Urinalysis & Body Fluids

Reviewed by Editorial Team
The ProProfs editorial team is comprised of experienced subject matter experts. They've collectively created over 10,000 quizzes and lessons, serving over 100 million users. Our team includes in-house content moderators and subject matter experts, as well as a global network of rigorously trained contributors. All adhere to our comprehensive editorial guidelines, ensuring the delivery of high-quality content.
Learn about Our Editorial Process
| By Melissa3393
M
Melissa3393
Community Contributor
Quizzes Created: 5 | Total Attempts: 47,752
| Attempts: 5,217 | Questions: 178
Please wait...
Question 1 / 178
0 %
0/100
Score 0/100
1. A 17-year-old girl decided to go on a starvation diet. After 1 week of starving herself, what substance would most likely be found in her urine?

Explanation

When the body is deprived of food for an extended period, it starts breaking down fat for energy, resulting in the production of ketones. Ketones are byproducts of fat metabolism and are typically found in urine during starvation or prolonged fasting. Therefore, in the given scenario, it is most likely that ketones would be found in the urine of the 17-year-old girl who has been on a starvation diet for a week.

Submit
Please wait...
About This Quiz
Urinalysis & Body Fluids - Quiz

Urinalysis is the process of checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine so as to detect a wide range of medical disorders like diabetes and kidney disease.... see moreWhat can you tell us about this, and other bodily fluids?
see less

2. A patient has glucosuria, hyperglycemia and polyuria. These findings are most consistent with:

Explanation

The patient's symptoms of glucosuria (presence of glucose in urine), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), and polyuria (excessive urination) are most consistent with diabetes mellitus. In diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels properly, leading to high levels of glucose in the blood, which then spills into the urine. This results in glucosuria and increased urine production. Other options such as renal glucosuria, emotional stress, or eating a heavy meal do not typically cause all three symptoms together.

Submit
3. False results in urobilinogen testing may occur if the urine specimen is:

Explanation

Urobilinogen is degraded by light

Submit
4. Which of the following urine results is most apt to be changed by proloinged exposure to light?

Explanation

Bilirubin is degraded by light. The other analytes will not be affected.

Submit
5. The yellow color of urine is primarily due to:

Explanation

The yellow color of urine is primarily due to the presence of urochrome pigment. Urochrome is a waste product formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. As the body metabolizes hemoglobin, urochrome is produced and excreted in the urine, giving it its characteristic yellow color. Methemoglobin, bilirubin, and homogenistic acid are not directly responsible for the yellow color of urine. Methemoglobin is an altered form of hemoglobin, bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells, and homogenistic acid is a metabolic byproduct associated with a rare genetic disorder called alkaptonuria.

Submit
6. Red urine may be due to:

Explanation

Red urine may be due to myoglobin. Myoglobin is a protein found in the muscles, and its presence in the urine can indicate muscle damage or injury. When muscle cells are damaged, myoglobin is released into the bloodstream and eventually filtered by the kidneys, leading to its presence in the urine. This can occur in conditions such as rhabdomyolysis, which is characterized by the breakdown of muscle tissue. The presence of myoglobin in the urine gives it a red or reddish-brown color.

Submit
7. Urine that develops a port wine color after standing may contain:

Explanation

Urine that develops a port wine color after standing may contain porphyrins. Porphyrins are a group of organic compounds that are involved in the production of heme, a component of hemoglobin. When there is an excess of porphyrins in the urine, it can lead to a dark red or port wine color. This can be seen in conditions such as porphyria, which is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme.

Submit
8. Milky urine from a 24-year-old woman would most likely contain:

Explanation

Milky urine from a 24-year-old woman would most likely contain many white blood cells. This can indicate the presence of an infection in the urinary tract or kidneys. White blood cells are a part of the body's immune response and their increased presence in the urine suggests an inflammatory process. It is important for the woman to seek medical attention to determine the cause of the infection and receive appropriate treatment.

Submit
9. After receiving a 24 hour urine for quantitative total protein analysis, the technician must first:

Explanation

Measure the total volume of the sample before removing an aliquot. To calculate the total protein, measure the protein of an aliquot to learn the mg/dL, then multiply that answer by the number of dL in the 24 hour collection

Submit
10. Routine screening of urine samples for glycosuria is performed primarity to detect:

Explanation

Routine screening of urine samples for glycosuria is performed primarily to detect the presence of glucose. Glycosuria refers to the abnormal presence of glucose in the urine, which can be an indication of high blood sugar levels or diabetes. By detecting glucose in the urine, healthcare professionals can identify individuals who may have undiagnosed diabetes or need further evaluation and treatment for their blood sugar levels. This screening helps in early detection and management of diabetes, preventing complications associated with uncontrolled blood sugar levels.

Submit
11. Calibration of refractometers is done by measuring the specific gravity of distilled water and:

Explanation

Refractometers are instruments used to measure the refractive index of a substance, which is related to its specific gravity. Calibration is necessary to ensure accurate measurements. In this case, the specific gravity of distilled water is measured, and sodium chloride is used as a calibration standard. Sodium chloride has a known specific gravity, so by comparing the refractive index of the sodium chloride solution to that of distilled water, the refractometer can be calibrated accurately. Protein, glucose, and urea are not commonly used for calibration purposes in refractometers.

