Cell Bio - Chapter 13 (Book Questions)
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which of following illustrates negative control?
- A.
A repressor that becomes active when bound to a corepressor and inhibits transcription.
- B.
A gene that binds a repressor and becomes active.
- C.
An activator that becomes active when bound to a coactivator and activates transcription.
- D.
A repressor that binds a gene and becomes inactive.
Correct Answer
A. A repressor that becomes active when bound to a corepressor and inhibits transcription.Explanation
This answer is correct because negative control refers to the regulation of gene expression by the binding of a repressor protein to the operator region of a gene. The repressor protein becomes active when bound to a corepressor molecule, and this complex inhibits transcription by preventing RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region of the gene. This mechanism effectively turns off the expression of the gene.Rate this question:
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- 2.
In regulation of the lac operon, when lactose is present and glucose is absent
- A.
The repressor is able to bind to the operator.
- B.
The repressor is unable to bind to the operator.
- C.
Transcription of structural genes occurs.
- D.
Transcription of lactose occurs.
- E.
Both b and c are correct.
Correct Answer
E. Both b and c are correct.Explanation
When lactose is present and glucose is absent, the repressor is unable to bind to the operator. This allows for transcription of structural genes to occur. Therefore, both statement b (the repressor is unable to bind to the operator) and statement c (transcription of structural genes occurs) are correct.Rate this question:
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- 3.
In regulation of the trp operon, when tryptophan is present,
- A.
The repressor is able to bind to the operator.
- B.
The repressor is unable to bind to the operator.
- C.
Transcription of the repressor is inhibited.
- D.
Transcription of the structural genes, operator, and promoter occurs.
Correct Answer
A. The repressor is able to bind to the operator.Explanation
In the regulation of the trp operon, when tryptophan is present, the repressor is able to bind to the operator. This means that the repressor protein, which is normally inactive, becomes active and attaches to the operator region of the operon. This binding prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes, effectively shutting down the production of tryptophan. Therefore, the presence of tryptophan triggers the binding of the repressor to the operator, inhibiting transcription of the operon.Rate this question:
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- 4.
In common operon models, the function of the promoter is to
- A.
Code for the repressor protein.
- B.
Bind with RNA polymerase.
- C.
Bind to the repressor.
- D.
Code for the regulator gene.
Correct Answer
B. Bind with RNA polymerase.Explanation
The correct answer is "bind with RNA polymerase." In common operon models, the promoter region is responsible for initiating the transcription process by binding with RNA polymerase. This binding allows the RNA polymerase to recognize the start site of the gene and begin transcribing the DNA into RNA. The promoter does not code for the repressor protein, bind to the repressor, or code for the regulator gene.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding operons?
- A.
The regulator gene is transcribed with the structural genes.
- B.
The structural genes are always transcribed.
- C.
All genes are always transcribed.
- D.
The regulator gene has its own promoter.
Correct Answer
D. The regulator gene has its own promoter.Explanation
Operons are a group of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The regulator gene, which codes for a protein that controls the expression of the structural genes, is transcribed with the structural genes. However, the structural genes are not always transcribed. The transcription of the structural genes is regulated by the protein product of the regulator gene. Therefore, not all genes are always transcribed. The regulator gene has its own promoter, which is responsible for initiating the transcription of the regulator gene. This allows for the regulation of the operon by controlling the expression of the structural genes.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following regulate gene expression in the eukaryotic nucleus?
- A.
Posttranslational control
- B.
Transcriptional control
- C.
Posttranscriptional control
- D.
Translational control
- E.
Both b and c are correct.
Correct Answer
E. Both b and c are correct.Explanation
Both transcriptional control and posttranscriptional control regulate gene expression in the eukaryotic nucleus. Transcriptional control refers to the regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription, where the DNA is converted into RNA. This can involve the activation or repression of specific genes through the binding of transcription factors to DNA. Posttranscriptional control, on the other hand, refers to the regulation of gene expression after transcription has occurred. This can involve processes such as RNA splicing, RNA editing, and mRNA stability, all of which can affect the final protein product.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following mechanisms may create multiple mRNAs from the same gene?
- A.
Posttranslational control
- B.
Alternative mRNA splicing
- C.
Binding of a transcription factor
- D.
Chromatin remodeling
- E.
