9sci_t4 - Earth Science Revision

The Pacific plate is known as The Ring of Fire because it is surrounded by a large number of active volcanoes and experiences frequent earthquakes. This plate is located along the edges of the Pacific Ocean and is responsible for the formation of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

The movement of convection in the mantle is the driving force behind crustal movement. Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, and in the mantle, it occurs due to the heat generated by the radioactive decay of elements. This convection creates currents within the mantle, which in turn cause the tectonic plates on the Earth's surface to move. These plate movements result in various geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountains. Therefore, the movement of convection in the mantle is the primary force responsible for the movement of the Earth's crust.

The correct answer is "Crust, Solid inner core, Molten outer core, Mantle." This answer accurately identifies the four layers of the Earth. The crust is the outermost layer, followed by the mantle, which is a thick layer of solid rock. Inside the mantle is the molten outer core, and at the very center of the Earth is the solid inner core. This arrangement of layers is supported by scientific evidence and our understanding of the Earth's structure.

In a convergent plate boundary between an oceanic and a continental crust, the oceanic crust always undergoes subduction because it is heavier.

The amount of time between the arrival of the P Waves and the arrival of the S Waves can be used to determine the distance the epicenter is from the seismograph. This is because P Waves travel faster than S Waves, so the longer the time interval between their arrivals, the farther away the epicenter is. By measuring this time difference, scientists can calculate the distance to the epicenter and locate the earthquake's origin point.

There are seven main tectonic plates that make up the Earth. These plates are massive pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere below. The movement and interactions of these plates at their boundaries cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountains. The seven main tectonic plates are the African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Eurasian Plate, North American Plate, South American Plate, Pacific Plate, and the Indo-Australian Plate.

Mid ocean ridges are formed at divergent plate boundaries, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other. This movement causes magma to rise from the mantle and create new crust, resulting in the formation of underwater mountain ranges known as mid ocean ridges. Therefore, the correct answer is divergent.

S-waves, also known as shear waves, are a type of seismic waves that cause particles to move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. These waves require a medium with shear strength to propagate, which is only present in solids. Liquids and gases do not possess shear strength, so S-waves cannot travel through them. Therefore, the correct answer is solids.

P waves are the first to arrive and are the weakest. P waves, also known as primary waves, are the fastest seismic waves that are generated during an earthquake. They are able to travel through solids, liquids, and gases. However, they have the lowest amplitude compared to other seismic waves, such as S waves and surface waves. Therefore, P waves are the first to be detected by seismographs, but they generally cause less damage compared to the later-arriving, stronger waves.

Most earthquake epicenters and volcanoes are found on plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are the areas where tectonic plates interact and can either collide, separate, or slide past each other. These interactions create intense geological activity, leading to the formation of earthquakes and volcanoes. The movement and collision of plates cause great stress and pressure, resulting in earthquakes, while the melting and upward movement of magma form volcanoes. Therefore, plate boundaries are the primary locations where these geological phenomena occur.

The correct answer is continental drift. Continental drift is the theory that suggests that the Earth's continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea and have since drifted apart over millions of years. This explains how a line of islands could be found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean plate. As the continents moved apart, volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge created a chain of islands. This phenomenon is known as a hotspot, where a mantle plume rises through the Earth's crust, causing volcanic activity and the formation of islands.

A 10 fold increase in ground vibration correlates to a 30 fold increase in energy. This means that for every 10 fold increase in ground vibration, there is a corresponding increase in energy that is 30 times greater. This relationship suggests that there is a strong positive correlation between ground vibration and energy, with the energy increasing at a faster rate compared to the ground vibration.

The intensity measure factors consider various aspects that can influence the intensity of an event, such as damage, distance, local geology, and energy. However, the type of fault is not considered in the intensity measure factors. This means that while damage, distance, local geology, and energy are all important factors to determine the intensity of an event, the type of fault does not play a role in this assessment.