Submit
12. A clean-catch urine is submitted to the laboratory for routine urinalysis and culture. The routine urinalysis is done first, and 3 hours later, the specimen is sent to the microbiology department for culture. The specimen should:

Explanation

It is common practice to share samples between the microbiology department and urinalysis department. Ideally, the culture is set up first to prevent contamination. If that is not feasible timewise, the sample should be aliquotted using aseptic technique, and refrigerated until it can be cultured.

Submit
13. While performing an analysis of a baby's urine, the technologist notices the specimen to have a "mousy" odor. Of the following substances that may be excreted in urine, the one that most characteristically produces this odor is:

Explanation

Phenylpyruvic acid is the correct answer because it is associated with a condition called phenylketonuria (PKU), which is characterized by the inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. When phenylalanine is not properly metabolized, it can lead to the accumulation of phenylpyruvic acid in the body, which can then be excreted in the urine. This buildup of phenylpyruvic acid gives the urine a distinct "mousy" odor, making it the substance most characteristically associated with this odor. Acetone, coliform bacilli, and porphyrin are not typically associated with a "mousy" odor in urine.

Submit
14. Which of the following casts is most likely to be found in healthy people?

Explanation

Hyaline casts are commonly found in the urine of healthy individuals. These casts are transparent and colorless, and their presence indicates normal kidney function. On the other hand, red blood cells and white blood cells in the urine can be indicative of underlying health issues such as infection or kidney damage. Waxy casts, which are wider and more rigid than hyaline casts, are typically associated with chronic kidney disease. Therefore, hyaline casts are the most likely to be found in healthy people.

Submit
15. Antidiuretic hormone regulates the reabsorption of:

Explanation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the reabsorption of water. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland in response to low blood volume or high blood osmolality. It acts on the kidneys to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This helps to conserve water and prevent excessive urine production, leading to increased blood volume and decreased urine output. Therefore, the correct answer is water.

Submit
16. Cessation of urine flow is defined as:

Explanation

Anuria is the correct answer because it refers to the complete cessation or absence of urine flow. It is a condition where the kidneys are unable to produce urine, usually due to a blockage or dysfunction in the urinary system. This can lead to the accumulation of waste products in the body, resulting in potential health complications.

Submit
17. Urine from a 50-year-old man was noted to turn dark red on standing. This change is caused by:

Explanation

The dark red color of urine from a 50-year-old man on standing is caused by porphyrins. Porphyrins are a group of organic compounds that are involved in the synthesis of heme, which is a component of hemoglobin. When there is an excess of porphyrins in the body, they can be excreted in the urine, leading to a dark red color. This condition is known as porphyria, which can be caused by genetic disorders or certain medications.

Submit
18. Urine osmolality is related to:

Explanation

Urine osmolality is related to specific gravity because specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in urine. Osmolality refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution, and urine osmolality is a measure of the concentration of solutes in urine. Therefore, the specific gravity of urine can provide information about the osmolality of urine, indicating the concentration of solutes present in the urine sample.

Submit
19. Normal urine primarily consists of:

Explanation

Normal urine primarily consists of water, urea, and sodium chloride. Water is the main component of urine, making up the majority of its volume. Urea is a waste product produced by the liver when it breaks down proteins, and it is excreted through urine. Sodium chloride, or salt, is also excreted through urine to maintain the body's electrolyte balance. Protein and bilirubin are not typically found in normal urine and their presence may indicate a medical condition.

Submit
20. The principal mucin in synovial fluid is:

Explanation

Hyaluronate is the correct answer because it is the main mucin found in synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is a viscous fluid that lubricates and cushions joints, and hyaluronate is responsible for its viscosity and lubricating properties. It helps reduce friction between the joint surfaces and provides nutrients to the cartilage. Albumin, orosomucoid, and pepsin are not mucins found in synovial fluid.

Submit
21. A brown-black urine would most likely contain:

Explanation

A brown-black urine would most likely contain melanin. Melanin is a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It is produced by special cells called melanocytes. In certain conditions or diseases, excess melanin can be excreted through urine, resulting in a dark brown or black color. Bile pigment, porphyrins, and blood cells are also possible causes of discoloration in urine, but melanin is the most likely explanation for a brown-black color.

Submit
22. X

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
23. X

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
24. Upon standing at room temperature, a urine pH typically:

Explanation

When urine is left standing at room temperature, there is a natural process called urea hydrolysis that occurs. Urea hydrolysis leads to the breakdown of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The presence of ammonia increases the alkalinity of the urine, causing the pH to increase. Therefore, the correct answer is "increases".

Submit
25. Urine reagent strips should be stored in a(n):

Explanation

Urine reagent strips should be stored in a cool dry area to maintain their effectiveness. Storing them in a refrigerator or incubator can cause moisture to accumulate on the strips, potentially leading to inaccurate results. Additionally, storing them in an open jar exposed to air can also affect their quality and reliability. Therefore, a cool dry area is the most suitable storage condition for urine reagent strips.

