Urinalysis Study Questions

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About This Quiz

The 'Urinalysis Study Questions' quiz assesses knowledge on renal physiology, focusing on nephrons, kidney functions, and urine formation. It's designed for learners to understand key renal processes and markers of kidney health, essential for medical education.

Urinalysis Study Questions - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The first morning specimen of urine is requested often because the:

    • Patient rested all night

    • Urine remains in the bladder for a longer time

    • Urine is more concentrated

    • Specimen is easier to collect

    Correct Answer
    A. Urine is more concentrated
    Explanation
    The first morning specimen of urine is requested often because the urine is more concentrated. During the night, the body goes through a period of water conservation, leading to a higher concentration of waste products in the urine. This concentrated urine sample provides a better representation of the body's metabolic processes and can help in the diagnosis of certain conditions or monitoring of treatment effectiveness. Additionally, the higher concentration makes it easier to detect any abnormalities or substances of interest in the urine sample.

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  • 3. 

    The normal color of the urine is mostly due to what pigment?

    • Urochrome

    • Creatinine

    • Uric acid

    • Bilirubin

    Correct Answer
    A. Urochrome
    Explanation
    Urochrome is the pigment responsible for the normal color of urine. It is a yellow pigment that is produced when the body breaks down hemoglobin from old red blood cells. Urochrome is excreted by the kidneys and gives urine its characteristic yellow color. Creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin are not responsible for the normal color of urine. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, uric acid is a waste product of purine metabolism, and bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells, but their presence in urine is abnormal and may indicate underlying health issues.

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  • 4. 

    A pale colored urine usually indicates that:

    • The urine is dilute

    • Glucose is present

    • Protein is present

    • The patient is an alcoholic

    Correct Answer
    A. The urine is dilute
    Explanation
    A pale colored urine usually indicates that the urine is dilute. Dilute urine means that there is a higher concentration of water and a lower concentration of waste products. This can be caused by drinking a lot of fluids or having a well-hydrated body. In contrast, concentrated urine is usually darker in color and indicates that there is a higher concentration of waste products and a lower concentration of water. Therefore, a pale colored urine suggests that the body is well-hydrated and the urine is less concentrated.

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  • 5. 

    The process performed by the glomerulus as a part of urine formation is called

    • Filtration

    • Secretion

    • Absorption

    • Transudation

    Correct Answer
    A. Filtration
    Explanation
    The process performed by the glomerulus as a part of urine formation is called filtration. Filtration is the movement of fluid and solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. This process allows small molecules such as water, ions, and waste products to pass through the filtration membrane, while larger molecules like proteins and blood cells are retained in the blood. Filtration is the first step in urine formation and plays a crucial role in removing waste products from the body.

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  • 6. 

    Dilute urine is usually dark yellow.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Dilute urine is usually pale or clear in color, not dark yellow. Dark yellow urine can indicate dehydration or a high concentration of waste products in the urine.

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  • 7. 

    Each kidney is composed of more than a million complete urinary functional units called

    • Glomeruli

    • Nephrons

    • Photons

    • Medullas

    Correct Answer
    A. Nephrons
    Explanation
    Each kidney is composed of more than a million complete urinary functional units called nephrons. Nephrons are microscopic structures responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine. They consist of a glomerulus, which filters the blood, and a tubule, which reabsorbs necessary substances and excretes waste products. The correct answer is nephrons because they are the functional units of the kidneys and play a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.

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  • 8. 

    Are uric acid crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

    • Acid

    • Alkaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Acid
    Explanation
    Uric acid crystals are found more commonly in acid urine. This is because uric acid is less soluble in acidic conditions, causing it to precipitate and form crystals. In alkaline urine, uric acid is more soluble and tends to stay dissolved, reducing the likelihood of crystal formation. Therefore, acid urine is more conducive to the formation of uric acid crystals.

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  • 9. 

