1w051: Air Force Weather Technician Trivia Quiz

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1. The distinguishing feature of any tornadic activity is

Explanation

The distinguishing feature of tornadic activity is the funnel-shaped appendage that hangs from the base of the cloud. This funnel-shaped appendage, also known as a tornado, is formed when a rotating column of air extends from the cloud to the ground. It is this characteristic funnel shape that sets tornadic activity apart from other types of severe weather phenomena such as intense thunderstorm activity, wind gusts, or cumulonimbus mammatus clouds.

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About This Quiz
1w051: Air Force Weather Technician Trivia Quiz - Quiz

The 1W051: Air Force Weather Technician Trivia Quiz assesses knowledge on atmospheric conditions, focusing on temperature variations, stratosphere characteristics, and atmospheric gases. It's designed for learners aiming to understand weather impacts on Air Force operations.

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2. A thunderstorm officially ends

Explanation

A thunderstorm officially ends fifteen minutes after the last occurrence of thunder, hail, or lightning. This means that even if there is no more thunder, hail, or lightning, the storm is still considered to be ongoing for an additional fifteen minutes. This is likely to account for any lingering effects or potential dangers associated with the storm, such as residual lightning strikes or strong winds.

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3. While performing a radar metwatch, the operator notices a storm that has increased from 40 to 43 dBZs at one elevation slice. The operator must assume the intensity of this storm has

Explanation

The increase in dBZs from 40 to 43 indicates a 3 dB increase, which corresponds to a doubling of intensity. This means that the storm has become twice as intense as before.

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4. An intense, temporary release of energy that occurs in the vicinity of sunspots and/or plages is called a

Explanation

A solar flare is an intense, temporary release of energy that occurs in the vicinity of sunspots and/or plages. It is a sudden and violent eruption on the Sun's surface that releases a large amount of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, particles, and plasma. Solar flares can cause disturbances in Earth's atmosphere and affect communication systems, satellites, and power grids. Therefore, the correct answer is solar flare.

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5. The amount of time it takes the radar to transmit one pulse is called the

Explanation

The correct answer is pulse length. The question is asking for the term used to describe the amount of time it takes for the radar to transmit one pulse. Wavelength refers to the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave, propagation refers to the movement or transmission of the wave, and listening time is not a term commonly associated with radar. Therefore, the best fit for the given question is pulse length, which describes the duration of a single pulse transmitted by the radar.

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6. The Doppler dilemma is a tradeoff between

Explanation

The Doppler dilemma refers to the tradeoff between range and velocity. When using Doppler radar, it is difficult to accurately measure both the distance (range) and the speed (velocity) of an object simultaneously. This is because Doppler radar relies on the frequency shift of the radar signal caused by the motion of the object. The frequency shift can be used to determine the speed of the object, but it can also affect the accuracy of the range measurement. Therefore, there is a tradeoff between accurately measuring the range and the velocity of an object using Doppler radar.

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7. What is the interface called that separates interplanetary space from the magnetosphere?

Explanation

The interface that separates interplanetary space from the magnetosphere is called the magnetopause. This boundary is formed by the interaction between the solar wind (a stream of charged particles from the Sun) and the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetopause acts as a protective barrier, preventing most of the solar wind from entering the magnetosphere and shielding the Earth from its harmful effects.

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8. Identify the impact of electron density gradients within the ionosphere on single frequency or dual frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation.

Explanation

Electron density gradients within the ionosphere have a negative impact on single frequency or dual frequency GPS navigation. These gradients cause the GPS signals to experience delays and distortions as they pass through the ionosphere. This leads to errors in calculating the position, resulting in degraded positional accuracy.

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9. Above 13 miles, the radiation from the sun breaks down the oxygen in the atmosphere into

Explanation

When radiation from the sun reaches the Earth's atmosphere, it interacts with the oxygen molecules. This interaction causes the oxygen molecules to break down and recombine into ozone gas. Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms and is found in the Earth's ozone layer, which is located between 13 and 30 miles above the Earth's surface. Therefore, above 13 miles, the radiation from the sun breaks down the oxygen in the atmosphere into ozone gas.

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10. If you throw a ball towards a stationary target from the window of a speeding vehicle, coriolis force (CoF) will cause the ball to miss the target

Explanation

The Coriolis force is a result of the rotation of the Earth and its effect on moving objects. When a ball is thrown from a window of a speeding vehicle, it has a certain velocity in the direction of the throw. However, due to the vehicle's speed and the rotation of the Earth, the ball experiences a Coriolis force that acts perpendicular to its velocity. This force causes the ball to deviate to the right of its intended target. Therefore, the ball will miss the stationary target to the right.

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11. Who owns the Master System Control Function (MSCF) at a majority of the continental United States (CONUS) locations?

Explanation

The National Weather Service owns the Master System Control Function (MSCF) at a majority of the continental United States (CONUS) locations. The MSCF is responsible for controlling and monitoring the weather systems and operations in these locations. As a government agency, the National Weather Service is tasked with providing accurate weather forecasts and warnings to the public, making them the rightful owner of the MSCF.

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12. Which organization serves as the DOD's sole space weather provider?

Explanation

The 2d Weather Squadron Space Weather Operations Center serves as the DOD's sole space weather provider.

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13. Which organization operates the worldwide Solar Electro-optical Network (SEON)?

Explanation

The correct answer is the 2d Weather Squadron Space Weather Operations Center. The Solar Electro-optical Network (SEON) is operated by this organization.

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14. An unstable wave cyclone is one where the amplitude

Explanation

In an unstable wave cyclone, the amplitude of the wave increases with time and the wave deepens. This means that as time progresses, the wave becomes stronger and the depth of the wave increases. This can lead to more intense weather conditions and potentially severe storms.

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15. Unstable waves are classified as

Explanation

Unstable waves are classified as baroclinic lows. Baroclinic refers to a condition where temperature and density gradients exist in the atmosphere, which leads to the formation of unstable weather systems. These systems are characterized by the vertical motion of air masses, resulting in the development of storms and other turbulent weather phenomena. Baroclinic lows are associated with the formation of cyclones and are often responsible for producing severe weather conditions.

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16. What causes the surface low to deepen during the self-development process?

Explanation

During the self-development process, the surface low deepens due to divergence aloft. Divergence aloft refers to the horizontal movement of air away from a central point in the upper levels of the atmosphere. This divergence creates a "vacuum" effect, causing air to rise from the surface and leading to a decrease in surface pressure. As the surface low deepens, it intensifies the cyclonic circulation and can lead to the formation of storms and severe weather conditions.

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17. Where is the ideal location to look for a hook echo signature?

Explanation

The ideal location to look for a hook echo signature is in the right rear quadrant of the trailing half of the storm. This is because the right rear quadrant is where the most intense and dangerous part of the storm is typically located. The hook echo signature is often associated with tornadoes, and it forms in the area where the rear flank downdraft wraps around the mesocyclone. Therefore, by focusing on the right rear quadrant, meteorologists can identify the potential presence of a tornado and issue appropriate warnings.

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18. The line echo wave pattern (LEWP) signature should signal the radar operator that

Explanation

The correct answer is that a favorable environment exists for severe weather development. The line echo wave pattern (LEWP) signature is a radar indication of a specific type of thunderstorm known as a mesoscale convective system (MCS). MCSs are often associated with severe weather events such as heavy rain, strong winds, and hail. Therefore, when the LEWP signature is observed, it suggests that the conditions are conducive for the formation and intensification of severe weather.

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19. How do you report prevailing visibility at US stations and overseas stations?

Explanation

Visibility is reported using different units of measurement in the United States and overseas. In the United States, visibility is reported in statute miles, while overseas stations report visibility in meters. This is important for ensuring consistency and accuracy in reporting visibility conditions across different regions.

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20. Data collected for generation of the composite reflectivity product is derived from

Explanation

The correct answer is all elevation angles. The composite reflectivity product is generated by combining data from multiple elevation angles. This is done to provide a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the reflectivity values throughout the atmosphere. By using data from all elevation angles, the composite reflectivity product can capture precipitation and other weather phenomena at different heights and distances from the radar. This helps meteorologists analyze and track weather patterns more effectively.

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21. For a runway visual range (RVR) report of R22/1000V1600FT, what is the visual range that a pilot can expect to see down the runway?

Explanation

The given RVR report of R22/1000V1600FT indicates that the visual range down the runway can vary between 1,000 feet and 1,600 feet. The "R22" indicates the minimum visual range of 1,000 feet, while the "V1600FT" indicates that the visual range can vary up to 1,600 feet. Therefore, the pilot can expect to see a visual range anywhere between 1,000 feet and 1,600 feet down the runway.

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22. The stratosphere is characterized by

Explanation

The correct answer is a temperature that remains isothermal to about 100,000 feet, the strongest concentration of ozone, and excellent flying conditions. This answer accurately describes the characteristics of the stratosphere. The stratosphere is known for having a temperature that remains relatively constant, or isothermal, up to about 100,000 feet. It also contains the highest concentration of ozone, which is important for protecting the Earth from harmful UV radiation. Additionally, the stratosphere is known for providing excellent flying conditions due to its stable and clear atmosphere.

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23. Which force is described as any center-seeking force?

Explanation

Centripetal force is described as any center-seeking force. It is the force that keeps an object moving in a curved path and directed towards the center of the curve. It is responsible for maintaining circular motion and preventing the object from moving in a straight line. In contrast, inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion, Coriolis force is the apparent force experienced by a moving object in a rotating frame of reference, and centrifugal force is the apparent outward force experienced by an object moving in a curved path.

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24. The areas of low pressure that correspond to the belt of low pressure at 60°N created by the 3-cell circulation are the

Explanation

The correct answer is Icelandic and Aleutian lows. The 3-cell circulation model describes the atmospheric circulation patterns on Earth. At around 60°N, there is a belt of low pressure due to the convergence of warm air from the Ferrel cell and cold air from the Polar cell. This creates two main low-pressure systems, one near Iceland and another near the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. These lows are known as the Icelandic and Aleutian lows, respectively. They are characterized by cyclonic activity and are important for shaping weather patterns in their respective regions.

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25. In relation to the jet core, the greatest vertical wind shear is usually located

Explanation

In relation to the jet core, the greatest vertical wind shear is usually located above the jet core. This means that the strongest change in vertical wind speed occurs above the region where the jet stream is strongest. This is because the jet core represents the area of maximum horizontal wind speed, and the vertical wind shear tends to be stronger in the upper levels of the atmosphere where the jet stream is located. Therefore, the greatest vertical wind shear is typically found above the jet core.

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26. Which value is considered the approximate precipitable/non-precipitable threshold?

Explanation

The value of +18dBZ is considered the approximate precipitable/non-precipitable threshold.

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27. What factors must a region possess in order to facilitate air mass formation?

Explanation

A region must possess a uniform surface, stagnant air, and large-scale difluent flow in order to facilitate air mass formation. A uniform surface allows for consistent heating or cooling of the air above it, which helps in the development of stable air masses. Stagnant air means that there is little to no vertical movement of the air, allowing for the air mass to remain intact and develop its characteristic properties. Large-scale difluent flow refers to the divergence of air at high altitudes, which helps in the maintenance and expansion of the air mass.

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28. An increase of mass in a column of air will cause the surface pressure to

Explanation

When the mass of a column of air increases, it means that there is more air molecules present in that column. This increase in mass leads to a greater gravitational force acting on the air molecules, causing them to be compressed closer together. As a result, the density of the air increases, leading to an increase in surface pressure. Therefore, an increase in mass in a column of air will cause the surface pressure to increase.

