and play a crucial role in regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?
- A.
Thoracic
- B.
Lumbar
- C.
Abdominopelvic
- D.
Craniosacral
- E.
Both lumbar and abdominopelvic
Correct Answer
C. AbdominopelvicExplanation
The correct answer is abdominopelvic. Collateral ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system and are located outside of the central nervous system. They contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity, which includes the organs in the abdomen and pelvis.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.
- A.
Sympathetic
- B.
Parasympathetic
- C.
Thoracolumbar
- D.
Visceral
- E.
Somatomotor
Correct Answer
B. ParasympatheticExplanation
The correct answer is parasympathetic. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is often referred to as the "rest and digest" division because it is responsible for promoting relaxation, conserving energy, and facilitating digestion. It counteracts the effects of the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the body's fight or flight response.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
- A.
Lateral gray horns of the cervical cord.
- B.
Anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.
- C.
Lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
- D.
Anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
- E.
Lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.
Correct Answer
C. Lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.Explanation
The correct answer is lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. These neurons originate from segments T1 to L2, which corresponds to the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord. This is where the cell bodies of these neurons are found before they project to the sympathetic ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.
- A.
Intramural
- B.
Collateral
- C.
Chain
- D.
Prevertebral
- E.
Suprarenal
Correct Answer
C. ChainExplanation
The correct answer is "chain". Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that are located along both sides of the spinal cord are referred to as sympathetic chain ganglia. These ganglia form a chain-like structure and are responsible for transmitting sympathetic signals throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.
- A.
Intramural
- B.
Collateral
- C.
Chain
- D.
Paravertebral
- E.
Suprarenal
Correct Answer
B. CollateralExplanation
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called collateral ganglia. These ganglia are located outside the sympathetic chain and are associated with specific organs or regions within the abdominopelvic area. They receive preganglionic fibers from the sympathetic chain and provide postganglionic fibers to the target organs. The collateral ganglia play a crucial role in regulating the sympathetic innervation of these organs, coordinating various physiological functions and responses.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
- A.
Intramural ganglia.
- B.
Collateral ganglia.
- C.
Chain ganglia.
- D.
Brainstem.
- E.
Adrenal glands.
Correct Answer
E. Adrenal glands.Explanation
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and consist of two parts: the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing and releasing hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline directly into the bloodstream, which helps to regulate the body's response to stress and maintain homeostasis. Therefore, the adrenal glands are the correct answer in this case.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within
- A.
Intramural ganglia.
- B.
Collateral ganglia.
- C.
Sympathetic chain ganglia.
- D.
Suprarenal ganglia.
- E.
White rami
Correct Answer
C. Sympathetic chain ganglia.Explanation
The correct answer is sympathetic chain ganglia. Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within the sympathetic chain ganglia. These ganglia are located on both sides of the vertebral column and are part of the sympathetic nervous system. They receive preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord and send out postganglionic fibers to innervate various organs and tissues in the body.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is
- A.
True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
- B.
True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
- C.
True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
- D.
Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
- E.
True only for the somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer
A. True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.Explanation
The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and digestion, and it stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles in the urinary bladder to initiate the process of urination. The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for the fight or flight response and does not directly control the contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is
- A.
True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
- B.
True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
- C.
True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
- D.
Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
- E.
True only for the somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer
A. True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.Explanation
This statement is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. In the parasympathetic nervous system, the ganglia are located near or within the end organ, allowing for a shorter distance for the transmission of signals. In contrast, in the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia are located closer to the spinal cord, resulting in a longer distance for signal transmission. Therefore, this statement does not apply to the sympathetic nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
- A.
Postganglionic fibers.
- B.
Visceral reflex responses.
- C.
Motor neurons.
- D.
Ganglionic neurons.
- E.
Sensory neuron neurons.
Correct Answer
D. Ganglionic neurons.Explanation
Preganglionic fibers are nerve fibers that originate in the central nervous system (CNS) and travel to ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS. These preganglionic fibers then synapse on postganglionic fibers, which are nerve fibers that extend from the ganglia to their target organs or tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is ganglionic neurons, as these are the neurons that receive the synaptic connections from preganglionic fibers.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as
- A.
Smooth muscle.
- B.
Cardiac muscle.
- C.
Adipose tissue.
- D.
Glands.
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Ganglionic neurons innervate various structures, including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and glands. These neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to these target tissues, allowing for coordinated and regulated function. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as ganglionic neurons innervate all the mentioned structures.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
- A.
Heart.
- B.
Pupils.
- C.
Sweat glands.
- D.
Digestive tract.
- E.
Arrector pili muscles.