    The most common parasite found in the urine is:

    • Ascaris lumbriocoides

    • Wuchereria bancrofti

    • Trichomonas vaginalis

    • Nector americanus

    Correct Answer
    A. Trichomonas vaginalis
    Explanation
    Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that commonly infects the urinary tract and causes a sexually transmitted infection called trichomoniasis. It is transmitted through sexual contact and can be found in both males and females. The parasite can cause symptoms such as vaginal discharge, itching, and discomfort during urination. It is important to diagnose and treat trichomoniasis to prevent further complications and reduce the risk of transmission to sexual partners.

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  • 10. 

    The preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory is:

    • Refrigeration

    • Boric acid

    • Sodium fluoride

    • Commercial tablets

    Correct Answer
    A. Refrigeration
    Explanation
    Refrigeration is the preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory because it helps to maintain the integrity of the urine sample. By keeping the urine at a low temperature, bacterial growth and degradation of the sample are minimized. This ensures that accurate and reliable test results can be obtained from the preserved urine sample. Additionally, refrigeration also helps to prevent the formation of crystals or precipitation in the urine, which could interfere with the analysis.

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  • 11. 

    Will pH be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased
    Explanation
    When a urine sample sits at room temperature for a prolonged period, it undergoes a process called bacterial decomposition. During this process, bacteria in the urine break down urea into ammonia, leading to an increase in the pH level of the sample. Therefore, the pH of the urine sample would be increased as a result of prolonged sitting at room temperature.

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  • 12. 

    Are phosphate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

    • Acid

    • Alkaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Alkaline
    Explanation
    Phosphate crystals are found more commonly in alkaline urine because the solubility of phosphate salts decreases in alkaline conditions. In alkaline urine, the pH is higher, which promotes the formation of phosphate crystals. On the other hand, in acidic urine, the pH is lower, leading to the dissolution of phosphate crystals. Therefore, alkaline urine is more conducive to the formation and presence of phosphate crystals.

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  • 13. 

    Will turbidity be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased
    Explanation
    Turbidity refers to the cloudiness or haziness of a liquid caused by the presence of suspended particles. When a urine sample sits at room temperature for a prolonged period, it allows time for any particles or sediment present in the urine to settle. As a result, the concentration of suspended particles increases, leading to an increase in turbidity. Therefore, the correct answer is increased.

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  • 14. 

    The specific gravity of the urine is the result of the dissolved substances that are present

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The specific gravity of urine refers to the density of the urine compared to that of water. It indicates the concentration of dissolved substances in the urine, such as salts, proteins, and waste products. Therefore, the statement that the specific gravity of urine is the result of the dissolved substances that are present is true. The more dissolved substances present in the urine, the higher the specific gravity will be.

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  • 15. 

    The average amount of urine passed by a normal adult in 24 hours is approximately:

    • 300-400 ml

    • 600-700 ml

    • 900-1000 ml

    • 1200-1500 ml

    Correct Answer
    A. 1200-1500 ml
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 1200-1500 ml. This range represents the average amount of urine passed by a normal adult in 24 hours. It is important to note that individual urine output can vary depending on factors such as fluid intake, activity level, and overall health. However, this range is generally considered to be within the normal range for adults.

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  • 16. 

    Will nitrite be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased
    Explanation
    Prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature can lead to an increase in nitrite levels. Nitrite is a byproduct of bacterial metabolism in the urinary tract, and its presence in urine is usually indicative of a urinary tract infection. When a urine sample sits at room temperature for an extended period, any bacteria present in the sample can continue to metabolize and produce more nitrite, resulting in an increase in its levels. Therefore, the correct answer is increased.

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  • 17. 

    "Hidden blood" in feces is termed:

    • Remnant blood

    • Gross blood

    • Occult blood

    • Gastric blood

    Correct Answer
    A. Occult blood
    Explanation
    Occult blood refers to the presence of blood in the feces that is not visible to the naked eye. It can be detected through laboratory tests, such as a fecal occult blood test (FOBT), which can help identify various medical conditions, including gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, polyps, or colorectal cancer. The term "occult" implies that the blood is hidden or concealed, as it cannot be easily seen during a regular examination of the stool. Therefore, the correct answer is occult blood.

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  • 18. 