MiRNAs
Correct Answer
B. Alternative mRNA splicingExplanation
Alternative mRNA splicing is a mechanism that can create multiple mRNAs from the same gene. This process involves the removal of introns and the joining of exons in different combinations, resulting in the production of different mRNA isoforms. Each mRNA isoform can then be translated into a distinct protein, allowing for the generation of multiple protein variants from a single gene. This mechanism plays a crucial role in increasing the diversity of proteins in eukaryotic organisms.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Translational control of gene expression occurs within the
- A.
Nucleus
- B.
Cytoplasm
- C.
Nucleolus
- D.
Mitochondria
Correct Answer
B. CytoplasmExplanation
Translational control of gene expression occurs within the cytoplasm. This is because after transcription, the mRNA molecule is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it undergoes translation to produce proteins. The cytoplasm contains the necessary machinery, such as ribosomes and tRNA molecules, for the process of translation to occur. Additionally, various regulatory factors can act on the mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm to control its translation, allowing for precise regulation of gene expression.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Alternative mRNA splicing is an example of which type of regulation of gene expression?
- A.
Transcriptional
- B.
Posttranscriptional
- C.
Translational
- D.
Posttranslational
Correct Answer
B. PosttranscriptionalExplanation
Alternative mRNA splicing is a process in which different combinations of exons are joined together to produce different mRNA molecules from a single gene. This process occurs after transcription, when the pre-mRNA is processed to remove introns and join exons together. Therefore, alternative mRNA splicing is an example of posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A scientist adds radioactive uridine (label for RNA) to a culture of cells and examines an autoradiograph. Which type of chromatin is apt to show the label?
- A.
Heterochromatin
- B.
Euchromatin
- C.
The histones, not the DNA
- D.
The DNA, not the histones
- E.
Both a and D are correct
Correct Answer
B. EuchromatinExplanation
Euchromatin is the correct answer because it is the less condensed and more transcriptionally active form of chromatin. It contains genes that are actively being transcribed into RNA, which is why it is more likely to show the label for radioactive uridine (label for RNA). Heterochromatin, on the other hand, is highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive, so it is less likely to show the label. The histones and DNA are not directly related to the labeling of RNA in this context.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Barr bodies are
- A.
Genetically active X chromosomes in males.
- B.
Genetically inactive X chromosomes in females.
- C.
Genetically active Y chromosomes in males.
- D.
Genetically inactive Y chromosomes in females.
Correct Answer
B. Genetically inactive X chromosomes in females.Explanation
Barr bodies are genetically inactive X chromosomes in females. In females, one of the X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell to ensure equal gene expression between males and females. The inactivated X chromosome condenses into a dense structure called a Barr body. This process is known as X chromosome inactivation and is responsible for the genetic dosage compensation in females.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of these might cause a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene?
- A.
Exposure of the cell to radiation
- B.
Exposure of the cell to certain chemicals
- C.
Viral infection of the cell
- D.
Exposure of the cell to pollutants
- E.
All of these are correct
Correct Answer
E. All of these are correctExplanation
Exposure of the cell to radiation, certain chemicals, viral infection, and pollutants can all cause a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene. Radiation and certain chemicals can damage the DNA, leading to mutations in the proto-oncogene that can activate its oncogenic potential. Viral infection can introduce viral genes into the cell, which can disrupt the normal regulation of the proto-oncogene and cause it to become an oncogene. Exposure to pollutants can also lead to DNA damage and mutations in the proto-oncogene, promoting its transformation into an oncogene. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to the development of oncogenes.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A cell is cancerous. You might find an abnormality in
- A.
A proto-oncogene.
- B.
A tumor suppressor gene.
- C.
Regulation of the cell cycle.
- D.
Tumor cells.
- E.
All of these are correct.
Correct Answer
E. All of these are correct.Explanation
All of these options are correct because a cell being cancerous can involve abnormalities in various aspects. A proto-oncogene is a gene that can become an oncogene and promote cell division and tumor growth when mutated. A tumor suppressor gene, on the other hand, normally helps regulate cell growth and prevent tumors, but when mutated or inactivated, it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Regulation of the cell cycle is crucial for normal cell division, and abnormalities in this process can contribute to cancer. Lastly, tumor cells themselves are abnormal and can exhibit various characteristics that distinguish them from normal cells. Therefore, all of these factors can be involved in the development and progression of cancer.Rate this question:
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- 14.
