2a553c CDC Volume 3 Ure

The principle that is not an EW tenet is "Command." The other three principles, Exploit, Control, and Enhance, are all part of the EW (Electronic Warfare) tenets. Command, on the other hand, is not specifically related to EW and does not fall under the same category.

Acquisition radar in an air defense network is responsible for obtaining accurate data on the number of attacking aircraft and their track. It is designed to detect and track incoming targets, providing crucial information for the defense system to effectively respond and neutralize the threat. This radar plays a vital role in identifying and acquiring the necessary data to assess the situation and make informed decisions in order to protect the airspace.

The ALR-20 panoramic receiver must be in manual mode to use the audio facility. This means that the user has to manually control and adjust the settings of the receiver to enable the audio feature. In manual mode, the user has full control over the receiver's functions and can choose to activate or deactivate the audio facility as required.

The correct answer is "long distance because the beam spreads so little." This means that the laser danger zone extends over a long distance because the laser beam does not spread much. In other words, the laser beam remains concentrated and focused over a long distance, which increases the potential danger for direct beam viewing.

AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) aircraft serve as a crucial addition to the basic air defense system. These aircraft provide early warning and surveillance capabilities, allowing for the detection and tracking of potential threats from a distance. With their advanced radar systems and communication capabilities, AWACS aircraft can effectively coordinate and direct air defense operations, enhancing the overall effectiveness of the system. This makes them the most effective C2 (command and control) addition to the basic air defense system.

The correct answer is "Conical." A conical IR seeker generates a frequency-modulated signal directly proportional to the amount of target displacement from the center of the seeker scan. This means that as the target moves away from the center, the frequency of the signal increases, providing information about the target's position relative to the seeker. This type of seeker is effective for tracking moving targets and maintaining lock-on.

The relationship between a laser's coherency and bandwidth is inversely proportional. This means that as the coherency of a laser increases, its bandwidth decreases, and vice versa. Coherency refers to the extent to which the light waves emitted by a laser are in phase with each other. A laser with high coherency emits light waves that are very closely aligned, resulting in a narrow bandwidth. On the other hand, a laser with low coherency emits light waves that are less aligned, leading to a wider bandwidth.

The correct answer is computer. In a C2 system (Command and Control system), the computer plays a crucial role in processing and analyzing data to provide real-time information and facilitate decision-making. It helps in coordinating and controlling military operations by integrating various sensors, communication systems, and databases. The computer enables the C2 system to gather, process, and disseminate information efficiently, ensuring effective command and control of military forces.

A panoramic receiver is a device used to detect and display emitters, which are sources of electromagnetic signals. The receiver not only detects the frequency of the emitters but also measures their amplitude. This information is then displayed using threat symbols, which provide a visual representation of the detected emitters. Therefore, the correct answer is frequency and amplitude, as a panoramic receiver displays both of these characteristics of the detected emitters.

Effective electronic jamming requires sufficient power to overpower or disrupt the signals being targeted. Without enough power, the jamming signals may not be strong enough to interfere with or block the desired signals effectively. Therefore, having sufficient power is crucial for successful electronic jamming operations.

Area saturation is the correct answer because chaff dispensing tactic involves releasing a large number of small, lightweight metallic strips called chaff to create multiple false targets on radar screens. This overwhelms and confuses radar operators, making it difficult for them to differentiate between real targets and the chaff. By saturating the area with false targets, the tactic effectively masks the true location and identity of the actual target, providing a self-protection mechanism for the aircraft or object deploying the chaff.

Active MAWS (Missile Approach Warning System) uses its own radar to detect and track incoming missiles or threats. However, this active radar emission can be detected by passive detection systems, which means that the enemy can track the location of the active MAWS-equipped aircraft. This disadvantage compromises the element of surprise and can potentially put the aircraft at a higher risk of being targeted or attacked.

Traditional noise jamming techniques are designed to block communications channels or radarscope presentations, which ultimately denies or prevents the intended recipient from receiving or interpreting the information correctly. This denial of the communication or radar signal is the primary purpose of noise jamming, making it the correct answer.

The AGM-65 missile uses an electro-optical or infrared imaging system to perform EA.