    An increased cystatin C corresponds to a descreased creatinine clearance and to impaired kidney function.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    An increased cystatin C level indicates that the kidneys are not functioning properly. Cystatin C is a protein that is filtered by the kidneys, and its levels in the blood increase when the kidneys are not able to effectively clear it from the body. This is often seen in individuals with impaired kidney function. Creatinine clearance, on the other hand, is a measure of how well the kidneys are able to remove waste products from the blood. A decrease in creatinine clearance is also indicative of impaired kidney function. Therefore, an increased cystatin C level corresponds to a decreased creatinine clearance and impaired kidney function.

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  • 19. 

    A urine that is yellowish-brown and, on shaking, produces yellow foam MOST likely contains:

    • Prophyrins

    • Melanin

    • Bilirubin

    • Indican

    Correct Answer
    A. Bilirubin
    Explanation
    A urine that is yellowish-brown and produces yellow foam when shaken is most likely to contain bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed from the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver. When present in high levels in the urine, it can cause the urine to have a yellowish-brown color and produce foam when shaken. This can be an indication of liver dysfunction or a problem with the breakdown of red blood cells.

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  • 20. 

    The protein section of the multistix reagent strip is most sensitive to

    • Albumin

    • Mucoprotein

    • Bence Jones protein

    • Globulin

    Correct Answer
    A. Albumin
    Explanation
    The protein section of the multistix reagent strip is most sensitive to albumin. This means that the strip is designed to detect and measure the presence of albumin in a sample. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and plays a crucial role in maintaining the osmotic pressure and transporting various substances in the body. Detecting abnormal levels of albumin can indicate kidney damage or dysfunction, as the kidneys are responsible for filtering and reabsorbing albumin. Therefore, the sensitivity of the multistix reagent strip to albumin allows for the early detection of kidney problems.

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  • 21. 

    Are urates found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

    • Acid

    • Alkaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Acid
    Explanation
    Urates are more commonly found in acid urine. This is because uric acid, which is the primary component of urates, tends to precipitate out of solution in alkaline conditions. In acidic urine, uric acid remains soluble and does not form crystals. Therefore, the presence of urates in urine is indicative of an acidic pH.

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  • 22. 

    The primary chemical constituents of urine are water,

    • Protein and sodium

    • Chloride and bilirubin

    • Urea and chloride

    • Urea and protein

    Correct Answer
    A. Urea and chloride
    Explanation
    Urine is primarily composed of water along with various dissolved substances. Urea, a waste product of protein metabolism, is one of the main chemical constituents of urine. It is produced in the liver and excreted through the kidneys. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps maintain the balance of fluids in the body and is also excreted in urine. Therefore, urea and chloride are the correct primary chemical constituents of urine.

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  • 23. 

    Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the continuous excretion of dilute urine.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by the inability of the kidneys to properly regulate the balance of water in the body. This leads to the continuous excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, resulting in increased thirst and dehydration. Therefore, the statement that diabetes insipidus is characterized by the continuous excretion of dilute urine is true.

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  • 24. 

    Abnormal sperm morphology is determined by:

    • Head and tail morphology and size

    • Head size and shape

    • Tail presence and appearance

    • Staining reactions

    Correct Answer
    A. Head and tail morphology and size
    Explanation
    Abnormal sperm morphology refers to abnormalities in the shape and size of the sperm's head and tail. This means that the head and tail of the sperm may have irregularities in their morphology, such as being misshapen or having an abnormal size. These abnormalities can be determined through various methods, including microscopic examination and staining reactions. By assessing the head and tail morphology and size, one can identify and classify abnormalities in sperm morphology.

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  • 25. 

    The normal brown color of the feces is produced by:

    • Undigested foodstuffs

    • Urobilin

    • Pancreatic enzymes

    • Cellulose

    Correct Answer
    A. Urobilin
    Explanation
    Urobilin is a brown pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down in the liver. It is then excreted in the bile and gives the feces its normal brown color. Undigested foodstuffs, pancreatic enzymes, and cellulose do not contribute to the brown color of feces.

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  • 26. 

    Upon standing, normal urine becomes alkaline chiefly due to:

    • Acid ash

    • Increased protein

    • Increased quinic acids

    • Bacterial action on urea

    Correct Answer
    A. Bacterial action on urea
    Explanation
    When urine is initially produced, it is slightly acidic. However, upon standing, the urea present in urine can be broken down by bacteria into ammonia. This bacterial action on urea leads to an increase in the pH of urine, making it alkaline. Therefore, the correct answer is bacterial action on urea.