Submit
26. The protein section of the urine reagent strip is most sensitive to:

Explanation

Albumin is the correct answer because it is the most common protein found in urine and is a sensitive indicator of kidney damage or dysfunction. Elevated levels of albumin in the urine, known as albuminuria, can be a sign of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease. The urine reagent strip is specifically designed to detect albumin, making it the most sensitive protein to be detected in urine samples. Mucoprotein, Bence Jones protein, and globulin are also proteins that can be present in urine, but albumin is the most sensitive to detect using the reagent strip.

Submit
27. Osmolality is the measure of:

Explanation

Osmolality is a measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution, including both ions and undissociated molecules. It provides information about the number of solute particles present in a given volume of solvent. Osmolality is not influenced by the size of the molecules, but rather focuses on the total number of particles in solution. Therefore, the correct answer is that osmolality measures dissolved particles, including ions.

Submit
28. The normal renal threshold for glucose in the adult is approximately:

Explanation

The normal renal threshold for glucose in the adult is approximately 160 mg/dL. This means that when the blood glucose level exceeds 160 mg/dL, the kidneys are unable to reabsorb all the glucose and it starts to be excreted in the urine. Below this threshold, the kidneys are able to reabsorb all the glucose and prevent its loss through urine. This threshold is important in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as diabetes mellitus, where elevated blood glucose levels indicate impaired glucose regulation.

Submit
29. Urine samples should be examined within 1 hour of voiding because:

Explanation

Evaluate each statement. (a) is incorrect because these cells don't agglutinate. (b) is partially correct, but urobilinogen decreases in light. (c) is true, bacterial overgrowth does lead to an alkaline urine. (d) is false, ketones are produced by fat metabolism in the patient

Submit
30. A urine specimen is analyzed for glucose by a glucose oxidase reagent strip and a copper reduction test. If both results are positive, which of the following interpretations is correct?

Explanation

If both the glucose oxidase reagent strip and the copper reduction test give positive results, it means that glucose is present in the urine specimen. The glucose oxidase reagent strip specifically detects the presence of glucose, while the copper reduction test also indicates the presence of reducing sugars, which includes glucose. Therefore, the correct interpretation is that glucose is present in the urine specimen.

Submit
31. In addition to the sperm count in a fertility study, analysis of seminal fluid should also include:

Explanation

In a fertility study, analyzing seminal fluid is important to assess various factors related to male fertility. The time of liquefaction refers to the time it takes for the semen to change from a gel-like consistency to a more liquid form, which can indicate potential issues with sperm function. Estimation of motility involves assessing the movement of sperm, as low motility can hinder their ability to reach and fertilize an egg. Morphology refers to the shape and structure of sperm, as abnormalities in morphology can affect their ability to penetrate the egg. Therefore, including these factors in the analysis of seminal fluid provides a comprehensive evaluation of male fertility.

Submit
32. Which of the following crystals may be found in acidic urine?

Explanation

Calcium oxalate crystals may be found in acidic urine. This is because oxalate is more likely to precipitate in an acidic environment. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals can be influenced by factors such as diet, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions. These crystals can contribute to the formation of kidney stones and may indicate an increased risk of developing urinary tract problems.

Submit
33. Which of the following would be affected by allowing a urine specimen to remain at room temperature for 3 hours before analysis?

Explanation

Allowing a urine specimen to remain at room temperature for 3 hours before analysis can affect the pH level. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, and it can change over time due to various factors such as bacterial growth and chemical reactions. Therefore, if a urine specimen is left at room temperature for an extended period, it can lead to alterations in pH levels, potentially impacting the accuracy of the analysis.

Submit
34. What cell is most commonly associated with vaginal contamination?

Explanation

Squamous cells are most commonly associated with vaginal contamination. Squamous cells are flat, scale-like cells that line the vagina and are shed naturally as part of the normal vaginal flora. Therefore, their presence in a vaginal sample is not necessarily indicative of any abnormality or infection. White cells, transitional cells, and glitter cells are not typically associated with vaginal contamination.

Submit
35. A patient urine sample has an increased protein and a high specific gravity. Which of the following would be a more accurate measure of urine concentration?

Explanation

Osmolality is a more accurate measure of urine concentration because it measures the concentration of all solutes in the urine, including proteins and other substances, regardless of their molecular weight. Specific gravity, on the other hand, only measures the density of the urine compared to water and can be influenced by factors other than solute concentration. Ketones, refractive index, and pH are not directly related to urine concentration.

Submit
36. The volume of urine excreted in a 24-hour period by an adult patient was 500 mL. This condition would be termed:

Explanation

Oliguria is the correct answer because it refers to a condition where the volume of urine excreted in a 24-hour period is significantly reduced. In this case, the patient excreted only 500 mL of urine, which is below the normal range of urine output for an adult. Anuria refers to the absence of urine production, polyuria refers to excessive urine production, and dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, none of which accurately describe the given scenario.

Submit
37. The principle of the reagent strip test for urine protein depends on:

Explanation

The principle of the reagent strip test for urine protein relies on the concept of protein error of indicators. This means that certain indicators used in the test can react with substances other than protein, leading to a false positive or false negative result. The indicators used in the test can be affected by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other substances in the urine, causing inaccurate protein measurements. Therefore, the correct answer is protein error of indicators.