A scope is a radar display indicator that displays range or velocity. It provides information about the distance or speed of a target being tracked by the radar system. The term "scope" is commonly used in radar terminology to refer to the display screen that shows the radar data. Therefore, the correct answer is A scope.

The rise time refers to the time it takes for the flare to reach its peak intensity after being deployed. The given answer suggests that when the flare is deployed at a high altitude, it takes much longer for the flare to reach its peak intensity. Additionally, it states that the flare burns longer at high altitude, indicating that it remains active for a longer duration. This information implies that the rise time has a significant effect on the flare's performance in decoying an infrared missile.

Contrails, or condensation trails, are formed when hot exhaust gases from aircraft engines mix with the cold air in the atmosphere. The temperature and humidity conditions at different altitudes determine the formation of contrails. In the altitude range of 15,000 to 35,000 ft, the atmospheric conditions are most conducive to contrail formation. At this altitude, the temperature is low enough for the water vapor in the exhaust gases to condense into visible ice crystals, creating contrails.

SAM systems function in three phases to target attacking aircraft: acquisition, target tracking, and command guidance. In the acquisition phase, the system detects and identifies the presence of an incoming aircraft. Then, in the target tracking phase, the system tracks the movement of the aircraft to maintain a continuous lock-on. Finally, in the command guidance phase, the system guides the missile or weapon system to intercept and engage the target accurately.

Interferometry is a geolocation technique that involves using the phase difference to compute the Angle of Arrival (AOA). In interferometry, multiple antennas receive the same signal and the phase difference between the signals is measured. This phase difference is then used to calculate the AOA of the signal source. Triangulation, on the other hand, involves using the angles between multiple known reference points to determine the location of the signal source. Time of arrival and time difference of arrival are techniques that involve measuring the time it takes for a signal to reach multiple receivers to determine the source's location.

The panoramic receiver is considered the heart of the electronic support system because it is responsible for detecting and analyzing a wide range of frequencies simultaneously. It allows for the monitoring and interception of various signals, making it an essential component in electronic warfare and intelligence gathering operations. The pulse analyzer, cathode-ray tube, and spectrum analyzer are all important tools in electronic support systems, but they do not have the same level of capability and versatility as the panoramic receiver.

HF radar provides information about the altitude of the target for ground-controlled intercept. This means that it can determine the height or elevation of the target, which is crucial for intercepting and engaging the target effectively. The other options mentioned, such as range, azimuth, and velocity, are also important for intercept, but in this case, the correct answer specifically focuses on altitude.

The question is asking which type of fuse is vulnerable to EW (electronic warfare). However, the options provided (MT, VT, AAA) do not seem to be related to fuses or electronic warfare. Only the option "PRX" can be interpreted as a type of fuse, and it is the correct answer because it is vulnerable to electronic warfare.

Radar cross section is a measure of the amount of electromagnetic energy that a target reflects back to the radar system. It represents the net reradiated energy from the target to the illuminating radar. Boom rate refers to the rate at which chaff is dispensed, polarization refers to the orientation of the electromagnetic waves, and frequency coverage refers to the range of frequencies that a radar system can detect. None of these characteristics directly measure the net reradiated energy from a target to the illuminating radar.

Visible light and infrared (IR) light both share the properties of absorption, reflection, and refraction. Absorption refers to the process in which light is absorbed by a material, causing its energy to be converted into another form, such as heat. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface without being absorbed or transmitted. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, such as when light passes from air to water. These properties are common to both visible and IR light, allowing them to interact with matter in similar ways.

When performing heterodyning of two different RF signals, the output will consist of the sum and difference of the two frequencies, as well as the two original frequencies. Heterodyning involves mixing two signals together to produce new frequencies, which are the sum and difference of the original frequencies. Therefore, the correct answer is that the output will contain the sum, difference, and two original frequencies.

Persistence refers to the length of time that chaff remains at an effective altitude. Chaff is a radar countermeasure that consists of small metallic or plastic strips released into the air to confuse radar systems. These strips reflect radar signals and create false targets, making it difficult for the radar to accurately track the actual target. The longer chaff remains at an effective altitude, the more effective it is in diverting radar attention away from the actual target. Therefore, persistence is the chaff characteristic that determines how long it can effectively deceive radar systems.

