Urinalysis & Medical Microscopy

People taking diuretics can be expected to produce polyuria. Diuretics are medications that increase urine production by promoting the excretion of excess fluid and electrolytes from the body. This leads to an increased volume of urine being produced, resulting in polyuria. Oliguria refers to decreased urine production, which is the opposite of what diuretics do. Proteinuria refers to the presence of protein in the urine, and pyuria refers to the presence of pus in the urine, neither of which are directly related to diuretic use.

If urine is not tested within 2 hours, bacteria in the urine can multiply, leading to an increased presence of bacteria. Red blood cells and casts, on the other hand, may decrease in number over time due to degradation or settling. Therefore, the correct answer is that there will be an increased presence of bacteria, along with decreased red blood cells and casts.

Disposable containers with a capacity of 50 mL are recommended for routine urinalysis because they provide an adequate volume for the collection of urine samples. This capacity allows for multiple tests to be performed on the sample, including analysis for glucose, protein, and other substances. Additionally, the use of disposable containers helps to prevent contamination and ensures accurate results.

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins. It is the main component of urine and helps to eliminate nitrogenous waste from the body. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance and is excreted in urine. Water is the solvent that carries these waste products and helps to maintain hydration. Therefore, the primary chemical constituents of normal urine are urea, chloride, and water.

Oliguria is a condition characterized by a decreased urine output. A person exhibiting oliguria would have a daily urine volume of 200 - 400 mL. This means that the person is producing a significantly lower amount of urine compared to the normal range of urine output, which is typically around 800 - 2000 mL per day. Oliguria can be a sign of various underlying medical conditions, such as dehydration, kidney dysfunction, or urinary tract obstruction. Monitoring urine output is important in assessing kidney function and overall hydration status.

Urochrom is the pigment responsible for the normal yellow color of urine. It is produced as a result of the breakdown of red blood cells and the metabolism of hemoglobin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of heme in the liver and is responsible for the yellow color of jaundice. Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen, but it does not directly contribute to the color of urine. Urobilinogen is a colorless compound that is converted into urochromes, which give urine its yellow color. Therefore, the correct answer is Urochrom.

The compensation field is indeed the test area located on the lower end of the test strip. This area is designed to measure the level of compensation needed for accurate test results. It helps to adjust for any variations or interferences that may occur during the testing process. Therefore, the statement "True" is the correct answer.

The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by its color. The color of urine can vary depending on the concentration of waste products, such as urea and creatinine, as well as the presence of other substances like blood or bilirubin. A darker color generally indicates a higher concentration, while a lighter color suggests a more diluted urine sample. Therefore, by assessing the color of urine, one can get an estimate of its concentration.

The leukocyte esterase reaction is a test used to detect the presence of white blood cells (leukocytes) in urine. Leukocytes are a general term for different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and basophils. The reaction detects the enzyme esterase, which is released by neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. However, lymphocytes do not release esterase, so they cannot be detected by the leukocyte esterase reaction.

Testing for microalbuminuria is valuable for monitoring patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Microalbuminuria refers to the presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine, which can be an early indicator of kidney damage. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease are all conditions that can lead to kidney damage, so monitoring microalbuminuria can help identify and manage these complications in patients with these conditions. Therefore, testing for microalbuminuria is valuable for monitoring patients with all of the above conditions.

Ketonuria is the presence of ketones in the urine, which is usually a sign of increased fat metabolism. Bacterial infection is not a direct cause of ketonuria. Diabetic acidosis, starvation, and vomiting can all lead to an increase in ketone production and subsequent ketonuria. However, bacterial infection does not directly affect ketone production and therefore does not cause ketonuria.

If ammonia is not produced by the distal convoluted tubule, the urine pH will be basic. Ammonia is a weak base and helps in maintaining the pH balance of urine. It combines with hydrogen ions in the urine, resulting in the formation of ammonium ions (NH4+). These ammonium ions help to neutralize the acidity of urine, making it more basic. Therefore, if ammonia is not produced by the distal convoluted tubule, the urine pH will not be balanced by the presence of ammonium ions, leading to a more basic pH.

A strong odor of ammonia in a urine specimen could indicate a urinary tract infection. Ammonia is a byproduct of the breakdown of urea in the urine, and a strong odor suggests that there may be an overgrowth of bacteria in the urinary tract. This can be a sign of infection, as bacteria produce ammonia as they break down urea. Other symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. It is important to seek medical attention if these symptoms are present.

The correct answer is peroxidase activity of heme. Reagent strip tests for blood rely on the peroxidase activity of heme, which is an enzyme found in red blood cells. When blood is present in a sample, the heme catalyzes a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen, resulting in a color change. This color change is then used to indicate the presence of blood in the sample.

An unpreserved specimen collected at 8 a.m. and remaining at room temperature until the afternoon shift arrives can be expected to have decreased glucose and ketones because these substances can degrade over time at room temperature. Additionally, the specimen can be expected to have increased bacteria and nitrite due to the growth of microorganisms in the absence of preservation methods.

The three intermediate products of fat metabolism include acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone. Ketoacetic acid is not an intermediate product of fat metabolism.

Yeast cells in the urine are commonly associated with diabetes mellitus. This is because high levels of glucose in the urine can provide a favorable environment for yeast to grow, leading to a yeast infection. In individuals with diabetes, the elevated blood sugar levels can result in increased glucose in the urine, increasing the risk of yeast overgrowth. Therefore, the finding of yeast cells in the urine can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

A routine urinalysis includes a visual examination, chemical analysis using a dipstick, and microscopic examination of sediment. Culture and sensitivity testing is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected and is not part of a routine urinalysis.

Urine specific gravity is not equally influenced by the presence of glucose and sodium. Glucose presence in urine can significantly affect the specific gravity, while sodium levels have a less significant impact. Therefore, the statement is false.

The principle of the reagent strip tests for glucose is the double sequential enzyme reaction. This means that two enzymes are involved in the reaction. The first enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase, catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to produce gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The second enzyme, peroxidase, catalyzes the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen, resulting in a color change that indicates the presence of glucose. This double sequential enzyme reaction allows for a more accurate and reliable measurement of glucose levels in a sample.

Protein concentration does not contribute to the formation of urinary crystals. Urinary crystals are formed when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium or uric acid, become too concentrated and solidify. Factors such as pH, solute concentration, and temperature can affect the solubility of these substances and increase the likelihood of crystal formation. However, protein concentration does not directly influence the formation of urinary crystals.

Measuring the compensation field does not correct the remission of the test areas or prevent false-negative results. This statement is incorrect.