Submit
38. Prior to reporting a red blood cell cast, it is important to observe:

Explanation

Before reporting a red blood cell cast, it is important to observe free-floating RBCs. Red blood cell casts are formed when RBCs clump together and become trapped in the renal tubules. Therefore, the presence of free-floating RBCs in the urine indicates that there may be a higher likelihood of red blood cell casts being present as well. This observation helps in making a more accurate diagnosis and determining the underlying cause of the condition.

Submit
39. A urine speciment comes to the laboratory 7 hours after it is obtained. It is acceptable for culture only if the specimen has been stored:

Explanation

Storage must inhibit bacterial growth but not kill the bacteria. Freezing and additives are not acceptable. The most commonly used method of preservation is refrigeration.

Submit
40. Whic of the following is an abnormal crystal described as a hexagonal plate?

Explanation

Cystine is an abnormal crystal that is described as a hexagonal plate. This means that when cystine crystallizes, it forms flat, six-sided plates. This is a characteristic feature of cystine crystals, which are often seen in conditions like cystinuria, where there is an abnormal accumulation of cystine in the urine. The other options, tyrosine, leucine, and cholesterol, do not have this specific hexagonal plate morphology.

Submit
41. Urine specific gravity is an index of the ability of the kidney to:

Explanation

Urine specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine compared to pure water. A higher specific gravity indicates a more concentrated urine, while a lower specific gravity indicates a more dilute urine. Therefore, the correct answer is "concentrate the urine." This ability is important for the kidneys to regulate the body's water balance and excrete waste products effectively.

Submit
42. The pH of a urine specimen measures the:

Explanation

The pH of a urine specimen measures the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the urine. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and it is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions present. In the case of urine, the pH level can provide information about the body's acid-base balance and the functioning of the kidneys. By measuring the concentration of free hydrogen ions, healthcare professionals can assess the acidity or alkalinity of the urine sample, which can be indicative of certain health conditions or the effectiveness of certain treatments.

Submit
43. A technologist is having trouble differentiating between red blood cells, oil droples and yeast cells on a urine microscopy. Acetic acid should be added to the sediment to:

Explanation

Adding acetic acid to the sediment in urine microscopy would cause the red blood cells to lyse. Acetic acid disrupts the cell membrane of the red blood cells, leading to their rupture and release of their contents. This lysis would make it easier for the technologist to differentiate between the red blood cells and other components in the urine sample.

Submit
44. EGFR calculated by the MDRD formula takes into account the age, BUN, race, albumin and what else for its calculation?

Explanation

The eGFR calculated by the MDRD formula takes into account the age, BUN, race, albumin, and creatinine for its calculation. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles and filtered by the kidneys. It is a commonly used marker to estimate kidney function. The MDRD formula combines these factors to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is a measure of how well the kidneys are functioning. Therefore, creatinine is an important component in the calculation of eGFR using the MDRD formula.

Submit
45. Acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken on standing due to the formation of:

Explanation

Acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken on standing due to the formation of methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that has been oxidized, resulting in a brown color. This oxidation process occurs naturally over time when hemoglobin is exposed to certain chemicals or conditions, such as acidic urine. The formation of methemoglobin is responsible for the darkening of the urine.

Submit
46. The purpose for routinely screening diabetes mellitus patients for microalbuminuria is to monitor the development of:

Explanation

Routinely screening diabetes mellitus patients for microalbuminuria is done to monitor the development of renal disease. Microalbuminuria refers to the presence of small amounts of albumin (a protein) in the urine, which can be an early sign of kidney damage. By regularly screening for microalbuminuria, healthcare providers can detect kidney disease in its early stages and take appropriate measures to manage and prevent further damage. This helps in ensuring timely intervention and preserving kidney function in diabetes patients.

Submit
47. A positive result for bilirubin on a reagent strip should be followed up by:

Explanation

A positive result for bilirubin on a reagent strip should be followed up by performing an Ictotest. This test is used to confirm the presence of bilirubin in the urine and can help determine if there is a liver or gallbladder problem. It is important to perform this test to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if necessary. Notifying the physician and requesting a new specimen may also be necessary, but performing an Ictotest is the most direct and specific follow-up action in this situation.

Submit
48. A physician attempts to aspirate a knee joint and obtains 0.1 mL of slightly bloody fluid. Addition of acetic acid results in turbidity and a clot. This indicates that:

Explanation

The presence of turbidity and clot formation after adding acetic acid suggests that the fluid is synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is normally present in the knee joint and is responsible for lubricating and cushioning the joint. When acetic acid is added to synovial fluid, it causes the proteins in the fluid to precipitate, leading to turbidity and clot formation. This reaction is specific to synovial fluid and indicates that the fluid obtained from the knee joint is indeed synovial fluid.

Submit
49. Isosthenuria is associated with a specific gravity which is usually:

Explanation

Isosthenuria refers to a condition where the urine has a fixed specific gravity around 1.010. This means that the concentration of solutes in the urine is balanced, neither too dilute nor too concentrated. Isosthenuria can occur in conditions such as diabetes insipidus or chronic renal failure, where the kidneys are unable to properly concentrate or dilute the urine. A fixed specific gravity around 1.010 indicates impaired kidney function and the inability to regulate urine concentration effectively.