The primary limitation of a towed decoy system is achieving 360° coverage. A towed decoy is a device that is deployed behind an aircraft to lure and distract incoming missiles. However, the decoy can only provide protection in the direction it is deployed, leaving the aircraft vulnerable from other angles. Therefore, achieving full 360° coverage is a challenge for a towed decoy system.

The correct answer is 3. The question is asking about the number of components that make up the PAS. Without any further context, it can be assumed that PAS refers to a specific system or organization. The answer 3 suggests that there are three main components that form the PAS. However, without additional information, it is difficult to provide a more specific explanation.

In laser theory, the term "monochromatic" refers to a single frequency of light emitted by the laser. This means that all the photons produced by the laser have the same wavelength or color. The term "single emitter" refers to a laser system where the light is emitted from a single source or device. However, in this context, the correct answer is "frequency" as it accurately describes the characteristic of monochromatic light in laser theory.

The master timer is responsible for providing the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in a pulse radar system. The PRF determines the rate at which pulses are transmitted and is crucial for accurate target detection and measurement. The master timer controls the timing of the radar system, ensuring that pulses are transmitted at the desired frequency. The modulator is responsible for shaping the pulses, the power amplifier amplifies the pulses, and the waveform generator generates the waveform of the pulses. However, none of these components directly provide the PRF.

Velocity deception jamming makes use of the Doppler shift. Doppler shift is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave as observed by an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. In velocity deception jamming, the jammer emits signals with varying Doppler shifts, creating false targets or altering the velocity of real targets. This can confuse radar systems, making it difficult for them to accurately determine the velocity of the targets and potentially leading to incorrect tracking or targeting decisions.

A pulse analyzer is the correct answer because it is a specialized piece of equipment used to analyze and measure the characteristics of pulses, such as antenna scan-type, scan rate, pulse recurrence frequency, pulse width, and pulse shape. Oscilloscopes are used to measure and display voltage waveforms, spectrum analyzers are used to analyze the frequency components of a signal, and panoramic receivers are used for wideband signal reception. Therefore, pulse analyzers are specifically designed for the task described in the question.

Self-protection chaff tactics are least effective against Doppler radar. Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to measure the velocity of objects, including chaff particles. This means that Doppler radar can distinguish between the chaff particles and the actual target, making it difficult for the chaff to effectively deceive the radar. In contrast, monopulse, conical scan, and track-while-scan radars are less effective at distinguishing between chaff and the actual target, making chaff tactics more effective against them.

The primary mission of a decoy is to deceive and distract the enemy by imitating a real target, thereby saturating the enemy integrated air defense system, exposing enemy forces prematurely, and defeating tracking by enemy radar. Counter infrared threats, on the other hand, involve measures to protect against heat-seeking missiles or infrared-guided weapons, which is not the primary purpose of a decoy.

Passive MAWS (Missile Approach Warning System) is advantageous because it is specifically designed to detect and track missiles by tuning into the infrared (IR) signature of the missile's exhaust plume. This allows the system to identify and warn the aircraft of an incoming missile threat, providing crucial time for evasive maneuvers. Unlike other options mentioned, such as the use of Pulse Doppler radar or continuous radiation, the ability to detect the IR signature of the missile's exhaust plume is the most relevant and effective method for a passive MAWS.

The feature of receiver blanking prevents the display of on-board transmitters' output. Receiver blanking refers to the ability of the receiver to temporarily disable or "blank" the display of certain signals, in this case, the output of on-board transmitters. This feature is useful in order to avoid interference or clutter on the display, allowing the receiver to focus on receiving and displaying other important signals.

Geolocation receivers use various techniques to determine the location of a signal source. Triangulation involves measuring the angles between multiple receivers to pinpoint the source's location. Interferometry uses the interference patterns of signals received at different locations to locate the source. Time of arrival measures the difference in arrival times of signals at different receivers to calculate the source's position. However, amplitude comparison is not a technique used by geolocation receivers. Amplitude refers to the strength or intensity of a signal, and comparing amplitudes does not provide information about the source's location.

A modulator is the unit of a pulse radar that provides a very short pulse of DC voltage. The modulator is responsible for generating the high voltage pulses that are transmitted by the radar antenna. It takes a low power continuous wave signal and converts it into a high power pulsed signal by modulating the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the signal. This allows the radar to transmit short pulses of energy that can be used to detect and locate objects. The other options listed, such as the duplexer, power amplifier, and waveform generator, are not directly involved in generating the short pulses of DC voltage.