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29. The primary cause of surface pressure changes for a dynamic low is net

Explanation

The primary cause of surface pressure changes for a dynamic low is divergence aloft. Divergence aloft refers to the horizontal movement of air away from a specific location at higher altitudes. This movement creates a vertical pressure gradient, causing air to rise and resulting in lower surface pressure. As the air rises, it cools adiabatically, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. Therefore, divergence aloft is the main factor contributing to the development and intensification of a dynamic low-pressure system.

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30. When the central pressure of an anticyclone is rising, you can infer the anticyclone is

Explanation

When the central pressure of an anticyclone is rising, it indicates that the air within the anticyclone is sinking and becoming denser. This denser air leads to an increase in pressure at the center of the anticyclone, causing it to build in strength and intensity. Therefore, the correct answer is "building."

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31. How will precipitation targets appear as they move into the cone of silence?

Explanation

As the precipitation targets move into the cone of silence, they will weaken and eventually disappear. The cone of silence refers to an area where the radar beam is unable to accurately detect precipitation due to various factors such as distance, angle, or interference. As the targets move further into this cone, the radar's ability to detect and track them diminishes, resulting in a weakening and eventual disappearance of the precipitation targets.

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32. With the passage of a cold front in the Northern Hemisphere, the horizontal wind direction will

Explanation

When a cold front passes in the Northern Hemisphere, the wind direction undergoes a shift in a clockwise direction. This is because cold fronts are associated with the movement of cold air mass, which displaces the warmer air ahead of it. As the cold air pushes forward, it causes the wind direction to rotate in a clockwise manner, resulting in a shift in the direction of the wind.

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33. What color balloon would you use to determine the ceiling heights of thin clouds?

Explanation

Red is the correct answer because red light has the longest wavelength and is least scattered by particles in the atmosphere. When red light is shone onto thin clouds, it can penetrate through them and reflect back, allowing us to see the ceiling heights of the clouds. Other colors, such as blue, black, or yellow, have shorter wavelengths and are more likely to be scattered or absorbed by particles in the atmosphere, making it difficult to determine the ceiling heights of thin clouds using those colors.

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34. Generally, solar bursts are most common during

Explanation

Solar bursts, also known as solar flares, are intense explosions on the Sun's surface that release a large amount of energy. These bursts are caused by the sudden release of magnetic energy in the Sun's atmosphere. Solar maximum refers to the period in the solar cycle when the Sun is most active and has the highest number of sunspots. During this phase, the Sun's magnetic field is more complex and prone to instability, leading to an increased occurrence of solar bursts. Therefore, solar bursts are most common during solar maximum.

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35. Which statement best describes water vapor in the atmosphere?

Explanation

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36. The driving mechanism that is mainly responsible for the earth's large-scale atmospheric circulations is the

Explanation

The driving mechanism mainly responsible for the Earth's large-scale atmospheric circulations is the unequal heating of the Earth. This is because different regions of the Earth receive different amounts of solar radiation, causing variations in temperature. As a result, warm air rises in the equatorial regions and cold air sinks at the poles, creating a circulation pattern known as the Hadley cell and the polar cell. These circulation patterns play a crucial role in redistributing heat and moisture across the Earth, influencing weather patterns and climate.

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37. Typical ground clutter targets have spectrum width values ranging from

Explanation

Ground clutter refers to unwanted radar returns caused by stationary objects on the ground, such as buildings or trees. These returns can distort the radar's measurements and affect its accuracy. Spectrum width is a measure of the variability in the Doppler velocities of radar returns. In the case of ground clutter, the spectrum width values are typically low, ranging from 0.1 to 0.5m/s. This indicates that the Doppler velocities of the clutter targets are relatively stable and do not exhibit significant variability.

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38. Which force is the "equal and opposite reaction" to the center-seeking force?

Explanation

The correct answer is centrifugal. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion, and it is not directly related to the equal and opposite reaction to the center-seeking force. Coriolis force is a fictitious force that acts on objects in a rotating frame of reference, but it is not the equal and opposite reaction to the center-seeking force. Centripetal force is the force that acts towards the center of a circular path, while centrifugal force is the equal and opposite reaction to the center-seeking force, pushing objects away from the center.

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39. It is winter. A cPk air mass is moving over the Great Lakes. In this situation, the southern shores of the Great Lakes will experience

Explanation

In winter, when a cPk air mass moves over the Great Lakes, it brings cold air and moisture from the lakes. As the air mass passes over the relatively warmer waters of the lakes, it becomes unstable and picks up moisture. This moisture then condenses and forms clouds, leading to heavy snowfall along the southern shores of the Great Lakes. Therefore, heavy snow is the expected weather condition in this situation.

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40. Horizontal divergence within an air mass will

Explanation

Horizontal divergence within an air mass refers to the spreading out of air horizontally. This causes the air to vertically contract, meaning it becomes compressed in the vertical direction. As a result, the original column of air becomes narrower vertically. However, the air mass also expands horizontally, meaning it spreads out in the horizontal direction. Therefore, the correct answer is that horizontal divergence will vertically contract the original column of air and then expand it horizontally.

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41. The damper effect is comprised of upper-level

Explanation

The correct answer is convergence and surface high pressure. The damper effect refers to the phenomenon in which air converges and sinks at the surface under the influence of high pressure. This sinking motion suppresses the formation of clouds and precipitation, leading to stable and clear weather conditions. Conversely, divergence and surface low pressure are associated with rising air, which promotes cloud formation and potentially unstable weather conditions.

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42. Which bulletin, produced by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space Weather Operation Center, provides notice that a geomagnetic storm has already started?

Explanation

The correct answer is "WOXX54 KGWC, Geomagnetic event warning report." This bulletin, produced by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space Weather Operation Center, specifically provides notice that a geomagnetic storm has already started.

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43. In the life cycle of a low, the system will evolve into a cold barotropic low in the

Explanation

In the life cycle of a low, the system goes through different stages. The dissipation stage is the final stage of the low's life cycle, where the system weakens and dissipates. This stage occurs after the mature stage, where the low reaches its peak intensity, and before the wave initiation stage, where a new low may form. Therefore, the correct answer is the dissipation stage.

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44. What causes a surface high to build during the self-development process?

Explanation

During the self-development process, a surface high builds due to convergence aloft. Convergence aloft refers to the horizontal movement of air towards a specific location at higher altitudes. As the air converges, it descends towards the surface, leading to the development of a high-pressure system. This descending air causes subsidence, which suppresses cloud formation and results in clear skies and calm weather conditions.

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45. Embedded thunderstorms are detected by the WSR–88D quite well because of which reason?

Explanation

The correct answer is that the WSR-88D can see through the stratiform precipitation that tends to hide the storms because of its 10cm wavelength. This wavelength allows the radar to penetrate through the lighter rain and snowfall that often occurs ahead of the embedded thunderstorms. As a result, the radar is able to detect and track these storms more effectively compared to other forms of precipitation.

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46. The spectrum width product is useful for the early detection of thunderstorm development because

Explanation

The detection of high spectrum widths may be indicative of currents present in a convective atmosphere. This is useful for the early detection of thunderstorm development because convective activity is a key factor in the formation of thunderstorms. By identifying areas with high spectrum widths, meteorologists can identify regions where strong vertical motion and moisture convergence are occurring, which are essential ingredients for thunderstorm development. Therefore, the detection of high spectrum widths can provide valuable information for early warning systems and help forecasters anticipate the formation of thunderstorms.

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47. What type of precipitation might you observe with clear skies?

Explanation

Ice crystals can be observed with clear skies because they are formed when water vapor in the air freezes directly into ice without passing through the liquid phase. This can occur in very cold temperatures, even when the sky is clear. Snow, ice pellets, and snow grains are all forms of precipitation that require the presence of moisture and cloud formation, so they would not be observed with clear skies.

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48. Data thresholding is performed at the

Explanation

Data thresholding is a process of setting a threshold value to filter out unwanted or irrelevant data. In this context, the correct answer is radar data acquisition (RDA) because data thresholding is performed at the RDA. The RDA is responsible for collecting and processing radar data, including applying data thresholding techniques to remove noise or unwanted signals. The GUI, VCP, and PUP are not directly involved in the data thresholding process.

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49. Widespread low spectrum width values with isolated areas of higher values is most likely indicative of

Explanation

Widespread low spectrum width values indicate calm weather conditions, while isolated areas of higher values suggest the presence of embedded storms. This means that there are localized areas within the widespread calm weather where storms are occurring. Therefore, the given scenario of widespread low spectrum width values with isolated areas of higher values is most likely indicative of embedded storms.

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50. The simplest method for locating the 500 millibar frontal zone is to

Explanation

The correct answer is to locate the position of the –17° Centigrade isotherm. This is because the 500 millibar frontal zone is typically associated with the boundary between warm and cold air masses. The –17° Centigrade isotherm represents the approximate temperature at which this boundary occurs, making it a good indicator for locating the frontal zone.

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51. Which orographic cloud resembles an almond or a fish?

Explanation

Lenticular clouds are formed when moist air is forced to flow over a mountain or hill, causing it to cool and condense into a cloud. These clouds often have a distinctive lens or almond shape, resembling the shape of a fish. They are commonly seen near mountain ranges and are known for their smooth, rounded edges.

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52. A thunderstorm is present and occurring at your station. In addition, the local noise level is preventing you from hearing the thunderstorm. For observation purposes you would say

Explanation

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53. For observing purposes, five hydrometers are considered to be obstructions to vision. They include mist, fog, blowing snow,

Explanation

The correct answer is freezing fog and blowing spray. These two weather conditions, freezing fog and blowing spray, can obstruct vision and make it difficult to see clearly. Mist, fog, blowing snow, and blowing sand are also mentioned in the question, but they are not considered to be obstructions to vision.

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54. Which item describes the number of cycles per a given unit of time?

Explanation

The correct answer is frequency. Frequency is a measure of the number of cycles or oscillations that occur in a given unit of time. It is commonly measured in hertz (Hz), which represents one cycle per second. Wavelength, on the other hand, refers to the distance between two corresponding points on a wave, while propagation refers to the movement or transmission of waves.

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55. How is the echo tops (ET) product very useful?

Explanation

The echo tops (ET) product is very useful because it shows the presence of vertical tilt within a storm. This information is important for meteorologists as it helps them understand the structure and dynamics of the storm. Vertical tilt indicates how the storm is evolving and can provide insights into its intensity, potential for severe weather, and potential for tornado formation. By analyzing the presence of vertical tilt, forecasters can make more accurate predictions and issue timely warnings to mitigate the risks associated with the storm.

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56. Which solar-geophysical sensor detects cosmic radio noise at a frequency of 30 MHz?

Explanation

A riometer is a solar-geophysical sensor that detects cosmic radio noise at a frequency of 30 MHz. Riometers are used to measure the absorption of cosmic radio noise caused by the Earth's ionosphere. This absorption is a result of the interaction between the ionosphere and solar particles. Riometers are particularly useful in studying the effects of solar flares and other solar events on the Earth's atmosphere.

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57. Once the tornado detection algorithm (TDA) has detected a tornadic vortex signature (TVS) or elevated tornadic vortex signature (ETVS) you should

Explanation

Once the tornado detection algorithm (TDA) has detected a tornadic vortex signature (TVS) or elevated tornadic vortex signature (ETVS), it is recommended to turn your attention over to other products, such as base velocity or storm relative mean radial velocity, for further investigation. This means that you should analyze additional radar data to gather more information and confirm the presence of tornadic activity. This step is important to ensure accuracy and avoid false alarms before issuing a weather warning for tornadic activity.