Submit
50. The fluid leaving the glomerulus normally has a specific gravity of:

Explanation

The specific gravity of the fluid leaving the glomerulus is 1.010. Specific gravity is a measure of the density of a substance compared to the density of water. A specific gravity of 1.010 indicates that the fluid leaving the glomerulus is slightly more dense than water. This is important because the glomerulus is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and forming urine. The specific gravity of urine can vary depending on hydration levels and other factors, but a specific gravity of 1.010 is considered within the normal range.

Submit
51. An ammonia-like odor is characteristically associated with urine from patients who:

Explanation

An ammonia-like odor in urine is typically associated with an infection caused by the bacteria Proteus sp. This bacterium produces an enzyme called urease, which breaks down urea in the urine into ammonia, resulting in the distinct odor. Other conditions mentioned in the options such as diabetes, hepatitis, and yeast infections may have their own characteristic symptoms or odors, but they are not specifically associated with an ammonia-like odor in urine.

Submit
52. Which of the following casts is most indicative of end stage renal disease?

Explanation

The term "waxy" is often used to describe the appearance of the kidneys in end stage renal disease. In this condition, the kidneys become scarred and hardened, leading to a loss of kidney function. The term "waxy" refers to the pale and smooth appearance of the kidneys, which is a characteristic feature of end stage renal disease. This term is used to differentiate it from other types of kidney damage or disease, such as granular or cellular casts, which may be seen in different stages or types of renal disease.

Submit
53. The advantage of using phase microscopy in urinalysis is to:

Explanation

Phase microscopy is a technique that uses the difference in refractive index between different components of a sample to enhance contrast and visibility. In urinalysis, this advantage is particularly useful because it allows for the enhancement of constituents with a lower refractive index, such as cells and bacteria, which may be difficult to visualize using other microscopy techniques. By enhancing the visibility of these constituents, phase microscopy can provide valuable information about the composition of the urine sample and aid in the diagnosis of various urinary tract conditions.

Submit
54. Granular casts found in the urine of a football player admitted to the hospital with a broken leg occurring during the game can be the result of:

Explanation

The presence of granular casts in the urine of a football player admitted to the hospital with a broken leg occurring during the game suggests that strenuous exercise is the likely cause. Strenuous exercise can lead to muscle breakdown and the release of myoglobin into the bloodstream. This myoglobin can then be filtered by the kidneys and result in the formation of granular casts in the urine. The broken leg could also contribute to muscle damage and further support the explanation that strenuous exercise is the cause.

Submit
55. A urine's specific gravity is directly proportional it its:

Explanation

The specific gravity of urine refers to its density compared to the density of water. Dissolved solids in urine, such as electrolytes, minerals, and waste products, contribute to its density and therefore affect its specific gravity. The higher the concentration of dissolved solids in urine, the higher its specific gravity will be. Therefore, the correct answer is dissolved solids.

Submit
56. A urinalysis performed on a 2-week-old infant with diarrhea shows a negative reaction with the gluose oxidasse reagent strip. A copper reduction tablet test should be performed to check the urine sample for the presence of:

Explanation

The negative reaction with the glucose oxidase reagent strip indicates that there is no glucose present in the urine sample. Since galactose is a sugar that can be converted to glucose in the body, a copper reduction tablet test should be performed to specifically check for the presence of galactose in the urine sample. This is important because the absence of galactose metabolism can indicate a metabolic disorder called galactosemia.

Submit
57. X

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
58. Which of the following can give a false-negative urine protein reading?

Explanation

Very dilute urine can give a false-negative urine protein reading because when urine is highly diluted, the concentration of proteins in the sample may be too low to be detected by the test. This can lead to a false-negative result, indicating the absence of protein in the urine when it may actually be present.

Submit
59. An abdominal fluid is submitted from surgery. The physician wants to determine if this fluid could be urine. The technologist should:

Explanation

To determine if the abdominal fluid could be urine, the technologist should test for urea and creatinine. Urea is a waste product that is typically found in high concentrations in urine, while creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism that is also present in urine. Testing for these substances can help confirm if the fluid is indeed urine. Performing a culture or testing for protein, glucose, and pH may not specifically indicate if the fluid is urine or not.

Submit
60. The primary component of most urinary calculi is:

Explanation

Calcium is the primary component of most urinary calculi, also known as kidney stones. These stones are formed when there is an excess of calcium in the urine, which can crystallize and form solid masses. Other substances such as oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid can also contribute to the formation of kidney stones, but calcium is the most common component. High levels of calcium in the urine can be caused by various factors including diet, certain medical conditions, and genetic predisposition. Treatment for kidney stones may involve medication, dietary changes, or in severe cases, surgical intervention.

Submit
61. The finding of a large amount of uric acid crystals in a urine specimen from a 6-month-old boy:

Explanation

The presence of a large amount of uric acid crystals in a urine specimen from a 6-month-old boy could indicate Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that leads to the accumulation of uric acid in the body, resulting in the formation of crystals. This syndrome is characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities, as well as the development of kidney stones. Therefore, the finding of uric acid crystals in the urine of a young boy could be a significant indication of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

Submit
62. A 24-hour urine from a man who had no evidence of kidney impairment was sent to the laboratory for hormone determination. The volume was 600 mL, but there was some question as to the completeness of the 24-hour collection. The next step would be to :

Explanation

The correct answer is to check the creatinine level; if it is >1g, do the procedure. This is because the creatinine level in the urine can be used as a marker for the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection. If the creatinine level is greater than 1g, it suggests that the collection was incomplete, and therefore, the hormone determination should not be performed. Instead, the procedure should be repeated to ensure a complete collection.