Correct Answer
D. Digestive tract.Explanation
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the digestive tract. Collateral ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as digestion. These ganglia contain neurons that innervate various organs, including the digestive tract. If these neurons are injured, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive tract, leading to issues with digestion and absorption of nutrients.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Splanchnic nerves
- A.
Originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
- B.
Consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.
- C.
Control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax.
- D.
Connect chain ganglia.
- E.
Are formed of parasympathetic fibers.
Correct Answer
B. Consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.Explanation
The splanchnic nerves consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia. This means that the first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord send their axons through the splanchnic nerves to synapse in collateral ganglia. These ganglia are located outside of the sympathetic chain ganglia. Therefore, the splanchnic nerves are responsible for controlling sympathetic function of structures in the thorax by transmitting signals from the spinal cord to the collateral ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The celiac ganglion innervates the
- A.
Stomach.
- B.
Live.
- C.
Pancreas.
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The celiac ganglion is a cluster of nerve cells located near the base of the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system by innervating various organs in the abdominal region. The stomach, liver, and pancreas are all innervated by the celiac ganglion, making "all of the above" the correct answer. This means that the celiac ganglion sends nerve fibers to these organs, allowing for the regulation of their functions and communication between them and the central nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the
- A.
Celiac ganglion.
- B.
Superior mesenteric ganglion.
- C.
Inferior mesenteric ganglion.
- D.
Pudendal ganglion.
- E.
Pelvic ganglion.
Correct Answer
C. Inferior mesenteric ganglion.Explanation
The sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is provided by the inferior mesenteric ganglion. This ganglion is responsible for transmitting signals from the sympathetic nervous system to the bladder, helping to regulate its function. The other options, such as the celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, pudendal ganglion, and pelvic ganglion, are not involved in the sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the
- A.
Celiac.
- B.
Superior mesenteric.
- C.
Inferior mesenteric.
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia. These ganglia are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are located outside of the spinal cord. They play a role in regulating various functions in the abdominal region, such as digestion and blood flow. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all three ganglia mentioned are included in the sympathetic collateral ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N
- A.
III.
- B.
VII.
- C.
IX.
- D.
X.
- E.
XII.
Correct Answer
E. XII.Explanation
The preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the ganglia, which then relay the signals to the target organs. Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus) all contain preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons. However, cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal) does not contain these fibers. Instead, it is responsible for controlling the muscles of the tongue.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
- A.
Splanchnic nerves.
- B.
Facial nerves.
- C.
Vagus nerves.
- D.
Glossopharyngeal nerves.
- E.
Trigeminal nerve.
Correct Answer
C. Vagus nerves.Explanation
The parasympathetic outflow is responsible for rest and digest activities in the body. The vagus nerves, also known as the tenth cranial nerves, play a significant role in carrying parasympathetic fibers to various organs in the body, including the heart, lungs, and digestive system. These nerves are responsible for regulating heart rate, promoting digestion, and controlling various involuntary functions. Therefore, it is correct to say that almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the vagus nerves.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?
- A.
Ciliary ganglion
- B.
Pterygopalatine ganglion
- C.
Submandibular ganglion
- D.
Otic ganglion
- E.
Celiac ganglion
Correct Answer
E. Celiac ganglionExplanation
The celiac ganglion is not a parasympathetic ganglion. It is actually a sympathetic ganglion located in the abdomen. Parasympathetic ganglia are typically found near or within the target organs they innervate, while sympathetic ganglia are located in the sympathetic chain along the spinal cord. The ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion, and otic ganglion are all examples of parasympathetic ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves.
- A.
Spinal
- B.
Splanchnic
- C.
Chain
- D.
Pelvic
- E.
Collateral
Correct Answer
D. PelvicExplanation
The intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the pelvic nerves. These nerves originate from the sacral region of the spinal cord and travel to the target organs in the pelvis. They play a crucial role in controlling various functions such as peristalsis in the large intestine, contraction of the urinary bladder, and regulation of reproductive processes.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the
- A.
Suprarenal medulla.
- B.
Celiac ganglia.
- C.
Sympathetic chain ganglia.
- D.
Inferior mesenteric ganglia.
- E.
Splanchnic nerves.
Correct Answer
E. Splanchnic nerves.Explanation
The correct answer is splanchnic nerves. Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the splanchnic nerves. These nerves are responsible for carrying autonomic signals from the central nervous system to the collateral ganglia, which are located in the abdominal region. The splanchnic nerves play a crucial role in regulating various functions of the organs in the abdominal cavity, such as digestion and blood flow.Rate this question:
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- 29.
The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?
- A.
Liver
- B.
Spleen
- C.