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  • 27. 

    Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be:

    • Warmed to 37 degrees C

    • Examined for crystal formation

    • Examined for changes in color

    • Returned to room temperature

    Correct Answer
    A. Returned to room temperature
    Explanation
    A refrigerated urine specimen needs to be returned to room temperature before analysis because cold temperatures can affect the accuracy of certain tests. Some tests require the urine to be at a specific temperature, usually room temperature, to ensure reliable results. By allowing the specimen to warm up to room temperature, any potential changes in the urine's composition due to refrigeration can be minimized, allowing for more accurate analysis.

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  • 28. 

    Will glucose be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Decreased
    Explanation
    Prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature can lead to bacterial growth and metabolism of glucose in the urine. This results in the consumption of glucose by bacteria, leading to a decrease in the glucose levels in the urine sample. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased.

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  • 29. 

    In diabetes insipidus the specific gravity of urine is approximately 1.001 - 1.005

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    In diabetes insipidus, the specific gravity of urine is indeed approximately 1.001 - 1.005. Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of diluted urine. This occurs due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or an insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH. As a result, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine effectively, leading to a low specific gravity. Therefore, the statement is true.

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  • 30. 

    Will bilirubin be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Decreased
    Explanation
    Prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature can lead to the breakdown of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. It is normally excreted in the urine. However, when a urine sample is left at room temperature for a long time, the activity of enzymes that break down bilirubin increases, causing a decrease in its concentration. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased.

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  • 31. 

    Collection of a midstream, clean catch urine specimen will prevent contamination by:

    • RBCs

    • Renal tubular epithelial cells

    • Squamous epithelial cells

    • WBC casts

    Correct Answer
    A. Squamous epithelial cells
    Explanation
    Collecting a midstream, clean catch urine specimen helps prevent contamination by squamous epithelial cells. Squamous epithelial cells are typically found in the external genitalia and can contaminate the urine sample if not properly collected. By ensuring a midstream, clean catch technique, the sample will have a lower chance of containing these cells, leading to a more accurate analysis of the urine. This is important as the presence of squamous epithelial cells can interfere with the interpretation of other urinary components and may lead to inaccurate test results.

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  • 32. 

    Will cells be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Decreased
    Explanation
    Prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature can lead to bacterial growth and multiplication, which can cause the breakdown of cells in the urine. This breakdown of cells can result in a decrease in the number of cells present in the urine sample. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased.

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  • 33. 

    The NORMAL relationship of urine volume and specific gravity is inverse

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The relationship between urine volume and specific gravity is inverse. This means that as the urine volume increases, the specific gravity decreases, and vice versa. This is because specific gravity measures the concentration of solutes in urine, and when there is a larger volume of urine, the concentration of solutes is diluted, resulting in a lower specific gravity. Conversely, when there is a smaller volume of urine, the concentration of solutes is higher, leading to a higher specific gravity. Therefore, the statement is true.

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  • 34. 

    Are calcium oxalate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

    • Acid

    • Alkaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Acid
    Explanation
    Calcium oxalate crystals are found more commonly in acid urine. This is because acidic urine provides an environment that promotes the formation and precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals. In alkaline urine, the solubility of calcium oxalate increases, making it less likely for crystals to form. Therefore, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals is typically associated with acid urine.

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  • 35. 

    What is the best way to identify formed elements in urine sediment as being yeast?

    • Look for buds

    • Dissolve with acetic acid

    • Lyse with water

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Look for buds
    Explanation
    To identify formed elements in urine sediment as being yeast, the best way is to look for buds. Yeast cells typically reproduce by budding, where a small bud or outgrowth appears on the parent cell. By observing the presence of buds, it is possible to confirm the presence of yeast in the urine sediment. Dissolving with acetic acid or lysing with water are not effective methods for specifically identifying yeast cells.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following cells found in increased numbers in the urine sediment is only indicative of kidney damage?