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58. The two atmospheric gases most responsible for the absorption of incoming solar radiation are

Explanation

Oxygen and ozone are the two atmospheric gases most responsible for the absorption of incoming solar radiation. Oxygen absorbs the shorter wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, while ozone absorbs the longer wavelengths of UV radiation. This absorption helps to protect the Earth's surface from harmful UV radiation. Water vapor and carbon dioxide also play a role in absorbing solar radiation, but they are not as significant as oxygen and ozone in this process.

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59. What air mass classification signifies an unstable, maritime tropical air mass that is colder than the surface it is moving over?

Explanation

The air mass classification mTku signifies an unstable, maritime tropical air mass that is colder than the surface it is moving over. This means that the air mass is characterized by warm and moist air, typically originating from tropical regions, but it is colder than the surface it is moving over. This combination of warm and moist air over colder surfaces can lead to atmospheric instability, potentially causing the formation of clouds, precipitation, and thunderstorms.

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60. What air mass classification signifies a stable, continental polar air mass that is warmer than the surface it is moving over?

Explanation

The air mass classification cPws signifies a stable, continental polar air mass that is warmer than the surface it is moving over. The "c" stands for continental, indicating that the air mass originates over a landmass. The "P" represents polar, indicating that the air mass forms in high latitudes. The "w" signifies that the air mass is warmer than the surface it is moving over, which creates stability. The "s" indicates that the air mass is dry. Therefore, cPws represents a stable, continental polar air mass that is warmer than the surface it is moving over.

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61. What air mass forms over land only during the summer?

Explanation

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62. A low-pressure system undergoing cyclogenesis is said to be

Explanation

When a low-pressure system undergoes cyclogenesis, it means that it is forming or deepening. Cyclogenesis refers to the development or intensification of a cyclone, which is a low-pressure system characterized by rotating winds. During this process, the system may form or deepen, meaning that the pressure at its center decreases further, resulting in a stronger storm. This can lead to the formation of severe weather conditions such as strong winds, heavy rainfall, and potentially even tropical storms or hurricanes.

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63. Superrefraction is when the curvature of the radar beam is

Explanation

Superrefraction refers to a phenomenon in which the radar beam is bent or curved in a manner that exceeds the curvature of the Earth's surface. This means that the radar beam is refracted or bent back towards the Earth's surface, allowing it to travel over longer distances than it would under normal conditions. As a result, the radar beam can detect targets that are beyond the horizon or out of the line of sight. Therefore, the correct answer is "greater than the earth's curvature."

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64. In regards to types of pressure systems, a heat low is a

Explanation

A heat low is a warm barotropic low that forms during the summer. This means that it is a low-pressure system that is characterized by warm air and uniform temperature throughout its vertical extent. It forms during the summer season when there is intense heating of the land surface, causing the air to rise and creating a region of low pressure.

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65. In a cold occlusion, the coldest air is found

Explanation

In a cold occlusion, the coldest air is found behind the cold front. This is because in a cold occlusion, a cold front overtakes a warm front, causing the colder air to push the warmer air aloft. As the cold front advances, it brings the coldest air with it, creating a boundary between the cold air and the warmer air. Therefore, the coldest air is typically found behind the cold front in a cold occlusion.

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66. A change in wind direction of 45° (or more) that takes place in less than 15 minutes is called a

Explanation

A change in wind direction of 45° (or more) that takes place in less than 15 minutes is called a wind shift. This term is used to describe a sudden change in the direction of the wind, which can occur due to various factors such as the movement of weather systems or local topography. A wind shift can have significant impacts on weather conditions and can affect activities such as sailing, aviation, and forecasting.

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67. Which statement determines the length of a forecast made by the storm position forecast algorithm?

Explanation

The accuracy of the previous volume scan's forecast determines the length of a forecast made by the storm position forecast algorithm. This means that the algorithm takes into account how accurate the previous forecast was in order to determine how far into the future the forecast should extend. If the previous forecast was highly accurate, the algorithm may project the storm's position further into the future. Conversely, if the previous forecast was less accurate, the algorithm may limit the length of the forecast.

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68. The echo tops (ET) product computes echo top height by using

Explanation

The correct answer is 2.2 x 2.2nm grid boxes. This means that the echo tops product calculates the height of the echo tops by using a grid with boxes that measure 2.2 x 2.2nm in size. This grid allows for a more precise measurement of the echo tops, providing accurate information about the height of the radar echoes.

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69. The unit of measurement used to identify the strength of a magnetic field is a/an

Explanation

The unit of measurement used to identify the strength of a magnetic field is gauss. Lux is a unit of measurement for illuminance, angstrom is a unit of length, and megahertz is a unit of frequency. Gauss, on the other hand, is specifically used to measure the magnetic field strength.

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70. Which electrically charged particles emitted by the sun are of primary interest in the space environment?

Explanation

Electrons and protons are of primary interest in the space environment because they are the electrically charged particles emitted by the sun. These particles play a crucial role in various space phenomena such as solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and the formation of the Earth's magnetosphere. Electrons and protons have different energies and can interact with the Earth's magnetic field, causing geomagnetic storms and affecting space weather. Understanding the behavior and characteristics of these particles is essential for studying and predicting space weather and its impact on Earth and space-based technologies.

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71. Which process involves assessing, as completely as necessary, the space capabilities operating within the earth's environment and the space domain?

Explanation

Space situational awareness (SSA) is the process that involves assessing the capabilities operating within the earth's environment and the space domain. It focuses on monitoring, tracking, and understanding the objects in space, such as satellites, debris, and other space assets. SSA helps to identify potential threats, avoid collisions, and ensure the safe and sustainable use of space. By continuously observing and analyzing the space environment, SSA provides crucial information for space operations, including satellite launches, space exploration, and national security.

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72. Which space concept proposes ways to evaluate actual and future effects of the natural space environment on adversary, friendly and neutral spaces systems and services?

Explanation

SSA Environmental effects characterization (SEEC) is the space concept that proposes ways to evaluate actual and future effects of the natural space environment on adversary, friendly, and neutral space systems and services. This concept focuses on understanding and characterizing the environmental factors in space that can impact the performance and reliability of space systems. By studying these effects, SEEC aims to enhance situational awareness and enable better decision-making in space operations.

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73. Centrifugal force (CeF) will increase when there is a decrease in

Explanation

Centrifugal force is the apparent outward force experienced by an object moving in a circular path. It is directly proportional to the mass, centripetal force, and the speed of rotation, but inversely proportional to the radius of rotation. Therefore, when there is a decrease in the radius of rotation, the centrifugal force will increase. This can be explained by the fact that as the radius decreases, the object has to travel a smaller distance in the same amount of time, resulting in a higher velocity and thus a greater centrifugal force.

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74. Where are the greatest velocities located in relation to the subtropical jet (SJT)?

Explanation

The greatest velocities are located in the region of confluence of the subtropical jet (STJ) and polar front jet (PFJ). This means that the highest speeds are found where these two jet streams come together. This is likely due to the combination of strong atmospheric dynamics and the merging of air masses with different temperature and moisture characteristics.

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75. As air converges at the surface and toward the center of a layer, there will be horizontal

Explanation

As air converges at the surface and toward the center of a layer, it will experience horizontal contraction, meaning it will become more compact in the horizontal direction. At the same time, there will be vertical expansion, causing the air to expand and rise vertically. This is because the converging air is being squeezed together horizontally, leading to contraction, while also being forced upward due to the convergence, resulting in vertical expansion.

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76. Anticyclogenesis typically occurs at, and just downstream from, long-wave

Explanation

Anticyclogenesis refers to the formation or intensification of an anticyclone, which is a high-pressure system. In this context, it occurs at ridges, which are areas of high atmospheric pressure, under confluent flow aloft. Confluent flow refers to the convergence of air masses, which leads to the upward motion of air and the formation of high-pressure systems. Therefore, the correct answer is "ridges under confluent flow aloft."

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77. Frontogenesis requires two adjacent air masses with

Explanation

Frontogenesis is the process in meteorology where two air masses with different densities are brought together by a wind flow. This can lead to the formation of a front, which is a boundary between the two air masses. The difference in densities creates a contrast in temperature, moisture, and other atmospheric properties, resulting in changes in weather conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is "different densities and a wind flow to bring the air masses together."

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78. How does the storm cell tracking algorithm handle a storm cell centroid, when it can't correlate with a storm cell centroid from a previous volume scan?

Explanation

The storm cell tracking algorithm handles a storm cell centroid that cannot correlate with a previous volume scan by labeling it as "NEW" and not forecasting a track. This means that the algorithm recognizes that the storm cell is not a continuation of any previously tracked storm and therefore cannot predict its future movement. Instead, it treats it as a new storm and does not attempt to forecast its track based on other storm cells.

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79. The basic assumption of the velocity dealiasing technique is that

Explanation

The velocity dealiasing technique assumes that the velocity should not dramatically change over a small linear distance. This means that the change in velocity between adjacent points should be relatively small, indicating a smooth and continuous velocity field. If there is a significant change in velocity over a short distance, it suggests the presence of aliasing, where the true velocity is misrepresented. Therefore, the assumption is that velocity should not exhibit drastic changes over a small linear distance in order to accurately determine the true velocity field.

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80. Another term for second-trip echoes is

Explanation

Range folding is another term for second-trip echoes. This term refers to the phenomenon where radar signals are folded or wrapped around and appear as false targets at shorter ranges. This occurs when the maximum unambiguous range of the radar system is exceeded, causing the radar to incorrectly interpret the reflected signals.

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81. The tails of comets that always point away from the sun show the influence of the

Explanation

The tails of comets always point away from the sun because of the influence of the solar wind. The solar wind is a stream of charged particles, mainly protons and electrons, emitted by the sun. When the solar wind interacts with the coma (a cloud of gas and dust surrounding the comet's nucleus), it pushes the coma particles away from the sun, creating a tail that always faces away from the sun. This phenomenon is a result of the solar wind's impact on the comet's particles, rather than the Van Allen radiation belts, Earth's magnetic field, or the magnetosphere.

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82. How many degrees centigrade does the temperature decrease per 1,000 meters of altitude in the troposphere?

Explanation

As altitude increases in the troposphere, the temperature decreases at a rate of 6.5 degrees centigrade per 1,000 meters. This is known as the lapse rate, and it is due to the decreasing air pressure and the expansion of air as it rises. The decrease in temperature with altitude is an important factor in understanding weather patterns and atmospheric conditions.

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83. Advection transfers temperature

Explanation

Advection is the process by which heat is transferred horizontally by the movement of air or water. In this case, the correct answer suggests that temperature is transferred by the wind, indicating that the wind carries warm or cold air horizontally, thus affecting the temperature of a particular area. This explanation aligns with the concept of advection and the role of wind in transferring heat.

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84. Continental tropical air masses are usually associated with

Explanation

Continental tropical air masses are typically associated with thermal lows. This is because these air masses form over warm land areas, such as deserts, and are characterized by high temperatures and low humidity. As the air heats up, it becomes less dense and rises, creating a low-pressure system. This low-pressure system is known as a thermal low. In contrast, migratory lows and highs refer to weather systems that move across the Earth's surface, whereas continental tropical air masses are stationary and form due to local heating.

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85. After warm air with an unstable wave is pushed aloft and cuts off from a cyclone, the cyclone will become

Explanation

When warm air with an unstable wave is pushed aloft and cuts off from a cyclone, it creates a situation where the temperature gradient (baroclinicity) within the cyclone weakens. As a result, the cyclone transitions from being baroclinic (having a strong temperature gradient) to being barotropic (having a weak temperature gradient). This transition causes the cyclone to start filling, meaning it weakens and loses intensity. Therefore, the correct answer is "barotropic and begin to fill."

