Chapter 6 Test - AP Biology

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by their lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Plants, fungi, and animals are all eukaryotic cells, meaning they have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria, on the other hand, are prokaryotic cells, as they lack a true nucleus and organelles. Therefore, the correct answer is bacteria.

The mitochondrion is the most appropriate term for the given question because it is known as the "powerhouse" of the cell and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. It plays a crucial role in converting nutrients into usable energy for the cell's various functions. The other options, such as lysosome, vacuole, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisome, are not directly involved in energy transformation.

Chloroplasts are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The glucose produced serves as a source of chemical energy for the plant, while oxygen is released as a byproduct. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are responsible for converting chemical energy stored in glucose into a form that cells can use, but they do not convert light energy to chemical energy. Leucoplasts, peroxisomes, and Golgi bodies are not involved in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

The vacuole is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. The vacuole helps maintain the shape and structure of the cell, regulates the cell's internal environment, and plays a role in the storage and breakdown of molecules. It is particularly important in plant cells for providing turgor pressure, which helps support the cell and maintain its rigidity.

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and cells that specialize in producing proteins, such as muscle cells or cells in the pancreas, require a high number of ribosomes to meet the demand for protein production. Lipids, starches, steroids, and glucose are not primarily produced by ribosomes, so they do not require a large number of ribosomes in specialized cells.

Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. Grana are stacks of thylakoids, which are membrane structures that contain chlorophyll and other pigments necessary for capturing light energy. Stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids where the Calvin cycle, a series of reactions that convert carbon dioxide into glucose, takes place. Therefore, the correct answer is chloroplasts.

The plasma membrane is a feature of all cells. It is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and separates its internal environment from the external environment. It is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including plant and animal cells. The plasma membrane is responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining cell shape, and providing protection.

Mitochondria are the correct answer because they are found in both plant and animal cells. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through cellular respiration, which is a vital process for all living organisms. While chloroplasts are only found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, the wall made of cellulose is also specific to plant cells. Tonoplast is a membrane found in plant cells that surrounds the vacuole, and centrioles are only found in animal cells and are involved in cell division.

The correct answer is mitochondrion. Mitochondria are organelles found in cells that have their own DNA and ribosomes. They are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell due to their role in energy production.

The central vacuole is unique to plant cells. It is a large, membrane-bound organelle that occupies a significant portion of the cell's volume. The central vacuole plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's turgor pressure, storing water, nutrients, and waste products, and regulating cell growth and development. While mitochondria, peroxisomes, and flagella are present in both plant and animal cells, the central vacuole is specific to plant cells, making it the correct answer. The nucleoid region, on the other hand, is found in prokaryotic cells, not plant cells.

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A vacuole is a versatile plant compartment that can store reserves of organic compounds or inorganic ions. It is a membrane-bound organelle found in plant cells that plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's turgor pressure, storing nutrients, and regulating waste products. Vacuoles can vary in size and function depending on the type of cell and its requirements. They can store water, sugars, pigments, toxins, and other substances. Therefore, vacuole is the most appropriate term for the given description.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids. This organelle lacks ribosomes on its surface, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum which is involved in protein synthesis. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in lipid metabolism and detoxification processes in the cell. It is responsible for the synthesis of lipids such as oils, phospholipids, and steroids, which are important components of cell membranes and play various roles in cellular functions.

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell that is involved in the transport of proteins and lipids. It includes the nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and ER. However, chloroplasts are not considered part of the endomembrane system. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, and they have their own unique membrane system separate from the endomembrane system.

Phagocytic white blood cells, also known as macrophages, are specialized cells that engulf and digest foreign substances, including bacteria and cellular debris. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes and play a crucial role in the breakdown of cellular waste. Since phagocytic white blood cells are actively involved in the process of phagocytosis and digestion, they would provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes. These cells have a high concentration of lysosomes, allowing for a more detailed examination of their structure and function.

A peroxisome is a cell organelle that contains enzymes capable of transferring hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen. This process is known as oxidation and it helps in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances in the cell. Peroxisomes are involved in various metabolic processes and are particularly abundant in liver and kidney cells. They play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and overall cell health.

The correct answer is ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane. This is the most likely pathway for movement of the protein in the cell because newly synthesized proteins are typically synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), then transported to the Golgi apparatus for modification and sorting. From the Golgi apparatus, the protein is packaged into vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, allowing for secretion of the protein outside of the cell. The other options do not follow the typical pathway for protein secretion in cells.

Ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and can be found freely floating in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Therefore, the presence of ribosomes is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells.

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The tonoplast is a membrane found in plant cells only. It is a specialized vacuolar membrane that surrounds the plant cell's central vacuole. The tonoplast helps regulate the movement of ions, nutrients, and water in and out of the vacuole, maintaining its osmotic balance. This membrane is not present in prokaryotic cells, animal cells, or all eukaryotic cells, making "found in plant cells only" the most inclusive category.

Lysosomes are responsible for recycling the cell's organic material. They contain enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. This process, known as autophagy, helps to maintain the cell's health and prevent the accumulation of harmful substances. Lysosomes also play a role in the digestion of nutrients and the recycling of damaged organelles. Therefore, lysosome is the most appropriate term for the given description.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for producing and modifying polysaccharides that will be secreted. It receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them before packaging them into vesicles for transport to their final destination. This includes the modification of polysaccharides, such as adding or removing sugar molecules, to create glycoproteins or other glycolipids. Therefore, the Golgi apparatus is the most appropriate term for the given statement.

Cyanide is known to bind with cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme involved in the electron transport chain in mitochondria. This binding inhibits the production of ATP, the cell's main energy source. Therefore, following exposure to cyanide, it is expected that most of the cyanide would be found within the mitochondria, where it interferes with ATP production.

A lysosome is the most appropriate term for the given description because it is an organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular digestion and waste removal, as they break down and recycle cellular components, foreign particles, and damaged organelles.

The presence of enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria indicates that the cell is capable of performing various metabolic processes, protein synthesis, energy production, and genetic replication. These characteristics are found in both plant and animal cells, suggesting that the cell could be from either a plant or an animal.

Bound ribosomes are ribosomes that are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. They are not enclosed in their own membrane, as they are attached to the ER membrane. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally the same, with the only difference being their location. Bound ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are destined for insertion into the membrane or for secretion outside of the cell. This makes the statement "Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins" the correct characterization of bound ribosomes.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain their own DNA. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through cellular respiration, while chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis. Both organelles have their own genetic material, separate from the DNA in the nucleus. This allows them to carry out their specific functions and reproduce independently within the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have DNA, which is the genetic material, a cell wall for protection, a plasma membrane for regulating the movement of substances, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. However, they do not have an endoplasmic reticulum, which is a complex network of membranes involved in various cellular processes such as protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

The heavier fraction is likely to contain mitochondria because mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP in cells. The lighter fraction is likely to contain chloroplasts because chloroplasts are responsible for producing ATP in the presence of light through photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is chloroplasts and mitochondria.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. It contains ribosomes on its surface, which are responsible for protein production. Proteins synthesized in the rough ER may be exported from the cell to be used in other locations or for secretion. The other options, lysosomes, plasmodesmata, Golgi vesicles, and tight junctions, are not directly involved in protein synthesis or export.

The correct answer is transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA. This is the first step in protein synthesis, where the genetic information stored in DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA) through a process called transcription. During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of DNA called the promoter and synthesizes a complementary mRNA molecule using one strand of the DNA as a template. This mRNA molecule carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.

Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein. It is the material that makes up the chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell. It consists of DNA molecules that are tightly coiled around proteins called histones. This coiling helps to condense the DNA and allows it to fit within the nucleus. Chromatin plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and controlling the activities of the cell.

The lysosome is not directly involved in synthesis or secretion. It is an organelle responsible for the breakdown of waste materials and cellular debris through the process of digestion. It contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules into smaller components. In contrast, the other options listed (ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum) are all involved in the synthesis, modification, and transportation of proteins and lipids within the cell.

The most reasonable explanation for the observation that the volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than in animal cells is that plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm. The vacuole takes up a significant amount of space within the cell, allowing for a larger volume of the plasma membrane to enclose the remaining cytoplasm. This is in contrast to animal cells, which do not have such a large vacuole and therefore have a smaller volume enclosed by the plasma membrane.

Lysosomes function in the compartmentalization of hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells. These organelles contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that are responsible for breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. By packaging these enzymes within lysosomes, the cell can prevent the general destruction of cellular components and maintain the integrity of other organelles. Lysosomes also play a role in processes such as autophagy, where they digest and recycle damaged organelles or proteins.

Calcium is stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle is responsible for various functions, including the regulation of calcium levels within the cell. It acts as a calcium reservoir, storing and releasing calcium ions as needed for cellular processes such as muscle contraction, cell signaling, and enzyme activation. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum contains specialized proteins and channels that allow for the storage and controlled release of calcium ions, making it the correct answer for where calcium is stored.