A tumor suppressor gene
- A.
Inhibits cell division
- B.
Opposes oncogenes
- C.
Prevents cancer
- D.
Is subject to mutations
- E.
All of these are correct
Correct Answer
E. All of these are correctExplanation
A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that regulates cell division and prevents the formation of cancer. It acts by opposing the activity of oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor suppressor genes can be mutated, leading to a loss of their normal function and allowing cancer development. Therefore, all of the statements provided - inhibiting cell division, opposing oncogenes, preventing cancer, and being subject to mutations - are correct in relation to tumor suppressor genes.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What is the structure labeled A?
Correct Answer
DNAExplanation
The structure labeled A is DNA. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is a double-stranded helix structure made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next.Rate this question:
- 16.
What is the structure labeled B?
Correct Answer
Regulator GeneExplanation
The structure labeled B is a regulator gene. A regulator gene is a type of gene that controls the expression of other genes. It acts as a switch, turning genes on or off, and plays a crucial role in regulating various biological processes. In this context, the structure labeled B is likely a gene that regulates the expression of other genes in a specific pathway or system.Rate this question:
- 17.
What is the structure labeled C?
Correct Answer
PromoterExplanation
The structure labeled C is a promoter. A promoter is a region of DNA that initiates the transcription of a particular gene. It provides the necessary binding sites for RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to bind and begin the process of gene expression. Promoters are crucial in regulating gene expression and determining when and where a gene is transcribed.Rate this question:
- 18.
What is the structure labeled D?
Correct Answer
OperatorExplanation
The structure labeled D is an operator. This means that it is a symbol or function that performs a specific operation on one or more operands to produce a result. Operators are commonly used in programming and mathematics to perform calculations or manipulate data.Rate this question:
- 19.
What is the structure labeled E?
Correct Answer
Active Repressor - 20.
If the DNA codons are CAT CAT CAT, and a guanine base is added at the beginning, which would result?
- A.
CAT CAT CAT G
- B.
G CAT CAT CAT
- C.
GCA TCA TCA T
- D.
GC ATC ATC AT
Correct Answer
C. GCA TCA TCA TExplanation
When a guanine base is added at the beginning of the DNA codons CAT CAT CAT, it would result in the sequence GCA TCA TCA T. This is because the guanine base pairs with cytosine, so the original sequence is shifted by one base and the guanine is added at the beginning.Rate this question:
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- 21.
A mutation in a DNA molecule involving the replacement of one nucleotide base pair with another is called a(n)
- A.
Frameshift mutation.
- B.
Transposon.
- C.
Deletion mutation.
- D.
Point mutation.
- E.
Insertion mutation.
Correct Answer
D. Point mutation.Explanation
A point mutation refers to a mutation in a DNA molecule where there is a replacement of one nucleotide base pair with another. This type of mutation can occur due to various factors such as errors during DNA replication or exposure to mutagens. Point mutations can have different effects depending on the specific nucleotide change and its location within the gene. They can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein, potentially altering its structure and function.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of these is characteristic of cancer?
- A.
It may involve a lack of mutations over a length of time.
- B.
It cannot be tied to particular environmental factors.
- C.
Apoptosis is one of the first developmental effects.
- D.
Mutations in certain types of genes.
- E.
It typically develops within a short period of time.
Correct Answer
D. Mutations in certain types of genes.Explanation
Cancer is characterized by mutations in certain types of genes. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, which is a hallmark of cancer. These gene mutations can be inherited or acquired throughout a person's lifetime, and they can be caused by various factors such as exposure to carcinogens or errors in DNA replication. Understanding these specific gene mutations is crucial for diagnosing and treating different types of cancer.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which is not evidence that eukaryotes control transcription?
- A.
Euchromatin/heterochromatin
- B.
Existence of transcription factors
- C.
Lampbrush chromosomes
- D.
Occurrence of mutations
- E.
All of these are correct.
Correct Answer
D. Occurrence of mutationsExplanation
The occurrence of mutations is not evidence that eukaryotes control transcription. Mutations can happen randomly and are not directly controlled by eukaryotic cells. The other options, such as euchromatin/heterochromatin, existence of transcription factors, and lampbrush chromosomes, are all related to the control of transcription in eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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