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86. "Clouds or obscuring phenomena that have bases at the same approximate level" is the definition of

Explanation

The definition provided, "Clouds or obscuring phenomena that have bases at the same approximate level," refers to a layer. This suggests that there is a uniformity in the cloud cover, with clouds or obscuring phenomena forming a consistent layer at a specific height in the sky. The other options, such as sky condition, sky cover, and a ceiling, do not specifically imply this uniformity or levelness that is described in the definition.

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87. When frozen precipitation is expected, you would

Explanation

When frozen precipitation is expected, it cannot be accurately measured using a rain gauge as it is designed to collect liquid precipitation. Instead, the overflow unit of the rain gauge can be used to collect the frozen precipitation. This is because the overflow unit is not affected by the phase of the precipitation and can capture and measure it effectively. Using a measuring stick would not be suitable as it is designed for measuring depth and not for collecting frozen precipitation.

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88. Superrefraction effects the radar's displayed height values by making displayed height values

Explanation

Superrefraction is a phenomenon that occurs when the radar beam is bent downwards due to atmospheric conditions, causing it to follow a curved path. This bending of the beam can result in the radar's displayed height values being overestimated. Therefore, the correct answer is overestimated.

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89. Identify what subrefraction does?

Explanation

Subrefraction refers to the bending of radio waves in the atmosphere, resulting in a decrease in the maximum range at which low-level targets can be detected. This phenomenon is particularly prominent during the night when strong radiational cooling occurs. Subrefraction can hinder the effectiveness of radar systems by limiting their ability to detect objects at longer distances, especially those located close to the ground.

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90. The three estimates that the hail detection algorithm provides are

Explanation

The correct answer is "probability of hail, probability of severe hail, and maximum expected hail size." This is because the question asks for the three estimates provided by the hail detection algorithm. The given answer option includes all three estimates mentioned in the question, which are the probability of hail, the probability of severe hail, and the maximum expected hail size.

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91. Which kind of pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) are required for high velocity measurements and long ranges?

Explanation

High PRFs are required for high velocity measurements because high velocities result in shorter time intervals between consecutive pulses. This requires a high PRF to accurately measure the velocity. On the other hand, low PRFs are required for long ranges because long ranges require longer time intervals between consecutive pulses to allow for the round-trip time of the pulse to travel to the target and back. Therefore, a combination of high PRFs for high velocity measurements and low PRFs for long ranges is necessary.

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92. Which atmospheric layer serves as the primary reservoir of atoms/molecules that may be heated and/or ionized by the sun's ultraviolet radiation?

Explanation

The thermosphere is the atmospheric layer that serves as the primary reservoir of atoms/molecules that may be heated and/or ionized by the sun's ultraviolet radiation. This layer is located above the mesosphere and is characterized by high temperatures due to the absorption of solar energy. The high energy from the sun's ultraviolet radiation causes the atoms and molecules in the thermosphere to become highly energized and ionized. Therefore, the thermosphere is the correct answer to this question.

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93. Which phenomena is a dynamic and delicate visual manifestation of solar-induced geomagnetic storms?

Explanation

Aurora is the correct answer because it is a dynamic and delicate visual manifestation of solar-induced geomagnetic storms. When charged particles from the Sun collide with Earth's magnetic field, they create colorful displays of light in the polar regions known as auroras. These displays are often seen as shimmering curtains of light in various colors such as green, red, and purple. The intensity and visibility of auroras are influenced by the strength of the geomagnetic storm caused by solar activity.

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94. Which atmospheric layer is used by many communications systems to reflect radio signals over long distances?

Explanation

The ionosphere is the correct answer because it is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that contains a high concentration of ions and free electrons. These charged particles allow radio signals to be reflected back to Earth, enabling long-distance communication. The other options, mesosphere, thermosphere, and magnetosphere, do not have the same ionized properties and therefore do not play a significant role in reflecting radio signals.

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95. The geographic location in earth's outer atmosphere is the major impact of high-energy, proton particles experienced over the

Explanation

The correct answer is polar caps. The high-energy, proton particles experienced over the polar caps are due to the Earth's magnetic field. The polar regions are more susceptible to these particles because the magnetic field lines converge near the poles, allowing charged particles to enter the atmosphere and create phenomena such as the auroras. The equator, midlatitudes, and low-latitudes are not as affected by these particles because the magnetic field lines are more parallel to the Earth's surface in those regions.

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96. Which process is most responsible for the slow formation of air masses in the polar region?

Explanation

The slow formation of air masses in the polar region is primarily due to the loss of heat by radiation. In the polar region, the sun's rays are at a low angle and spread out over a larger area, resulting in less direct heating compared to other regions. As a result, the polar region experiences colder temperatures, which leads to the slow formation of air masses. Radiation is the main process through which heat is lost in this region, making it the most responsible factor for the slow formation of air masses.

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97. The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) receives energetic particle and other geophysical data from

Explanation

The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) receives energetic particle and other geophysical data from the Geosynchronous operational environmental satellite (GOES) spacecraft. This is because GOES spacecraft are specifically designed to monitor and observe Earth's weather and environmental conditions from a geosynchronous orbit. They provide real-time data on solar activity, geomagnetic storms, and other space weather phenomena, which is crucial for predicting and understanding the impact of space weather on Earth's systems.

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98. The weather characteristics of a particular month in a given locality are governed by

Explanation

The weather characteristics of a particular month in a given locality are influenced by the effects of local topography and proximity to a zone of convergence. Local topography, such as mountains or bodies of water, can affect the movement of air masses and the formation of weather systems. Proximity to a zone of convergence, where air masses with different properties meet and interact, can also impact weather patterns. Wind speed and moisture content are important factors, but they are not the only factors that determine the weather characteristics of a specific month in a given locality.

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99. Under which condition is anomalous propagation of the radar beam most likely to occur?

Explanation

Anomalous propagation of the radar beam occurs when there are abnormal atmospheric conditions. These conditions can cause the radar beam to refract or bend, resulting in false echoes or misleading radar returns. This phenomenon is most likely to occur when there are temperature inversions or other unusual atmospheric conditions that cause the radar waves to be trapped or guided along a specific path. Heavy precipitation, improper tuning of the radar, or high elevation angles of the antenna may affect radar performance, but they do not specifically lead to anomalous propagation.

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100. When using Petterssen's rule, the factors needed for cyclogenesis are upper-level

Explanation

Petterssen's rule states that for cyclogenesis (the development of a cyclone), there must be divergence (air moving away from a central point) and a frontal zone where thermal advection (the transport of heat by the atmosphere) is weak. This combination creates the necessary conditions for the formation and intensification of a cyclone. Therefore, the correct answer is divergence and a frontal zone where thermal advection is weak.

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101. To properly report the visibility for more than one sector, you would list the sectors in a

Explanation

When reporting the visibility for multiple sectors, it is important to list them in a specific order. The correct order is to list the sectors in a clockwise direction starting with the northernmost sector. This means that you would start with the sector that is furthest north and then proceed in a clockwise direction around the compass. This ensures consistency and clarity in reporting the visibility for each sector.

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102. You would classify precipitation as intermittent if it

Explanation

Intermittent precipitation refers to precipitation that stops and starts at least once within the preceding hour. This means that there are periods of time during the hour where there is no precipitation, followed by periods where precipitation occurs. This classification is based on the frequency of the start and stop of precipitation within the given time frame.

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103. When choosing an operating wavelength for a radar, it is dependent upon the

Explanation

The operating wavelength for a radar is dependent upon the intended use because different wavelengths have different characteristics that make them suitable for specific purposes. For example, shorter wavelengths are better for detecting small objects and providing high resolution, while longer wavelengths are better for penetrating through obstacles like clouds and rain. Therefore, the intended use of the radar will determine the most appropriate operating wavelength to achieve the desired results.

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104. Radiation leaves the core of the sun as

Explanation

The core of the sun is extremely hot and dense, causing nuclear reactions to occur. These reactions release a tremendous amount of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays are the highest energy form of electromagnetic radiation and are produced by the most energetic nuclear reactions. Therefore, it is expected that radiation leaving the core of the sun would be in the form of gamma rays.

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105. The ability of the radar to distinguish between two targets at the same range and approximately the same direction from the radar is called

Explanation

Azimuth resolution refers to the ability of the radar to distinguish between two targets that are at the same range and approximately the same direction from the radar. It is a measure of the radar's ability to separate objects in the horizontal plane. Range resolution, on the other hand, refers to the ability to distinguish between targets that are at different ranges. Elevation resolution is the ability to separate objects in the vertical plane. Beam resolution is not a term commonly used in radar technology.

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106. Which solar-geophysical sensor measures the strengths and variations of earth's magnetic field?

Explanation

A magnetometer is a solar-geophysical sensor that measures the strengths and variations of the Earth's magnetic field. It is specifically designed to detect and measure magnetic fields, making it the most suitable option among the given choices. A riometer measures cosmic radio noise, a neutron monitor measures high-energy particles, and an ionospheric sounder measures properties of the ionosphere. None of these options are directly related to measuring the Earth's magnetic field.

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107. How many minutes does it take for solar flare-enhanced x-rays and extreme ultraviolet and radio waves to reach earth?

Explanation

Solar flare-enhanced x-rays, extreme ultraviolet, and radio waves travel at the speed of light. Since the distance between the Sun and Earth is approximately 93 million miles, it takes about 8 minutes for these waves to reach Earth. This is because light travels at a speed of about 186,282 miles per second. Therefore, the correct answer is 8.

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108. The force that is responsible for starting the horizontal movement of air over earth's surface is

Explanation

The force responsible for starting the horizontal movement of air over the Earth's surface is the pressure gradient. Pressure gradient refers to the difference in air pressure between two points. Air naturally moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, creating wind and initiating the horizontal movement of air. Gravity, Coriolis, and centrifugal forces also play a role in atmospheric circulation, but they are not directly responsible for starting the horizontal movement of air.

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109. In relation to the jet core, the greatest horizontal wind shear is usually located

Explanation

The greatest horizontal wind shear is usually located north of the jet core. This is because the jet core is associated with strong winds and a sharp change in wind direction. North of the jet core, the wind speed decreases, leading to a greater difference in wind speed between the jet core and its surroundings. This difference in wind speed creates wind shear, which is the change in wind speed or direction over a given distance. Therefore, the greatest wind shear is typically found north of the jet core.

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110. The storm cell tracking (SCIT) algorithm can track how many individual storm cells?

Explanation

The storm cell tracking (SCIT) algorithm is capable of tracking up to 100 individual storm cells. This means that the algorithm has the ability to monitor and analyze the movement and behavior of 100 separate storm cells simultaneously.

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111. The echo tops (ET) product is based on data from which other product?

Explanation

The echo tops (ET) product is based on data from the Base reflectivity product. The ET product provides information about the height at which radar echoes reach a certain reflectivity level. This information is derived from the base reflectivity data, which shows the intensity of precipitation or other targets at various elevation angles. By analyzing the base reflectivity data, the ET product can determine the height of the echoes, allowing meteorologists to assess the vertical extent of precipitation and identify severe weather phenomena such as thunderstorms or hail.

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112. Which term is used to describe transient, concentrated, localized, magnetic fields in the photosphere?

Explanation

Sunspots are the correct answer because they are transient, concentrated, and localized magnetic fields in the photosphere. Sunspots are dark areas on the surface of the Sun that appear cooler than the surrounding areas due to the strong magnetic fields inhibiting convection. These magnetic fields can cause various phenomena such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Plage refers to bright areas around sunspots, plasma is a state of matter, and solar flares are intense bursts of radiation.

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113. Which data collection limitation of the reflectivity cross-section product causes reduced values at long ranges?