Stomach
- D.
Pancreas
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The celiac ganglia innervate all of the above organs, including the liver, spleen, stomach, and pancreas. The celiac ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located near the celiac artery in the abdomen. They are part of the autonomic nervous system and play a role in regulating the functions of these organs, such as digestion and blood flow.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the
- A.
Celiac plexus.
- B.
Hypogastric plexus.
- C.
Cardiac plexus.
- D.
Sphenopalatine ganglia.
- E.
Otic ganglia.
Correct Answer
C. Cardiac plexus.Explanation
The sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the cardiac plexus. The cardiac plexus is a network of nerves located at the base of the heart, where the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers come together. These fibers play a crucial role in regulating heart rate and cardiac function.Rate this question:
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- 31.
What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem?
- A.
Somatic motor neuron
- B.
Preganglionic neuron
- C.
Sensory neuron
- D.
Ganglionic neuron
- E.
Astrocyte
Correct Answer
B. Preganglionic neuronExplanation
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions. Preganglionic neurons are the type of neurons that exit the brain stem in the parasympathetic division. These neurons carry signals from the brain stem to ganglionic neurons located in peripheral ganglia. From there, the ganglionic neurons transmit the signals to target organs, allowing for the regulation of various bodily functions such as digestion, heart rate, and glandular secretion.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs?
- A.
Gray ramus
- B.
Dorsal ramus
- C.
Spinal nerve
- D.
White ramus
- E.
Ventral root
Correct Answer
A. Gray ramusExplanation
The gray ramus carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS?
- A.
Ventral roots
- B.
Dorsal rami
- C.
Spinal nerves
- D.
Ventral rami
- E.
White rami
Correct Answer
E. White ramiExplanation
White rami are exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS. These are small bundles of myelinated preganglionic nerve fibers that connect the spinal nerves to the sympathetic ganglia. The sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, and the white rami play a crucial role in transmitting signals from the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglia, where they can then be relayed to various target organs.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Nerves between the sympathetic chain ganglia and the collateral ganglia are called ________.
- A.
Somatic motor nerves
- B.
Preganglionic nerves
- C.
Sensory nerves
- D.
Ganglionic nerves
- E.
Splanchnic nerves
Correct Answer
E. Splanchnic nervesExplanation
The correct answer is splanchnic nerves. Splanchnic nerves are the nerves that connect the sympathetic chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia. These nerves play a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, specifically in the transmission of signals between different ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
- A.
Vagus nerves
- B.
Sciatic nerves
- C.
Glossopharyngeal nerves
- D.
Pelvic nerves
- E.
Cervicothoracocabdominopelvic nerves
Correct Answer
A. Vagus nervesExplanation
The vagus nerves provide preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?
- A.
Norepinephrine
- B.
Dopamine
- C.
Acetylcholine
- D.
Endorphin
- E.
Any the above
Correct Answer
C. AcetylcholineExplanation
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released at the sympathetic chain ganglia. The sympathetic chain ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for transmitting signals between the central nervous system and various organs and tissues in the body. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter used by the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic chain ganglia to communicate with the postganglionic neurons. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Sympathetic nerves
- A.
Provoke feelings of sympathy.
- B.
Allow us to relax, rest, and recover.
- C.
Are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.
- D.
Control swallowing.
- E.
Stimulate gastric secretion.
Correct Answer
E. Stimulate gastric secretion.Explanation
The sympathetic nerves stimulate gastric secretion. This means that they activate the release of gastric juices in the stomach, which aids in the digestion process.Rate this question:
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- 38.
The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is
- A.
True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
- B.
True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
- C.
True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
- D.
Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
- E.
True only for the somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer
C. True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.Explanation
The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots" is true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. In both systems, the preganglionic neurons originate in the central nervous system and send their axons through the ventral roots of the spinal cord to reach the autonomic ganglia. From there, the postganglionic neurons extend to their target organs or tissues to regulate their function.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the
- A.
Heart.
- B.
Pupils.
- C.
Salivary glands.
- D.
Lungs.
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia can affect the function of the heart, pupils, salivary glands, and lungs. The cervical sympathetic ganglia are part of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for regulating various bodily functions. Damage to these ganglia can disrupt the normal functioning of these organs and lead to symptoms such as abnormal heart rate, pupil dilation or constriction issues, dry mouth, and difficulty breathing. Therefore, all of the above options can be affected by injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to
- A.
Dilate the right pupil.
- B.
Constrict the right pupil.
- C.
Dilate the left pupil.
- D.
Constrict the left pupil.
- E.
Smile and frown.