Expendable active decoys are designed to provide protection for the aircraft for a specific period by emitting signals or taking actions to confuse or divert incoming threats. These decoys are typically deployed and then discarded after a certain amount of time, making them expendable. They actively engage with the enemy, creating a diversion and drawing their attention away from the actual aircraft. This type of decoy is effective in protecting the aircraft by providing a temporary shield and reducing the likelihood of it being targeted by enemy weapons.

The RWR, or Radar Warning Receiver, is a device used to detect and identify radar signals. It is designed to warn the user of the presence of radar systems. However, the RWR does not provide information about the relative location of the radar source. It also does not identify the specific radar system or its frequency. Instead, the RWR primarily focuses on detecting the amplitude or strength of the radar signals.

Noise modulation refers to the process of adding noise to a signal. The advantages of noise modulation include having no particular recurring frequency, being random in instantaneous frequency, and being distributed uniformly in frequency. However, uniformity in amplitude is not considered an advantage of noise modulation. This is because noise modulation typically involves varying the amplitude of the noise signal, which can introduce unwanted fluctuations and distortions in the overall signal.

The receiver/amplifier is the component of the RWR (Radar Warning Receiver) that processes the RF (Radio Frequency) into a video signal. This component is responsible for receiving and amplifying the incoming RF signals from the antenna, and then converting them into a video signal that can be displayed on a screen or control indicator. The receiver/amplifier plays a crucial role in the RWR system by converting the RF signals into a format that can be easily interpreted and analyzed by the user.

Frequency modulation is the process where the carrier wave's frequency and phase vary according to the amplitude and frequency variations of a signal wave. In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is changed in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This results in a signal that carries information in the frequency variations, allowing for the transmission of audio signals and other types of data.

A spin IR seeker is a type of IR seeker that chops or modulates the incoming infrared energy at a rate determined by the reticle pattern. This modulation allows the seeker to distinguish between the target and background infrared radiation, improving its ability to track and lock onto the target accurately. The spinning motion of the seeker helps to create this modulation effect, making the spin IR seeker an effective choice for certain applications.

Deception jamming related to time is known as range deception jamming. This type of jamming involves manipulating the timing of radar signals to create false range measurements, leading to the misinterpretation of the target's distance. By altering the timing of the radar return signals, the jammer can deceive the radar system into thinking that the target is either closer or farther away than its actual position. This can confuse the radar operator and disrupt the accuracy of target tracking and engagement.

A spot tracker is a laser device that aids in visually acquiring a target to be attacked. It helps in accurately locating and tracking the target, allowing for precise targeting and effective engagement. This device is commonly used in military operations and guided weapon systems to enhance the accuracy and success of attacks on specific targets.

The amount of deviation from the carrier wave is determined by the amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulating signal is used to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave, which in turn causes the deviation. As the amplitude of the modulating signal increases, the deviation from the carrier wave also increases. Therefore, the amplitude of the modulating signal directly affects the amount of deviation from the carrier wave.

The correct answer is Monopulse. Monopulse radar is a type of radar that uses multiple beams to track a target. The self-protection chaff tactic, which involves releasing small strips of metal into the air to confuse radar systems, can cause errors in the azimuth, elevation, and range tracking circuits of a monopulse radar. This is because the chaff reflects the radar signal and creates multiple false targets, making it difficult for the radar to accurately track the real target.

Amplitude modulation creates upper and lower sidebands. In this type of modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the modulating signal. This causes the creation of two sidebands, one above and one below the carrier frequency. The sidebands carry the information from the modulating signal. Frequency modulation, on the other hand, creates a frequency deviation but does not generate sidebands. Deviation and composite are not types of modulation.

The term "electronic management" refers to the process of controlling and overseeing electronic systems and equipment. In the context of the question, the steps taken to locate intentional and unintentional emissions from radar equipment involve managing and coordinating various electronic systems and tools to identify and analyze these emissions. This includes using specialized equipment, techniques, and procedures to detect, track, and analyze radar signals. Therefore, "electronic management" is the most appropriate description for these steps.