Explanation

Beam broadening is the correct answer because it is a data collection limitation of the reflectivity cross-section product that causes reduced values at long ranges. Beam broadening refers to the spreading out of the radar beam as it travels further from the radar antenna. This results in a larger area being sampled at longer ranges, which can lead to reduced values of reflectivity.

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114. How many stages are there in the life cycle of a low?

Explanation

The correct answer is five because the question asks about the stages in the life cycle of a low. A low typically goes through five stages: formation, intensification, mature, occlusion, and dissipation. Each stage represents a different phase in the life cycle of a low-pressure system, starting from its formation and ending with its dissipation.

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115. Which is primarily responsible for low-level divergence acting as a braking mechanism for a high?

Explanation

Friction is primarily responsible for low-level divergence acting as a braking mechanism for a high. Friction occurs when two surfaces rub against each other, causing resistance to motion. In the context of atmospheric dynamics, when air flows around a high-pressure system, the friction between the air and the Earth's surface slows down the air, causing it to diverge or spread out. This divergence helps to balance the inward flow of air towards the high-pressure system, acting as a braking mechanism. The other options, such as Coriolis force, centrifugal force, and pressure gradient force, may play roles in atmospheric dynamics but are not primarily responsible for low-level divergence in this context.

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116. The storm cell centroid algorithm performs best when

Explanation

The storm cell centroid algorithm is designed to identify and track individual storm cells. It works best when the thunderstorms are isolated and well-defined, meaning they are distinct and separate from each other. In this scenario, the algorithm can accurately determine the centroid or center of each storm cell and track its movement. On the other hand, if solid lines of thunderstorms are present, it becomes more challenging for the algorithm to distinguish between individual storm cells, as they may merge or interact with each other. Similarly, a mesoscale convective complex or embedded multicell thunderstorms can also complicate the identification and tracking process. Therefore, the algorithm's performance is optimized when dealing with isolated and well-defined thunderstorms.

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117. If energy from a radar strikes a stationary target, the electromagnetic energy experiences

Explanation

When energy from a radar strikes a stationary target, there is no change in the phase of the electromagnetic energy. This means that the wave does not experience any shift in its phase. The electromagnetic waves simply bounce off the target without any alteration in their phase characteristics.

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118. The velocity azimuth display (VAD) winds profile (VWP) provides a/an

Explanation

The VAD winds profile (VWP) provides a time-height profile of wind velocity at various altitudes. This means that it shows how wind velocity changes with time at different heights above the ground. It provides valuable information about the vertical structure of the atmosphere and can be used to analyze weather patterns, such as the presence of wind shear or the development of storms. It is a graphical representation that allows meteorologists to visualize the changing wind speeds at different altitudes over a period of time.

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119. Identify the impact of electron density gradients within the ionosphere on earth-based space tracking radar's super-high-frequency (SHF) signals.

Explanation

Electron density gradients within the ionosphere affect the propagation of super-high-frequency (SHF) signals from earth-based space tracking radar. These gradients cause the signals to refract and scatter, leading to signal degradation. As a result, the positional accuracy and object identification capabilities of the radar are negatively impacted.

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120. The temperature an air parcel would have if it were cooled adiabatically to saturation at constant pressure by evaporation of water into it is called

Explanation

The wet bulb temperature refers to the temperature that an air parcel would have if it were cooled adiabatically to saturation at constant pressure by evaporation of water into it. This process is commonly used to measure humidity and determine the cooling potential of the air. Unlike the dry bulb temperature, which measures the actual air temperature, the wet bulb temperature takes into account the cooling effect of evaporation, providing a more accurate representation of the air's moisture content. Therefore, the correct answer is wet bulb temperature.

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121. Identify the statement that define gate-to-gate shear.

Explanation

Gate-to-gate shear is defined as the opposite sign Doppler velocities located on adjacent sample volumes. This means that the velocities measured in consecutive sample volumes are in opposite directions, indicating shear or a change in wind direction. This is an important concept in meteorology and weather forecasting, as it helps to identify areas of wind shear and potential turbulence.

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122. Coriolis force (CoF) is created by

Explanation

The Coriolis force is created by the cyclonic rotation of the earth. This force is a result of the earth's rotation and causes moving objects, such as air or water, to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. It is an important factor in the formation of weather patterns and ocean currents.

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123. Which heat transfer process involves the transfer of energy by molecular motion from hot to cold objects?

Explanation

Conduction is the correct answer because it involves the transfer of energy by molecular motion from hot to cold objects. In conduction, the heat is transferred through direct contact between the molecules of the hot object and the molecules of the cold object. This transfer occurs due to the collision and interaction of the molecules, causing the energy to be transferred from the higher temperature region to the lower temperature region.

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124. When using weather radar to measure the intensity of precipitation, the presence of both liquid and frozen scatterers may

Explanation

When using weather radar to measure the intensity of precipitation, the presence of both liquid and frozen scatterers can decrease the accuracy of the measurement because the radar equation does not handle mixed precipitation. The radar equation is based on assumptions about the type of scatterers present in the atmosphere, and it may not accurately account for the scattering properties of mixed precipitation. As a result, the measurements obtained from the radar may not accurately reflect the true intensity of the precipitation.

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125. The continual, outward flow of energetic charged particles from the sun is called the solar

Explanation

The solar wind refers to the continuous stream of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, that are emitted from the sun and travel through space. These particles are released from the sun's outermost layer, called the corona, and are propelled outward in all directions. The solar wind is responsible for various phenomena in the solar system, including the creation of the auroras on Earth and the shaping of the tails of comets as they interact with the particles. Therefore, the term "wind" accurately describes the continual, outward flow of energetic charged particles from the sun.

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126. Which solar features are ribbon-like, suspended above the chromosphere by the magnetic field, and comparable to clouds on earth?

Explanation

Filaments are ribbon-like structures that are suspended above the chromosphere by the magnetic field. They are comparable to clouds on Earth because they have a similar appearance and behavior. Flares, plages, and prominences are not ribbon-like structures and do not have the same cloud-like characteristics as filaments.

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127. Which term is used to describe rapid, random variation in signal amplitude, phase, and/or polarization caused by small-scale irregularities in the electron density along a signal's path?

Explanation

Scintillation is the term used to describe rapid, random variation in signal amplitude, phase, and/or polarization caused by small-scale irregularities in the electron density along a signal's path.

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128. Converging contours downstream of the jet stream will cause the jet to

Explanation

When contours converge downstream of the jet stream, it means that the lines of constant pressure are getting closer together. This indicates a decrease in the pressure gradient, which in turn causes the wind to slow down. As a result, the jet stream will deflect toward lower heights, as it is being pushed downward by the converging contours.

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129. How would you classify a stable air mass that formed over land in the Arctic has now moved over the ocean's warmer surface?

Explanation

When a stable air mass that formed over land in the Arctic moves over the ocean's warmer surface, it undergoes a change in temperature and moisture content. As the air mass moves over the warmer ocean, it becomes unstable, causing the air to rise and potentially form clouds and precipitation. This change in stability is indicated by the "c" in "cAks," which stands for "conditional instability."

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130. A high-pressure system undergoes anticyclolysis when the clockwise circulation area

Explanation

Anticyclolysis refers to the weakening or dissipation of a high-pressure system. In this process, the clockwise circulation area within the system decreases or disappears. This means that the area of high pressure, which typically has air descending and spreading out in a clockwise direction, becomes less organized or vanishes altogether. This can occur due to various factors, such as the intrusion of a low-pressure system or the weakening of atmospheric conditions that support high pressure.

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131. A low dissipates after proceeding through its entire life cycle which ranges from the

Explanation

A low pressure system, also known as a cyclone, forms when air converges at the surface and rises. This convergence of air at the boundary layer adds mass to the column of air, resulting in a low pressure area. As the low pressure system progresses through its life cycle, it continues to draw in air from the surrounding areas, adding more mass to the column of air from the bottom up. Therefore, the correct answer is "bottom up as boundary layer convergence adds mass to the column of air."

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132. The average slope of a cold front is

Explanation

The correct answer is 1/30 to 1/100. This is because the average slope of a cold front can vary, but it generally falls within the range of 1/30 to 1/100. This means that for every 30 to 100 units of horizontal distance, there is a 1 unit change in vertical distance. This slope indicates the steepness of the front and can help determine the intensity of weather conditions associated with it.

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133. Outflow boundaries may be seen on the WSR–88D even when no clouds are present because

Explanation

Outflow boundaries are often associated with thunderstorms and are caused by the downdrafts of cool air spreading out from the storm. These boundaries can be detected on the WSR-88D radar even when no clouds are present because there is a gradient in the refractive index due to density differences at the boundary. This gradient affects the way that the radar beam is refracted and reflected, allowing the radar to detect the presence of the boundary even without visible cloud formations. The other options are not correct because they do not explain why outflow boundaries can be seen on the radar.

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134. Which technique does the radar uses to compare the frequency of each new pulse with that of the pulse immediately preceding it?

Explanation

Radar uses pulse pair processing to compare the frequency of each new pulse with that of the pulse immediately preceding it. This technique involves analyzing the time difference between the two pulses to determine the relative velocity of the target. By comparing the frequencies of consecutive pulses, radar systems can accurately measure the Doppler shift caused by the target's motion and calculate its velocity. Pulse pair processing is an essential component of radar systems for accurate target tracking and velocity measurement.

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135. By convention, velocities toward the radar are expressed as

Explanation

Velocities toward the radar are expressed as negative numbers. This convention is followed because when an object is moving toward the radar, its velocity is considered negative. This helps in maintaining consistency and standardization in expressing velocities in radar systems.

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136. A strongly tilted storm may cause what kind of vertically integrated liquid (VIL) values to be displayed?

Explanation

A strongly tilted storm refers to a storm system where the upper and lower parts of the storm are not aligned vertically. This tilt can cause the precipitation to be displaced from the updraft, leading to lower vertically integrated liquid (VIL) values. VIL values represent the total amount of liquid water in a vertical column of the atmosphere, so when the storm is tilted, the VIL values are expected to be lower.

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137. The spectral slope of the Doppler spectrum of a large thunderstorm with hail appears

Explanation

The spectral slope of the Doppler spectrum of a large thunderstorm with hail appears broad and flat because hail particles have a wide range of sizes and velocities. This leads to a broadening of the spectrum, with a large spread of frequencies. Additionally, the flatness of the spectrum indicates that there is a relatively uniform distribution of velocities within the storm.

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138. A limitation of the storm total precipitation (STP) product is that it

Explanation

The storm total precipitation (STP) product is limited in its ability to accurately represent small-scale features. This means that it may struggle to accurately depict precipitation patterns and amounts in localized areas or within smaller storm systems. While it can provide a total accumulation of precipitation over a storm event, it may not capture the fine details of smaller-scale features.

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139. Whenever the velocity azimuth display (VAD) algorithm determines that velocity data for a particular altitude does not meet reliability thresholds, the product displays which symbol for that altitude?

Explanation

The VAD algorithm uses reliability thresholds to determine if the velocity data for a specific altitude is accurate. If the algorithm determines that the data does not meet these thresholds, it will display the symbol "No data (ND)" for that altitude.

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140. Base data is processed by which system?

Explanation

The correct answer is Radar data acquisition (RDA). RDA is the system that processes the base data in radar operations. It is responsible for collecting raw radar data from the radar antenna and converting it into a usable format. This includes tasks such as digitizing the analog signals, filtering out noise, and organizing the data for further processing. The RDA system plays a crucial role in radar operations by ensuring that accurate and reliable data is obtained from the radar antenna.