Submit
63. A turbid cerebrospinal fluid is most commonly caused by increased:

Explanation

A turbid cerebrospinal fluid is most commonly caused by increased white blood cells. This can be a sign of inflammation or infection in the central nervous system. When there is an infection or inflammation, white blood cells are recruited to the site to fight off the pathogens or respond to the injury. The increased number of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid can cause it to appear cloudy or turbid. Protein and glucose levels may also be elevated in certain conditions, but an increased number of white blood cells is the most common cause of turbidity in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Submit
64. Hyaline casts are usually found:

Explanation

Hyaline casts are usually found under subdued light because they are transparent and colorless. Subdued light helps to enhance the visibility of these casts, making them easier to identify and analyze. Under very bright light, the casts may appear less distinct or may be overshadowed by the intensity of the light. Similarly, in the center of the coverslip or in the supernatant, the casts may not be as clearly visible due to their transparent nature. Therefore, subdued light provides the optimal conditions for observing and identifying hyaline casts.

Submit
65. A test area of a urine reagent strip is impregnated with only sodium nitroprusside. This section will react with:

Explanation

The test area of the urine reagent strip is impregnated with sodium nitroprusside, which is known to react specifically with acetoacetic (diacetic) acid. This means that when acetoacetic acid is present in the urine sample, it will react with the sodium nitroprusside on the strip, causing a color change or other detectable reaction. The other substances listed, leukocyte estrase, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and ferric chloride, do not have a specific reaction with sodium nitroprusside and therefore would not produce a detectable result on the test strip.

Submit
66. A 62-year-old patient with hyperlipoproteinemia has a large amount of protein in his urine. Microscopic anaylsis yields moderate to many fatty, waxy, granular and cellular casts. Many oval fat bodies are also noted. This is most consistent with:

Explanation

The presence of a large amount of protein in the urine, along with the presence of fatty, waxy, granular, and cellular casts, as well as oval fat bodies, is indicative of nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to excessive loss of protein in the urine. The presence of fatty casts and fat bodies suggests lipiduria, which is commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome due to altered lipid metabolism. This combination of findings is not consistent with viral infection, acute pyelonephritis, or acute glomerulonephritis.

Submit
67. A white precipitate in a urine specimen with a pH of 7.5 would most probably be caused by:

Explanation

A white precipitate in a urine specimen with a pH of 7.5 would most probably be caused by amorphous phosphates. Amorphous phosphates are salts that can form when there is an excess of phosphate in the urine. They appear as a white precipitate and are commonly seen in alkaline urine with a pH above 7. The presence of amorphous phosphates in the urine can be a normal finding and is not usually indicative of any underlying medical condition.

Submit
68. Which of the following crystals appear as fine, silky needles?

Explanation

Tyrosine crystals appear as fine, silky needles.

Submit
69. In most compound light microscopes, the ocular lens has a magnification of:

Explanation

The ocular lens in most compound light microscopes typically has a magnification of 10x. This means that when looking through the eyepiece, the image appears 10 times larger than it would with the naked eye. The ocular lens helps to further magnify the image produced by the objective lens, allowing for a clearer and more detailed view of the specimen being observed.

Submit
70. All casts typically contain:

Explanation

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein is typically present in all casts. Casts are formed in the kidney tubules and are composed of various substances, including proteins. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, also known as uromodulin, is a protein that is exclusively produced by the kidney and is a major component of urinary casts. It helps in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys. Therefore, it is expected to be present in all casts.

Submit
71. A technologist performed a STAT microscopic urinalysis and reported the following: WBC:                   10-13 RBC:                     2-6 hyaline casts:     5-7 bacteria                1+ The centrifuge tube was not discarded and the urine sediment was reevaluated microscopically 5 hours after the above results were reported. A second technologist reported the same results, except 2+ bacteria and no hyaline casts were found. The most probable explanation for the second technologist's findings is:

Explanation

The most probable explanation for the second technologist's findings is that the casts dissolved due to an increase in urine pH. This can happen if the urine becomes more alkaline, causing the casts to break down and disappear. The presence of bacteria in the second evaluation suggests that there was some time for bacterial growth, which could have led to an increase in urine pH. Additionally, the fact that the first technologist reported the presence of hyaline casts, but the second technologist did not, further supports the idea that the casts dissolved over time.

Submit
72. A reagent strip test for blood has been reported positive. Microscopic examination fails to yield red blood cells. This patient's condition can be called:

Explanation

Hemoglobinuria is the correct answer because the patient's reagent strip test for blood is positive, indicating the presence of hemoglobin in the urine. The absence of red blood cells in the microscopic examination suggests that the hemoglobin is being released directly into the urine, rather than through the breakdown of red blood cells in the urinary tract. This condition is known as hemoglobinuria.