The Golgi apparatus has a polarized structure and function, meaning that different processes occur on different sides of the Golgi. Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. Proteins and lipids in the Golgi membrane may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. Soluble proteins in the cisternae of the Golgi may also be sorted and modified as they move from one side to the other. Therefore, all of the other statements accurately describe the polar characteristics of the Golgi function.

The structure-function pair that is mismatched is microtubule-muscle contraction. Microtubules are responsible for maintaining cell shape, providing structural support, and aiding in intracellular transport, but they are not directly involved in muscle contraction. Muscle contraction is primarily driven by the interaction between actin and myosin filaments.

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common the production of ATP, the presence of DNA, and the presence of ribosomes.

The term "nucleoid" refers to the region within a prokaryotic cell where the genetic material, such as DNA, is located. This structure is not present in eukaryotic cells, which have a distinct nucleus that houses the genetic material. Plant and animal cells are both types of eukaryotic cells and do not possess a nucleoid. Therefore, the most inclusive category for the term "nucleoid" is "found in prokaryotic cells only."

Ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, and proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm that are part of ribosomes require the presence of nuclear pores to move between the cytoplasm and the interior of the nucleus. The nuclear pores act as gateways, allowing these molecules to pass through the nuclear envelope and access the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA is necessary for the assembly of ribosomes, messenger RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, and the proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm that are part of ribosomes are essential components of the protein synthesis machinery.

The nucleolus is a region within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that is primarily involved in the production and assembly of ribosomes. It does not contain functional ribosomes itself, but rather serves as a site for ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Prokaryotic cells, plant mitochondria, chloroplasts, and animal mitochondria all contain functional ribosomes that are responsible for protein synthesis. Therefore, the nucleolus is the only option that does not contain functional ribosomes.

The correct answer states that proteins excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. This means that the process of protein synthesis and excretion in prokaryotes is different from eukaryotes, as they lack an endomembrane system. The ribosomes on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane play a crucial role in synthesizing the proteins that will be excreted by prokaryotic cells. This explanation provides a clear understanding of the mechanism of protein excretion in prokaryotes.

The presence of bound ribosomes on the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope suggests that proteins are being synthesized on these ribosomes. Since the proteins are made on the nuclear envelope, it can be inferred that at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by these ribosomes.

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle involved in the processing and packaging of proteins. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them before sending them to their final destination. While the Golgi apparatus is involved in protein processing, it does not contain DNA or ribosomes. DNA is typically found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, while ribosomes can be found in the cytoplasm, on the endoplasmic reticulum, or in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Therefore, the Golgi apparatus is unlikely to contain both DNA and ribosomes.

A reasonable hypothesis for the molecular basis of the disorder is that there are defective dynein molecules in cilia and flagella. This is because cilia and flagella are responsible for various cellular movements, including the movement of sperm in males. Dynein is a motor protein that plays a crucial role in the movement of cilia and flagella. If the dynein molecules are defective, it can lead to breathing problems and sterility, which are the symptoms of the inherited disorder.

A cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes would be expected to have a predominance of free ribosomes. This is because cytoplasmic enzymes are synthesized in the cytoplasm and do not need to be transported to specific organelles or secreted out of the cell. Free ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins that function within the cytoplasm, so a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes would have a higher concentration of free ribosomes to meet the demand for protein synthesis.

This question is testing knowledge of protein synthesis and the location where different proteins are synthesized. Proteins that are destined to be located in the plasma membrane are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mitochondrial membrane proteins are synthesized by free cytoplasmic ribosomes. Cytoplasmic proteins are also synthesized by free cytoplasmic ribosomes. Chloroplast stromal proteins are synthesized by chloroplast ribosomes. The only incorrect match is the synthesis of mitochondrial matrix protein in the rough ER.

In prokaryotic respiration, the corresponding reactions to ATP synthesis are likely to occur on the plasma membrane. This is because prokaryotic cells lack mitochondria, which is where ATP synthesis primarily occurs in eukaryotic cells. The plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells serves as the site for various metabolic reactions, including the synthesis of ATP through the process of respiration. Therefore, the chemical reactions involved in respiration in prokaryotic cells are likely to take place on the plasma membrane.

The given correct answer is prokaryote, secreted protein, free cytoplasmic ribosome. This is because in prokaryotes, secreted proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm by free cytoplasmic ribosomes and then transported out of the cell.