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141. Control of the radar product generator (RPG) is accomplished from a computer terminal known as the

Explanation

The correct answer is master system control function (MSCF). The MSCF is responsible for controlling the radar product generator (RPG). It is a computer terminal that allows users to manage and control the RPG, which is used to generate radar products. The other options, such as routine product set (RPS), radar data acquisition (RDA), and principal user processor (PUP), do not have the same level of control and functionality as the MSCF in managing the RPG.

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142. "Jet fingers"

Explanation

The phrase "Jet fingers" often developing more than 400 miles apart suggests that the jet stream is beginning to dissipate. This is because when the jet stream is strong and well-organized, it tends to have a more continuous and concentrated flow. However, when it starts to dissipate, it can break up into smaller and more scattered sections, referred to as "Jet fingers," which are often found more than 400 miles apart. Therefore, this observation indicates a weakening or dissipation of the jet stream.

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143. Which bulletin, produced by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space Weather Operation Center, notifies satellite communication (SATCOM) ground operators and space-tracking operators of potential interference from a burst of radio-wave radiation?

Explanation

The correct answer is NWXX50 KGWC, Solar radio burst advisory. This bulletin is produced by the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space Weather Operation Center and is specifically designed to notify satellite communication (SATCOM) ground operators and space-tracking operators of potential interference from a burst of radio-wave radiation caused by solar activity.

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144. In comparison to an active cold front, an inactive cold front is characterized by a relatively

Explanation

An inactive cold front is characterized by a steeper slope, a narrow weather pattern, and is called a katafront. This means that the boundary between the cold air mass and the warm air mass is more pronounced, with a sharper angle. Additionally, the weather pattern associated with an inactive cold front is narrower in extent, affecting a smaller area. The term "katafront" specifically refers to this type of front, distinguishing it from other types of fronts.

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145. When a satellite orbiting the magnetosphere is bombarded by energetic protons from the sun, the satellite's star sensor

Explanation

When a satellite orbiting the magnetosphere is bombarded by energetic protons from the sun, the satellite's star sensor falsely interprets light flashes caused by collisions as stars. This leads to a loss of attitude control for the satellite.

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146. Surface pressure changes are largely controlled by

Explanation

The correct answer is mass changes in the upper troposphere. Surface pressure changes are largely influenced by the movement and redistribution of air masses in the atmosphere. Mass changes in the upper troposphere, such as the sinking or rising of air masses, can result in corresponding changes in surface pressure. These mass changes can be caused by various factors, including atmospheric circulation patterns, frontal systems, and the movement of weather systems. Therefore, understanding the mass changes in the upper troposphere is crucial in predicting and analyzing surface pressure patterns.

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147. In a cold occlusion, which type of front, if any, is found aloft?

Explanation

In a cold occlusion, the warm front is found aloft. This means that the warm air is lifted above the colder air, creating a boundary between the two air masses. The cold front, on the other hand, is at the surface where the colder air is advancing and replacing the warmer air. Therefore, in a cold occlusion, the warm front is the front that is found aloft.

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148. Which wavelength would be best for interrogating a large thunderstorm?

Explanation

A wavelength of 10.7 cm would be best for interrogating a large thunderstorm because longer wavelengths are able to penetrate through the storm clouds more effectively. This allows for better detection and analysis of the storm's internal structure and dynamics. Additionally, longer wavelengths experience less attenuation and scattering in the atmosphere, resulting in clearer and more accurate data collection.

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149. The actual wind speed is determined if the flow of wind is

Explanation

When the flow of wind is parallel to the radar beam axis, the radar is able to accurately measure the actual wind speed. This is because the radar beam can directly measure the speed of the wind without any interference or distortion caused by the angle of the wind flow. When the wind flow is perpendicular, at a 45° angle, or at a 15° angle to the radar beam axis, the radar measurements may be affected by the angle of the wind flow, leading to inaccurate readings of the actual wind speed.

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150. Which solar feature is formed by the condensation of material from the hot corona?

Explanation

Loop prominences are solar features that are formed when material from the hot corona condenses and becomes trapped along magnetic field lines. These loops of condensed material are often seen as bright, arching structures extending from the surface of the Sun. They are commonly observed during solar eclipses or with specialized solar telescopes. Limb prominences, on the other hand, are formed when material from the hot corona extends outwards from the edge of the Sun, while eruptive limb prominences are limb prominences that suddenly erupt and expand. Filaments, although similar in appearance to loop prominences, are actually located on the surface of the Sun and are not formed by the condensation of material from the corona.

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151. Which term is used to identify the area between the sun and earth?

Explanation

The term "interplanetary medium" is used to identify the area between the sun and earth. It refers to the material, such as gas, dust, and plasma, that fills the space between planets in our solar system. This medium is not empty but contains various particles and energy from the sun, as well as magnetic fields. It is an important area of study for understanding the interactions between the sun and the planets, and how these interactions affect space weather and other phenomena.

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152. The maximum shear associated with a tornadic vortex signature (TVS) must be at least

Explanation

The correct answer is 36m/s (≅ 72 knots) anywhere in the circulation. This means that the maximum shear, which refers to the difference in wind speed and direction over a given distance, can be present at any location within the tornadic vortex signature (TVS). It does not have to be specifically at the base of the circulation. This is important because it indicates that the TVS is capable of producing strong and potentially damaging winds throughout its entire structure.

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153. How long does it take high-energy particles to reach earth after a strong solar flare?

Explanation

During a strong solar flare, high-energy particles are emitted into space. These particles travel at high speeds, but their arrival time on Earth can vary. It can take anywhere from 15 minutes to a few hours for these particles to reach Earth, depending on various factors such as the intensity of the solar flare and the distance between the Sun and Earth. However, there is also a possibility that these particles may not reach Earth at all.

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154. As an air mass is heated from below, there will be increased

Explanation

When an air mass is heated from below, it becomes less stable as the warm air rises and mixes with the cooler air above. This creates vertical motion and turbulence, leading to instability. Additionally, as the air mass becomes warmer, the lapse rate increases. The lapse rate refers to the rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude. In this case, the increased heating causes a more rapid decrease in temperature with height, resulting in an increased lapse rate. Therefore, the correct answer is instability and an increased lapse rate.

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155. When only high and middle clouds are associated with a warm front, the

Explanation

When only high and middle clouds are associated with a warm front, it indicates that the overrunning warm air is dry. This means that the warm air is not carrying much moisture with it, resulting in the absence of low-level clouds and precipitation. The dry overrunning warm air is unable to produce the necessary moisture for the formation of low clouds and precipitation, leading to a lack of moisture in the underlying cold air.

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156. A corona is often present at night with

Explanation

Altocumulus clouds are often present at night with a corona. A corona is a phenomenon that occurs when light is diffracted or scattered by water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere. Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds that are composed of water droplets and sometimes ice crystals. These clouds are often associated with fair weather conditions and can create the conditions necessary for a corona to form at night. Therefore, altocumulus clouds are the most likely choice for the correct answer.

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157. The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, with constant water vapor content and pressure, to reach saturation is called

Explanation

The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor, causing condensation to occur. It is the temperature to which a parcel of air must be cooled, while keeping the water vapor content and pressure constant, in order to reach saturation. The other options, relative humidity, dry-bulb temperature, and wet-bulb temperature, are not directly related to the cooling process required for saturation.

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158. If you change the direction of current flow through a coiled wire, the reversal in magnetic polarity induces another electrical field that propagates away from the dipole at which speed?

Explanation

When the direction of current flow through a coiled wire is changed, it leads to a reversal in magnetic polarity. This reversal induces another electrical field that propagates away from the dipole. The speed at which this electrical field propagates is the speed of light, which is approximately 3 x 108 meters per second.

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159. Which type of radiation has the least application in the space environment?

Explanation

Infrared radiation has the least application in the space environment because it has longer wavelengths and lower energy compared to other forms of radiation. In space, other forms of radiation like X-rays, ultraviolet, and radio waves are more commonly used for various purposes such as studying celestial objects, communication, and imaging. Infrared radiation is mainly used for observing heat signatures and thermal mapping, which have limited applications in space exploration.

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160. The width of the jet stream core is approximately equal to the

Explanation

The width of the jet stream core is approximately equal to the width of the 500 millibar isotherm ribbon. This means that the jet stream core is defined by the region where the temperature remains relatively constant at the 500 millibar pressure level. The width of this ribbon indicates the extent of the jet stream, with a wider ribbon indicating a broader and stronger jet stream. Therefore, the width of the 500 millibar isotherm ribbon is a good measure of the width of the jet stream core.

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161. The cold conveyor belt originates in the low levels that are located

Explanation

The cold conveyor belt is a part of the circulation pattern in a mid-latitude cyclone. It is characterized by cold air rising from the surface and wrapping around the northern and western sides of the low-pressure center. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, leading to cloud formation and precipitation. The cold conveyor belt flows east of the low center and moves westward due to the counterclockwise rotation of the cyclone. This flow direction is consistent with the movement of air around low-pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere.

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162. Blowing spray is reported only at sea stations near large bodies of water and when visibility at eye level is restricted to

Explanation

Blowing spray is reported only at sea stations near large bodies of water and when visibility at eye level is restricted to 9,000 meters or less. This means that blowing spray occurs when the visibility is reduced to 9,000 meters or less. The presence of blowing spray is specifically associated with sea stations near large bodies of water, suggesting that the spray is caused by the wind blowing over the water and creating mist or spray. Therefore, the correct answer is 9,000 meters or less.

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163. How long does the linear motion feature enable the radar user to manually compute a forecast position?

Explanation

The linear motion feature enables the radar user to manually compute a forecast position for a duration of 60 minutes. This means that the radar user can use the linear motion feature to predict the future position of an object or target for up to one hour. This feature allows for more accurate and informed decision-making by providing a longer time frame for forecasting positions.

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164. Which layer of the sun contains one-half of the solar mass?

Explanation

The core of the sun contains one-half of the solar mass because it is the central region where nuclear fusion occurs. This is where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the process. The core is extremely dense and hot, with temperatures reaching millions of degrees Celsius. It is the powerhouse of the sun, providing the energy that sustains its luminosity and heat. The other layers of the sun, such as the corona, chromosphere, and convection zone, have significantly less mass compared to the core.

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165. The overall polarity of the sun's northern and southern hemispheres reverse every

Explanation

The overall polarity of the sun's northern and southern hemispheres reverse every eleven years. This phenomenon is known as the solar cycle or the sunspot cycle. During this cycle, the sun's magnetic field undergoes a complete reversal, causing sunspots to form and disappear. This cycle has been observed and studied for many years, and it has been found that the average duration of a complete solar cycle is approximately eleven years.

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166. Which statement best defines a storm cell segment?

Explanation

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167. The storm cell centroid algorithm provides a

Explanation

The storm cell centroid algorithm is used to determine the location of the center point of an identified storm component. This algorithm analyzes various data points such as radar reflectivity and precipitation intensity to identify and track storm cells. By calculating the centroid of these storm cells, the algorithm can pinpoint the center point of the storm component, providing valuable information for meteorologists and weather forecasting. This information can be used to track the movement and intensity of the storm, aiding in predicting its path and potential impact.

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168. Which product is used in the detection and location of rotating thunderstorms and in determining wind field characteristics?

Explanation

Base mean radial velocity is used in the detection and location of rotating thunderstorms and in determining wind field characteristics. It provides information about the speed and direction of the air particles in a storm, allowing meteorologists to identify areas of rotation and potential severe weather. This data is crucial in forecasting and tracking storms, as it helps in predicting their path and intensity. Base reflectivity, on the other hand, provides information about the precipitation intensity, while severe weather analysis and severe weather probability involve broader assessments of the likelihood and severity of severe weather events.

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169. How does the beam width vary with the wavelength and how does it vary with the diameter of the antenna?