Correct Answer
D. Constrict the left pupil.Explanation
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would not directly affect the ability to dilate or constrict the pupils. The pupils are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, specifically the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III). Damage to the ventral roots of the thoracic spinal nerves would primarily affect motor function in the trunk and limbs, not the cranial nerves responsible for pupillary constriction. Therefore, the correct answer is constrict the left pupil.Rate this question:
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- 41.
As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?
- A.
Left pupil
- B.
Right pupil
- C.
Heart
- D.
Left and right pupil
- E.
Left pupil and the heart
Correct Answer
E. Left pupil and the heartExplanation
The white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 are responsible for carrying sympathetic nerve fibers. These fibers innervate various organs in the body, including the heart and the pupil of the eye. Therefore, if these nerves are severed on the left side of Brad's body, it would be expected that the left pupil and the heart would be affected by this injury.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The adrenal medullae secrete
- A.
Medullin.
- B.
Epinephrine.
- C.
Norepinephrine.
- D.
Renin.
- E.
Both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer
E. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine.Explanation
The adrenal medullae are part of the adrenal glands and are responsible for secreting hormones. In this case, the correct answer is "both epinephrine and norepinephrine." Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both catecholamines that are released by the adrenal medullae. They play a role in the body's response to stress, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in
- A.
An increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
- B.
A decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
- C.
Decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion.
- D.
Release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
- E.
Increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.
Correct Answer
D. Release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.Explanation
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine leads to the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. This is because activation of α1 adrenergic receptors triggers a signaling pathway that involves the activation of phospholipase C (PLC). PLC cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 then binds to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, causing the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm. Calcium ions play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. Therefore, the correct answer is the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter." is
- A.
True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
- B.
True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
- C.
True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
- D.
Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
- E.
True only for the somatic nervous system.
Correct Answer
A. True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.Explanation
This statement is true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter in its postganglionic axons. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system primarily uses norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter in its postganglionic axons. Therefore, the statement is not true for the sympathetic nervous system. Additionally, the statement does not apply to the somatic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter in its motor neurons.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
- A.
The formation of cAMP.
- B.
Increased heart rate.
- C.
Increased force of contraction.
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells leads to the activation of cAMP, which in turn increases heart rate and enhances the force of contraction. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
- A.
Nicotinic cholinergic
- B.
Muscarinic cholinergic
- C.
Alpha
- D.
Beta
- E.
Both muscarinic cholinergic and beta
Correct Answer
B. Muscarinic cholinergicExplanation
Sweat glands contain muscarinic cholinergic receptors. These receptors are a type of acetylcholine receptor that is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When these receptors are stimulated, they trigger the production and release of sweat.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Nicotinic receptors
- A.
Respond to epinephrine.
- B.
Respond to norepinephrine.
- C.
Open chemically gated sodium ion channels.
- D.
Are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system.
- E.
Open chemically gated calcium ion channels.
Correct Answer
C. Open chemically gated sodium ion channels.Explanation
Nicotinic receptors are a type of ion channel receptor that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to these receptors, they open chemically gated sodium ion channels, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell. This influx of positive ions depolarizes the cell membrane, leading to the generation of an action potential. Therefore, the correct answer is that nicotinic receptors open chemically gated sodium ion channels.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Muscarinic receptors
- A.
Are normally activated by acetylcholine.
- B.
Are found mostly in autonomic ganglia.
- C.
Always produce an excitatory response.
- D.
Control sodium channels in the affected membrane.
- E.
Are blocked by norepinephrine.
Correct Answer
A. Are normally activated by acetylcholine.Explanation
Muscarinic receptors are a type of receptor that are typically activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are found in various locations throughout the body and are involved in mediating the effects of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. They can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending on the specific tissue or organ they are located in. Norepinephrine, on the other hand, is a different neurotransmitter that acts on adrenergic receptors, not muscarinic receptors.Rate this question:
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- 49.
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to
- A.
An increase in metabolic activity.
- B.
Relaxation of airway smooth muscle.
- C.
The breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to an increase in metabolic activity because these receptors are involved in regulating metabolism. It can also cause relaxation of airway smooth muscle, which helps in the treatment of conditions like asthma. Additionally, the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes, promoting fat metabolism. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?
- A.
They are proteins in the plasma membrane.
- B.
When activated, cAMP levels are affected.
- C.
Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types.
- D.
Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type.
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Adrenergic receptors are proteins in the plasma membrane that are involved in the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine. When these receptors are activated, the levels of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) are affected, leading to various physiological responses. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine can activate both alpha and beta types of adrenergic receptors, although norepinephrine mainly activates the alpha type. Therefore, all of the above statements are true.Rate this question:
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