    • Erthrocytes

    • WBCs

    • Squamous epithelial cells

    • Renal tubular cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Renal tubular cells
    Explanation
    Renal tubular cells are only indicative of kidney damage because they are the cells that line the tubules of the kidneys. An increase in the number of renal tubular cells in the urine sediment suggests that these cells are being shed from the tubules, which can occur due to injury or damage to the kidneys. This can be a sign of various kidney diseases or conditions, such as tubular necrosis or acute kidney injury. Therefore, the presence of renal tubular cells in increased numbers in the urine sediment is a specific indicator of kidney damage.

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  • 37. 

    Which of the answers below represents the direction of the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

    • Loop of henle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, glomerular space (bowman's capsule), collecting tubule

    • Collecting tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerular space (bowman's capsule)

    • Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, glomerular space (bowman's capsule), loop of henle, collecting tubule

    • Glomerular space (bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

    Correct Answer
    A. Glomerular space (bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule
    Explanation
    The correct answer represents the correct direction of the flow of filtrate through the nephron. The filtrate first enters the glomerular space (Bowman's capsule), then moves to the proximal convoluted tubule, followed by the loop of Henle. After that, it passes through the distal convoluted tubule and finally reaches the collecting tubule. This sequence represents the correct flow of filtrate through the nephron in the renal system.

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  • 38. 

    Which urine chemical test is the best single indicator of glomerular damage?

    • Glucose

    • Protein

    • Nitrite

    • Ketones

    Correct Answer
    A. Protein
    Explanation
    Protein is the best single indicator of glomerular damage because the glomerulus, a part of the kidney, normally prevents the filtration of proteins into the urine. When there is damage to the glomerulus, proteins can pass through and appear in the urine. Therefore, the presence of protein in the urine is a strong indication of glomerular damage.

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  • 39. 

    Will urobilinogen be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

    • Increased

    • Decreased

    Correct Answer
    A. Decreased
    Explanation
    Prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature can lead to the breakdown of urobilinogen by bacterial action. Urobilinogen is a byproduct of bilirubin metabolism and is normally present in small amounts in urine. However, when the sample is left sitting, bacteria can convert urobilinogen into urobilin, which is a more stable compound. This conversion reduces the levels of urobilinogen in the urine, resulting in a decrease.

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  • 40. 

    Glycosuria is most frequently observed in a specimen obtained

    • Upon arising in the morning

    • 2 hours after arising in the morning

    • 2 hours after heavy meal

    • 2 hours after retiring for the night

    Correct Answer
    A. 2 hours after heavy meal
    Explanation
    Glycosuria refers to the presence of glucose in the urine, which can be an indication of high blood sugar levels. It is most frequently observed 2 hours after a heavy meal because during this time, the body is actively digesting and absorbing the carbohydrates from the meal, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels. As a result, the kidneys may not be able to reabsorb all the glucose, causing it to be excreted in the urine. The other options, such as upon arising in the morning or 2 hours after retiring for the night, are less likely to result in high blood sugar levels and therefore glycosuria.

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  • 41. 

    Urine sediments containing increased WBCs should be ovserved closely for the presence of:

    • Hyaline casts

    • Granular casts

    • Bacteria

    • Urothelial cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Bacteria
    Explanation
    Urine sediments containing increased white blood cells (WBCs) should be observed closely for the presence of bacteria. This is because an increased number of WBCs in the urine can indicate an infection in the urinary tract. Bacteria are commonly associated with urinary tract infections, so their presence in the urine sediment should be monitored closely to diagnose and treat the infection appropriately. The other options, such as hyaline casts, granular casts, and urothelial cells, may also be present in the urine sediment but are not specifically related to the presence of bacteria.

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  • 42. 

    The presence of maple syrup urine disease is first suspected by the presence of abnormal urine:

    • Color

    • Protein

    • Odor

    • Amino acids

    Correct Answer
    A. Odor
    Explanation
    Maple syrup urine disease is a metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to break down certain amino acids, resulting in the buildup of harmful substances in the body. One of the key symptoms is the presence of a distinctive sweet odor in the urine, which is caused by the accumulation of specific organic acids. Therefore, the presence of an abnormal odor in the urine can be an early indication of maple syrup urine disease.