Explanation

The beam width of an antenna refers to the angular width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. The given answer states that the beam width varies directly with the wavelength and inversely with the diameter of the antenna. This means that as the wavelength increases, the beam width also increases, and as the diameter of the antenna increases, the beam width decreases. This relationship can be explained by the physics of antenna design and the principles of diffraction and interference. A larger wavelength leads to a wider beam, while a larger antenna diameter allows for more focused and narrower beams.

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170. The velocity azimuth display (VAD) wind profile (VWP) displays

Explanation

The correct answer is "the true wind speed and direction." The VAD wind profile (VWP) displays the true wind speed and direction. This display provides information on the horizontal wind speed and direction at various altitudes. It is commonly used in meteorology to analyze wind patterns and understand atmospheric conditions. The VAD technique uses Doppler radar to measure the radial velocity of the wind, which is then converted into true wind speed and direction using mathematical calculations.

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171. Which level of the ionosphere does most of the refraction of high-frequency (HF) communication radio waves occur?

Explanation

The F-layer of the ionosphere is responsible for most of the refraction of high-frequency (HF) communication radio waves. This layer is located at an altitude of around 150-400 km above the Earth's surface and consists of two sub-layers, F1 and F2. The F-layer is known for its high electron density, which allows it to reflect and refract HF radio waves, enabling long-distance communication. Due to its characteristics, the F-layer is crucial for long-range radio communication, especially during daylight hours when the D and E layers are less active.

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172. The balance of forces needed for gradient cyclonic circulation is pressure gradient

Explanation

The correct answer is "balanced against coriolis and centrifugal forces." In gradient cyclonic circulation, the balance of forces is crucial. The pressure gradient force drives the circulation, while friction and coriolis forces act as opposing forces. Additionally, the centrifugal force also plays a role in balancing the system. Therefore, the balance of forces needed for gradient cyclonic circulation involves the coriolis and centrifugal forces.

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173. Which statement is not a limitation of the tornadic vortex signature (TVS) product?

Explanation

The given answer states that the limitation of the tornadic vortex signature (TVS) product is not the detection of a MESO coincident with a TVS supporting the issuance of a tornado warning. This means that the TVS product can effectively detect and support issuing a tornado warning when a MESO is present. Therefore, this statement is not a limitation of the TVS product.

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174. The frontolytic processes are most effective

Explanation

Frontolytic processes refer to the breaking down or dissipation of weather fronts. These processes are most effective in the lower layers of the atmosphere because this is where the majority of the friction occurs between the moving air masses. Friction helps to slow down and disrupt the frontal systems, leading to their eventual dissipation. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, there is less friction and therefore frontolytic processes are less effective.

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175. Cirrus clouds in the form of an anvil are classified as

Explanation

Cirrus clouds in the form of an anvil are classified as H3. This classification is based on the shape and appearance of the clouds. Anvil-shaped cirrus clouds typically have a flat, spread-out top with a more defined, vertical shape underneath. This shape is often associated with thunderstorms and indicates the presence of strong updrafts and atmospheric instability.

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176. What is the reference level for all pressure values?

Explanation

Sea-level pressure is the reference level for all pressure values. This is because sea-level pressure is a standardized measurement that is not affected by altitude or elevation. It is the pressure that would be measured at sea level, regardless of the actual elevation of the location. This reference level allows for consistent comparisons and analysis of pressure measurements across different locations and altitudes.

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177. Wind observing equipment is oriented to

Explanation

Wind observing equipment is oriented to magnetic north because magnetic north is the direction indicated by a compass needle, which aligns with the Earth's magnetic field. This orientation allows for accurate measurement and recording of wind direction, which is an essential parameter in meteorology and weather forecasting. By aligning the equipment with magnetic north, meteorologists can ensure that the recorded wind direction corresponds to the actual direction relative to the Earth's magnetic field.

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178. The hydrometeor classification (HC) product can be used to supplement the

Explanation

The base reflectivity product is the correct answer because the hydrometeor classification (HC) product can provide additional information about the type of precipitation present in a storm, which can be useful in interpreting the base reflectivity data. By combining the base reflectivity product with the HC product, meteorologists can gain a better understanding of the intensity and structure of precipitation within a storm system. This can be particularly helpful in identifying severe weather conditions such as heavy rain, hail, or strong winds.

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179. When looking at rain/hail mix on radar, extremely low Correlation Coefficient (CC) values indicates

Explanation

Extremely low Correlation Coefficient (CC) values on radar indicate the presence of golfball-sized hail. Correlation Coefficient is a measure of how similar the shape and size of the radar return signals are, compared to the surrounding radar echoes. When hailstones reach a certain size, they become heavy and dense, causing the radar signals to bounce back with low correlation. Therefore, the low CC values suggest the presence of large hailstones, like golfball-sized hail.

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180. Which statement is correct regarding the solar cycle?

Explanation

The solar cycle refers to the periodic changes in the Sun's activity, including the number of sunspots and solar flares. The correct answer states that there is a rapid four-year rise to a solar maximum followed by a gradual seven-year decline to a solar minimum. This is the accurate description of the solar cycle, as observed and documented by scientists. During the rise to a solar maximum, solar activity increases, leading to more sunspots and solar flares. After reaching the maximum, solar activity gradually decreases over a period of seven years until it reaches a solar minimum.

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181. The beam width of the WSR–88D is approximately

Explanation

The WSR-88D is a weather surveillance radar used to detect and track weather patterns. The beam width of a radar refers to the width of the radar's beam as it scans the atmosphere. A smaller beam width indicates a more focused and precise scan. In this case, the correct answer of 1.0° suggests that the WSR-88D has a relatively narrow beam width, allowing for detailed and accurate weather tracking.

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182. In which layer/region of the ionosphere is the highest concentration of electrons located?

Explanation

The F2 layer of the ionosphere is where the highest concentration of electrons is located. This layer is located approximately 200-400 km above the Earth's surface and is responsible for reflecting high-frequency radio waves back to the Earth. The F2 layer is the most dense and ionized layer of the ionosphere, making it the region with the highest concentration of electrons.

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183. Using average surface frontal slopes, how far ahead of the surface warm front is the jet stream located?

Explanation

The jet stream is located approximately 600 miles ahead of the surface warm front when using average surface frontal slopes. This means that the jet stream is typically found further ahead of the warm front compared to the other options provided (300, 400, and 500 miles).

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184. Air mass stability characteristics often depend on the temperature difference between the

Explanation

The stability characteristics of an air mass are determined by the temperature difference between the air mass and the surface over which it is traveling. The temperature difference affects the vertical movement and mixing of the air mass, which in turn influences its stability. If the air mass is colder than the surface, it will be more stable and resist vertical movement. Conversely, if the air mass is warmer than the surface, it will be more unstable and prone to vertical movement and turbulence. Therefore, the temperature difference between the air mass and the surface is a key factor in determining air mass stability.

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185. The DOD's sole space environmental forecast and warning facility is the

Explanation

The correct answer is the 2d Weather Squadron Space Weather Operations Center 2WS SWOC. This facility is the Department of Defense's (DOD) sole space environmental forecast and warning facility. It is responsible for monitoring and predicting space weather events that could impact military operations and infrastructure.

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186. Which air mass involves most of the wintertime storms for the North American Pacific coast?

Explanation

The correct answer is mT. The mT air mass, which stands for maritime tropical, is warm and moist. This air mass originates from the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean and brings warm and humid conditions to the North American Pacific coast. During the winter, this air mass interacts with colder air masses, leading to the formation of storms along the coast. These storms are responsible for the majority of wintertime storms in this region.

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187. In the chimney effect, the maximum upward vertical wind motion will be located

Explanation

In the chimney effect, the maximum upward vertical wind motion will be located at the level of nondivergence (LND). This is because at the LND, the air is neither converging nor diverging, resulting in a stable environment for upward motion. As the air rises, it encounters decreasing pressure and expands, causing it to cool and condense, forming clouds and precipitation. Therefore, the LND is the level where the chimney effect is most pronounced, with the strongest upward wind motion.

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188. The difference in cloud classification between L1 and L7 is

Explanation

The difference in cloud classification between L1 and L7 is precipitation. This means that the distinction between these two cloud levels is based on the presence or absence of precipitation within the clouds. Clouds at L1 may or may not produce precipitation, while clouds at L7 are typically associated with precipitation such as rain, snow, or hail.

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189. The best way to distinguish stratocumulus from altocumulus clouds is to use

Explanation

The best way to distinguish stratocumulus from altocumulus clouds is by looking at the size of the elements. Stratocumulus clouds have larger elements compared to altocumulus clouds. By observing the size of the cloud elements, one can differentiate between these two cloud types.

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190. Which high cloud can occasionally be so transparent that the only indication of its presence is a halo phenomenon?

Explanation

High clouds are classified into three main types: cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus. Among these, cirrostratus clouds are known for their transparent appearance. These clouds are thin and often cover the entire sky, creating a halo effect around the sun or moon. This halo phenomenon is caused by the refraction and reflection of light by ice crystals in the cloud. Therefore, the correct answer is H7, cirrostratus.

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191. You are preparing to use a convective cloud height table to determine the heights of clouds. To do this properly, you must first determine the

Explanation

To determine the heights of clouds using a convective cloud height table, it is necessary to know the dew-point temperature and free-air temperature. The dew-point temperature indicates the temperature at which the air becomes saturated and condensation begins to form, which is crucial in cloud formation. The free-air temperature refers to the temperature of the surrounding air, which helps in understanding the stability and vertical movement of the atmosphere. By knowing both these temperatures, one can accurately use the convective cloud height table to determine cloud heights.

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192. What pressure value is the basis for determining all other pressure values?

Explanation

Station pressure is the basis for determining all other pressure values because it represents the actual pressure at a specific location. Altimeter setting is the pressure value adjusted for altitude, sea-level pressure is the pressure value at sea level, and corrected aneroid reading is a measurement taken by an aneroid barometer. However, station pressure is the starting point for calculating and adjusting these other pressure values.

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193. In the baroclinic instability process,

Explanation

In the baroclinic instability process, potential energy is transferred to the major short wave by thermal advection. This means that the transfer of potential energy occurs through the movement of heat in the atmosphere. As air masses with different temperatures interact, the warmer air rises and the cooler air sinks, creating instability. This process leads to the formation of major short waves, and the transfer of potential energy through thermal advection plays a crucial role in this process.

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194. Which term is used to describe solar radio emissions received on earth?

Explanation

Solar flux unit is the term used to describe solar radio emissions received on earth. It is a unit of measurement for the strength of the solar radio emissions. Gauss is a unit of magnetic field strength, Angstrom is a unit of length, and Megahertz is a unit of frequency. None of these terms specifically describe solar radio emissions.

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195. Which type of radiation causes ionization of upper atmospheric atoms and molecules and results in the heating of the upper atmosphere?

Explanation

Ultraviolet radiation causes ionization of upper atmospheric atoms and molecules, leading to the heating of the upper atmosphere. Ultraviolet radiation has higher energy than infrared and radio waves, making it capable of breaking apart atoms and molecules. X-rays also have the potential to cause ionization, but they are not mentioned in the question. Therefore, ultraviolet is the most appropriate answer.

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196. Mesocyclone recognized by the Mesocylcone product when all criteria is persistent through at least

Explanation

The correct answer is 2 successive volume scans. The Mesocyclone product recognizes a mesocyclone when all criteria are persistent through at least 2 successive volume scans. This means that the mesocyclone must be present and meet the criteria for at least two consecutive scans of the volume of data being analyzed. This helps to ensure that the detection of a mesocyclone is not a temporary or isolated occurrence, but rather a sustained and significant weather feature.