Submit
73. In which of the following metabolic diseases will urine turn dark brown to black upon standing?

Explanation

Alkaptonuria is a metabolic disease in which the body cannot properly break down an amino acid called tyrosine. As a result, a substance called homogentisic acid accumulates in the body and is excreted in urine. When this urine is exposed to air and allowed to stand, it oxidizes and turns dark brown to black in color. This is a characteristic feature of alkaptonuria. Phenylketonuria, maple syrup disease, and aminoaciduria do not typically cause urine to turn dark brown to black upon standing.

Submit
74. An antidiuretic hormone deficiency is associated with a:

Explanation

An antidiuretic hormone deficiency leads to a decrease in the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, resulting in increased urine production and a diluted urine. This leads to a low specific gravity, as specific gravity measures the concentration of solutes in urine.

Submit
75. The clarity of a urine sample should be determined:

Explanation

The clarity of a urine sample should be determined following thorough mixing of the specimen. Thorough mixing ensures that any sediment or particles in the urine are evenly distributed, allowing for a more accurate assessment of its clarity. This step is important because the presence of cloudiness or turbidity in the urine can indicate the presence of abnormal substances such as bacteria, red or white blood cells, or crystals. Therefore, by thoroughly mixing the specimen before evaluating its clarity, healthcare professionals can obtain a more reliable result.

Submit
76. The presence of leukocytes in urine is known as:

Explanation

Pyuria is the presence of leukocytes or white blood cells in the urine. It is often a sign of a urinary tract infection or other inflammatory condition in the urinary system. The other options, chyluria, hematuria, and leukocytosis, all refer to different conditions or abnormalities, but do not specifically indicate the presence of leukocytes in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is pyuria.

Submit
77. A 2-year-old child had a positive urine ketones. The would most likely be caused by:

Explanation

A 2-year-old child having a positive urine ketones is most likely caused by vomiting. Vomiting can lead to a decrease in food intake and subsequent breakdown of fat stores in the body to provide energy. This breakdown of fats produces ketones, which are then excreted in the urine. Anemia, hypoglycemia, and biliary tract obstruction are not typically associated with the presence of urine ketones.

Submit
78. A patient's urinalysis revealed a positive bilirubin and a decreased urobilinogen level. These results are associated with:

Explanation

A positive bilirubin and decreased urobilinogen level in a patient's urinalysis are indicative of biliary obstruction. Biliary obstruction refers to a blockage in the bile ducts, which prevents the normal flow of bile from the liver to the intestines. Bilirubin is a pigment that is normally excreted in the bile and gives urine its yellow color. When the bile ducts are obstructed, bilirubin cannot be properly excreted, leading to its presence in the urine. Additionally, urobilinogen is a byproduct of bilirubin metabolism in the intestines. A decrease in urobilinogen suggests that bilirubin is not reaching the intestines due to the obstruction.

Submit
79. Use of a refractometer over a urinometer is preferred due to the fact that the refractometer uses:

Explanation

A refractometer is preferred over a urinometer because it uses a small volume of urine and compensates for temperature. This means that it requires less urine for testing and takes into account the temperature of the urine sample, which can affect the accuracy of the results. By using a small volume of urine, it is also more convenient and less invasive for the patient.

Submit
80. When identifying urine crystals, which reagent strip result is most important?

Explanation

The pH level of urine is the most important reagent strip result when identifying urine crystals. The pH level indicates the acidity or alkalinity of urine, which can affect the formation and dissolution of crystals. Different types of crystals have different pH preferences for formation. By knowing the pH level, healthcare professionals can better understand the type of crystals present in the urine and determine appropriate treatment or further diagnostic tests.

Submit
81. Microscopic analysis of a urine specimen yields a moderate amount of red blood cells in spite of a negative result for occult blood using a reagent strip. The technologist should determine if this patient has taken:

Explanation

The correct answer is vitamin C. Vitamin C is known to interfere with the reagent strip test for occult blood, leading to a false negative result. This means that even though there may be red blood cells present in the urine specimen, the reagent strip test will not detect them. Therefore, the technologist should consider the possibility that the patient has taken vitamin C, which could explain the discrepancy between the microscopic analysis and the reagent strip test results.

Submit
82. A woman in her ninth month of pregnancy has a urine sugar which is negative with the urine reagent strip, but gives a positive reaction with the copper reduction method. The sugar most likely responsible for these results is:

Explanation

Lactose is the sugar most likely responsible for these results because it is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. The urine reagent strip may not detect lactose, leading to a negative result, but the copper reduction method can detect lactose, resulting in a positive reaction. Maltose, galactose, and glucose are all monosaccharides and would not give a positive reaction with the copper reduction method.

Submit
83. Which of the following components are present in serum but not present in the glomerular filtrate?

Explanation

Large molecular weight proteins are present in serum but not present in the glomerular filtrate. This is because the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys prevents the passage of large molecules, including proteins, into the filtrate. Glucose, amino acids, and urea, on the other hand, are small molecules that can freely pass through the filtration barrier and are therefore present in both serum and the glomerular filtrate.