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  • 43. 

    Bence Jones proteinuria occurs in

    • Toxemia of pregnancy

    • Chronic glomerulonephritits

    • Multiple myloma

    • Lipoid nephrosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Multiple myloma
    Explanation
    Bence Jones proteinuria is a condition characterized by the presence of abnormal proteins called Bence Jones proteins in the urine. These proteins are typically seen in patients with multiple myeloma, a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of Bence Jones proteins, which can then be detected in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is multiple myeloma.

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  • 44. 

    Ehrlich's reagent is:

    • Sodium alizarin sulfonate

    • Brilliant cresyl blue

    • Phenolphthalein

    • Paradiethylaminobenzaldehyde

    Correct Answer
    A. Paradiethylaminobenzaldehyde
    Explanation
    Paradiethylaminobenzaldehyde is the correct answer because Ehrlich's reagent is a color reagent used in the detection of indoles, which are compounds that contain an indole ring structure. Paradiethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with indoles to produce a deep blue or purple color, allowing for their identification and analysis. Sodium alizarin sulfonate, brilliant cresyl blue, and phenolphthalein are not commonly used as reagents in the detection of indoles.

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  • 45. 

    The finding of increased hyaline and granular casts in the urine of an otherwise healthy person may be the result of

    • Fecal contamination

    • Recent strenuous exercise

    • Early urinary tract infection

    • Analyzing an old specimen

    Correct Answer
    A. Recent strenuous exercise
    Explanation
    The finding of increased hyaline and granular casts in the urine of an otherwise healthy person may be the result of recent strenuous exercise. During intense physical activity, there can be increased breakdown of muscle tissue, leading to the release of myoglobin into the bloodstream. Myoglobin can then be filtered by the kidneys and appear in the urine as granular casts. This finding is transient and should resolve with time. Fecal contamination, early urinary tract infection, and analyzing an old specimen are less likely explanations in an otherwise healthy individual.

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  • 46. 

    Information that aids in the identification of crystals includes all of the following except:

    • Urine volume

    • Urine pH

    • Crystal solubility

    • Crystal birefringence

    Correct Answer
    A. Urine volume
    Explanation
    The given question is asking about the information that aids in the identification of crystals, and the answer is "urine volume". This means that urine volume does not aid in the identification of crystals. The other options listed, such as urine pH, crystal solubility, and crystal birefringence, are factors that can be used to identify crystals.

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  • 47. 

    A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

    • Nonmatching label and requisition form

    • Specimen and contaminated with feces

    • Contamination on the exterior of the container

    • The container uses a screw-top lid

    Correct Answer
    A. The container uses a screw-top lid
    Explanation
    A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the given reasons except for the container using a screw-top lid. The other reasons mentioned, such as nonmatching label and requisition form, specimen contaminated with feces, and contamination on the exterior of the container, are valid reasons for rejection as they can affect the accuracy and reliability of the test results. However, the type of lid used on the container does not impact the quality of the specimen itself, so it would not be a reason for rejection.

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  • 48. 

    Are ammonium biurate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

    • Acid

    • Alkaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Alkaline
    Explanation
    Ammonium biurate crystals are more commonly found in alkaline urine. This is because ammonium biurate is a compound that forms when there is an excess of ammonia in the urine, which typically occurs in alkaline conditions. In acidic urine, the solubility of ammonium biurate decreases, leading to the formation of other types of crystals. Therefore, alkaline urine is more favorable for the formation of ammonium biurate crystals.

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  • 49. 

    The cells lining the pleural cavities are primarily:

    • Neutrophils

    • Mesothelial cells

    • Lymphocytes

    • Spindle-shaped cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Mesothelial cells
    Explanation
    The cells lining the pleural cavities are primarily mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are a type of epithelial cells that form a protective lining called the mesothelium. They are found in the pleural cavities, which surround the lungs, and play a crucial role in lubricating and protecting the lungs during breathing. These cells are flat and thin, allowing for easy movement and reducing friction between the lungs and the chest wall. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and spindle-shaped cells are not the primary cells found in the pleural cavities.

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