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197. With satellite communications, the severity of scintillation depends on

Explanation

The severity of scintillation in satellite communications is determined by the frequency of the signal being transmitted and the density of plasma in the Earth's atmosphere. Scintillation refers to the fluctuation in the strength or amplitude of the signal caused by atmospheric disturbances. Higher frequencies are more susceptible to scintillation, while denser plasma can also cause more severe fluctuations. Therefore, the correct answer is frequency and plasma density.

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198. How can data thresholds be changed for the vertical winds profile (VWP)?

Explanation

The master system control function (MSCF) is responsible for changing the data thresholds for the vertical winds profile (VWP). The MSCF is a component of the radar system that controls various functions and settings, including data thresholds. It allows the user to adjust the thresholds to customize the VWP data according to their needs and preferences. This ensures that the VWP data is accurate and reliable for analysis and interpretation.

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199. Which bulletin, produced by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space Weather Operation Center, provides notice that certain high-frequency (HF) communications frequencies may become unusable during daylight conditions due to a sudden burst in the sun's x-ray radiation?

Explanation

The correct answer is WOXX50 KGWC, Short-wave fade advisory. This bulletin provides notice that certain high-frequency (HF) communications frequencies may become unusable during daylight conditions due to a sudden burst in the sun's x-ray radiation.

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200. Observation of the photosphere is made by photographic techniques or by projection methods rather than by direct observation because of the intensity of

Explanation

Observation of the photosphere is made by photographic techniques or by projection methods rather than by direct observation because of the intensity of light from the photosphere. The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun and emits a tremendous amount of light. Direct observation of the photosphere without any protective filters or equipment can be harmful to the eyes and can cause damage. Therefore, photographic techniques or projection methods are used to safely observe and study the photosphere.

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The distinguishing feature of any tornadic activity is
A thunderstorm officially ends
While performing a radar metwatch, the operator notices a storm that...
An intense, temporary release of energy that occurs in the vicinity of...
The amount of time it takes the radar to transmit one pulse is called...
The Doppler dilemma is a tradeoff between
What is the interface called that separates interplanetary space from...
Identify the impact of electron density gradients within the...
Above 13 miles, the radiation from the sun breaks down the oxygen in...
If you throw a ball towards a stationary target from the window of a...
Who owns the Master System Control Function (MSCF) at a majority of...
Which organization serves as the DOD's sole space weather provider?
Which organization operates the worldwide Solar Electro-optical...
An unstable wave cyclone is one where the amplitude
Unstable waves are classified as
What causes the surface low to deepen during the self-development...
Where is the ideal location to look for a hook echo signature?
The line echo wave pattern (LEWP) signature should signal the radar...
How do you report prevailing visibility at US stations and overseas...
Data collected for generation of the composite reflectivity product is...
For a runway visual range (RVR) report of R22/1000V1600FT, what is the...
The stratosphere is characterized by
Which force is described as any center-seeking force?
The areas of low pressure that correspond to the belt of low pressure...
In relation to the jet core, the greatest vertical wind shear is...
Which value is considered the approximate...
What factors must a region possess in order to facilitate air mass...
An increase of mass in a column of air will cause the surface pressure...
The primary cause of surface pressure changes for a dynamic low is net
When the central pressure of an anticyclone is rising, you can infer...
How will precipitation targets appear as they move into the cone of...
With the passage of a cold front in the Northern Hemisphere, the...
What color balloon would you use to determine the ceiling heights of...
Generally, solar bursts are most common during
Which statement best describes water vapor in the atmosphere?
The driving mechanism that is mainly responsible for the earth's...
Typical ground clutter targets have spectrum width values ranging from
Which force is the "equal and opposite reaction" to the center-seeking...
It is winter. A cPk air mass is moving over the Great Lakes. In this...
Horizontal divergence within an air mass will
The damper effect is comprised of upper-level
Which bulletin, produced by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space...
In the life cycle of a low, the system will evolve into a cold...
What causes a surface high to build during the self-development...
Embedded thunderstorms are detected by the WSR–88D quite well...
The spectrum width product is useful for the early detection of...
What type of precipitation might you observe with clear skies?
Data thresholding is performed at the
Widespread low spectrum width values with isolated areas of higher...
The simplest method for locating the 500 millibar frontal zone is to
Which orographic cloud resembles an almond or a fish?
A thunderstorm is present and occurring at your station. In addition,...
For observing purposes, five hydrometers are considered to be...
Which item describes the number of cycles per a given unit of time?
How is the echo tops (ET) product very useful?
Which solar-geophysical sensor detects cosmic radio noise at a...
Once the tornado detection algorithm (TDA) has detected a tornadic...
The two atmospheric gases most responsible for the absorption of...
What air mass classification signifies an unstable, maritime tropical...
What air mass classification signifies a stable, continental polar air...
What air mass forms over land only during the summer?
A low-pressure system undergoing cyclogenesis is said to be
Superrefraction is when the curvature of the radar beam is
In regards to types of pressure systems, a heat low is a
In a cold occlusion, the coldest air is found
A change in wind direction of 45° (or more) that takes place in...
Which statement determines the length of a forecast made by the storm...
The echo tops (ET) product computes echo top height by using
The unit of measurement used to identify the strength of a magnetic...
Which electrically charged particles emitted by the sun are of primary...
Which process involves assessing, as completely as necessary, the...
Which space concept proposes ways to evaluate actual and future...
Centrifugal force (CeF) will increase when there is a decrease in
Where are the greatest velocities located in relation to the...
As air converges at the surface and toward the center of a layer,...
Anticyclogenesis typically occurs at, and just downstream from,...
Frontogenesis requires two adjacent air masses with
How does the storm cell tracking algorithm handle a storm cell...
The basic assumption of the velocity dealiasing technique is that
Another term for second-trip echoes is
The tails of comets that always point away from the sun show the...
How many degrees centigrade does the temperature decrease per 1,000...
Advection transfers temperature
Continental tropical air masses are usually associated with
After warm air with an unstable wave is pushed aloft and cuts off from...
"Clouds or obscuring phenomena that have bases at the same...
When frozen precipitation is expected, you would
Superrefraction effects the radar's displayed height values by making...
Identify what subrefraction does?
The three estimates that the hail detection algorithm provides are
Which kind of pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) are required for high...
Which atmospheric layer serves as the primary reservoir of...
Which phenomena is a dynamic and delicate visual manifestation of...
Which atmospheric layer is used by many communications systems to...
The geographic location in earth's outer atmosphere is the major...
Which process is most responsible for the slow formation of air masses...
The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) receives energetic particle...
The weather characteristics of a particular month in a given locality...
Under which condition is anomalous propagation of the radar beam most...
When using Petterssen's rule, the factors needed for cyclogenesis are...
To properly report the visibility for more than one sector, you would...
You would classify precipitation as intermittent if it
When choosing an operating wavelength for a radar, it is dependent...
Radiation leaves the core of the sun as
The ability of the radar to distinguish between two targets at the...
Which solar-geophysical sensor measures the strengths and variations...
How many minutes does it take for solar flare-enhanced x-rays and...
The force that is responsible for starting the horizontal movement of...
In relation to the jet core, the greatest horizontal wind shear is...
The storm cell tracking (SCIT) algorithm can track how many individual...
The echo tops (ET) product is based on data from which other product?
Which term is used to describe transient, concentrated, localized,...
Which data collection limitation of the reflectivity cross-section...
How many stages are there in the life cycle of a low?
Which is primarily responsible for low-level divergence acting as a...
The storm cell centroid algorithm performs best when
If energy from a radar strikes a stationary target, the...
The velocity azimuth display (VAD) winds profile (VWP) provides a/an
Identify the impact of electron density gradients within the...
The temperature an air parcel would have if it were cooled...
Identify the statement that define gate-to-gate shear.
Coriolis force (CoF) is created by
Which heat transfer process involves the transfer of energy by...
When using weather radar to measure the intensity of precipitation,...
The continual, outward flow of energetic charged particles from the...
Which solar features are ribbon-like, suspended above the chromosphere...
Which term is used to describe rapid, random variation in signal...
Converging contours downstream of the jet stream will cause the jet to
How would you classify a stable air mass that formed over land in the...
A high-pressure system undergoes anticyclolysis when the clockwise...
A low dissipates after proceeding through its entire life cycle which...
The average slope of a cold front is
Outflow boundaries may be seen on the WSR–88D even when no...
Which technique does the radar uses to compare the frequency of each...
By convention, velocities toward the radar are expressed as
A strongly tilted storm may cause what kind of vertically integrated...
The spectral slope of the Doppler spectrum of a large thunderstorm...
A limitation of the storm total precipitation (STP) product is that it
Whenever the velocity azimuth display (VAD) algorithm determines that...
Base data is processed by which system?
Control of the radar product generator (RPG) is accomplished from a...
"Jet fingers"
Which bulletin, produced by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space...
In comparison to an active cold front, an inactive cold front is...
When a satellite orbiting the magnetosphere is bombarded by energetic...
Surface pressure changes are largely controlled by
In a cold occlusion, which type of front, if any, is found aloft?
Which wavelength would be best for interrogating a large thunderstorm?
The actual wind speed is determined if the flow of wind is
Which solar feature is formed by the condensation of material from the...
Which term is used to identify the area between the sun and earth?
The maximum shear associated with a tornadic vortex signature (TVS)...
How long does it take high-energy particles to reach earth after a...
As an air mass is heated from below, there will be increased
When only high and middle clouds are associated with a warm front, the
A corona is often present at night with
The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, with...
If you change the direction of current flow through a coiled wire, the...
Which type of radiation has the least application in the space...
The width of the jet stream core is approximately equal to the
The cold conveyor belt originates in the low levels that are located
Blowing spray is reported only at sea stations near large bodies of...
How long does the linear motion feature enable the radar user to...
Which layer of the sun contains one-half of the solar mass?
The overall polarity of the sun's northern and southern hemispheres...
Which statement best defines a storm cell segment?
The storm cell centroid algorithm provides a
Which product is used in the detection and location of rotating...
How does the beam width vary with the wavelength and how does it vary...
The velocity azimuth display (VAD) wind profile (VWP) displays
Which level of the ionosphere does most of the refraction of...
The balance of forces needed for gradient cyclonic circulation is...
Which statement is not a limitation of the tornadic vortex signature...
The frontolytic processes are most effective
Cirrus clouds in the form of an anvil are classified as
What is the reference level for all pressure values?
Wind observing equipment is oriented to
The hydrometeor classification (HC) product can be used to supplement...
When looking at rain/hail mix on radar, extremely low Correlation...
Which statement is correct regarding the solar cycle?
The beam width of the WSR–88D is approximately
In which layer/region of the ionosphere is the highest concentration...
Using average surface frontal slopes, how far ahead of the surface...
Air mass stability characteristics often depend on the temperature...
The DOD's sole space environmental forecast and warning facility is...
Which air mass involves most of the wintertime storms for the North...
In the chimney effect, the maximum upward vertical wind motion will be...
The difference in cloud classification between L1 and L7 is
The best way to distinguish stratocumulus from altocumulus clouds is...
Which high cloud can occasionally be so transparent that the only...
You are preparing to use a convective cloud height table to determine...
What pressure value is the basis for determining all other pressure...
In the baroclinic instability process,
Which term is used to describe solar radio emissions received on...
Which type of radiation causes ionization of upper atmospheric atoms...
Mesocyclone recognized by the Mesocylcone product when all criteria is...
With satellite communications, the severity of scintillation depends...
How can data thresholds be changed for the vertical winds profile...
Which bulletin, produced by Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) Space...
Observation of the photosphere is made by photographic techniques or...
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