Submit
84. The results of a urinalysis on a first morning specimen are:
  • specific gravity 1.024
  • pH 8.5
  • protein, negative
  • glucose, negative
  • microscopic, uric acid crystals
The next step is to repeat the:

Explanation

The next step is to repeat the pH and microscopic examination. This is because the specific gravity, protein, and glucose levels are all within normal ranges. However, a pH of 8.5 is considered high and may indicate a urinary tract infection or other underlying condition. Additionally, the presence of uric acid crystals in the microscopic examination may also suggest an underlying issue. Therefore, repeating the pH and microscopic examination will help further evaluate the patient's urinary health.

Submit
85. To prepare the reagent used in confirmatory protein technician, a technician would:

Explanation

The correct answer is to dissolve 3g sulfosalicylic acid in 100mL of water. This is because the reagent used in confirmatory protein technician requires sulfosalicylic acid, and the given option provides the correct amount of sulfosalicylic acid dissolved in the appropriate volume of water.

Submit
86. Using polarized light microscopy, which of the following urinary elements are birefringent?

Explanation

Cholesterol is birefringent when observed under polarized light microscopy. Birefringence refers to the property of a material to split light into two different refractive indices, resulting in the appearance of different colors. This phenomenon occurs due to the arrangement of molecules within the material. In the case of cholesterol, its crystalline structure causes it to exhibit birefringence when polarized light is passed through it. Triglycerides, fatty acids, and neutral fats do not possess this property and therefore are not birefringent under polarized light microscopy.

Submit
87. A 59-year-old man is evaluated for back pain. Urine studies show: Reagent strip: specific gravity 1.017 pH 6.5 protein negative glucose negative blood negative microscopic findings: rare epithelial cells urine protein electrophoresis: monoclonal spike in gamma globulin region Which of the following statements best explains these results?

Explanation

Reagent strip tests for protein are primarily sensitive to albumin. The monoclonal spike in the gamma region indicates the presence of Bence Jones protein that is an immunoglobulin rather than albumin.

Submit
88. The following lab values were obtained on a body fluid sample: Protein: 3 g/dL Albumin: 2.1 g/dL Hyaluronate: 0.4 g/dL Glucose: 80 mg/dL Lactate: 10 mg/dL The sample is:

Explanation

Based on the given lab values, the sample is most likely synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is a viscous fluid found in the joints, and its composition is similar to plasma but with lower protein levels. The protein level in this sample is 3 g/dL, which is within the normal range for synovial fluid. Additionally, the presence of hyaluronate, which is a component of synovial fluid, further supports this conclusion. The other options, such as pleural fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, would have different protein and hyaluronate levels.

Submit
89. X

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
90. X

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
91. Which of the following urinary parameters are measured during the course of concentration and dilution tests to assess renal tubular function?

Explanation

Osmolality and specific gravity are measured during concentration and dilution tests to assess renal tubular function. Osmolality measures the concentration of solutes in urine, which helps determine the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine. Specific gravity measures the density of urine, which provides information about the kidney's ability to maintain water balance. Urea, nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, and chloride are also important parameters in assessing renal function, but they are not specifically measured during concentration and dilution tests to assess renal tubular function.

Submit
92. The normal glomerular filtration rate is:

Explanation

The normal glomerular filtration rate is 120 mL/min. This refers to the amount of blood that is filtered by the glomeruli in the kidneys per minute. It is an important measure of kidney function and helps to determine if the kidneys are working properly. A GFR of 120 mL/min indicates that the kidneys are able to effectively filter waste products from the blood.

Submit
93. The reason for performing a Clinitest on a newborn's urine is to check for:

Explanation

A Clinitest is performed on a newborn's urine to check for galactose. Galactosemia is a rare genetic disorder where the body is unable to process galactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. If a newborn has galactosemia, the Clinitest will detect the presence of galactose in their urine, indicating the need for further medical intervention and dietary restrictions to prevent complications associated with the disorder.

Submit
94. Failure to observe RBC casts in a urine specimen can be caused by:

Explanation

Failure to observe RBC casts in a urine specimen can be caused by centrifuging an unmixed specimen. When a urine specimen is not properly mixed before centrifugation, the RBC casts may settle at the bottom and not be evenly distributed in the sediment. As a result, when examining the sediment under the microscope, the RBC casts may not be present or may be difficult to identify.

Submit
95. The creatinine clearance is reported in:

Explanation

The creatinine clearance is reported in mL/min because it measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to filter creatinine from the blood. Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles and excreted by the kidneys. By measuring the amount of creatinine cleared from the blood in a specific amount of time, mL/min provides a standardized unit to assess kidney function. This measurement is commonly used in clinical practice to evaluate renal health and monitor the progression of kidney diseases.

Submit
96. The confirmatory test for a positive protein result by the reagent strip method uses:

Explanation

Sulfosalicylic acid is used as the confirmatory test for a positive protein result by the reagent strip method. This is because sulfosalicylic acid reacts specifically with proteins, forming a white precipitate. This reaction helps to confirm the presence of proteins in the sample. Ehrlich reagent, a diazo reaction, and a copper reduction tablet are not commonly used for protein confirmation tests.

Submit
97. To prepare a solution appropriate for quality control of the refractometer, a technician should use:

Explanation

The refractometer is a device used to measure the refractive index of a substance, which is related to its specific gravity. In order to calibrate the refractometer for quality control, the technician should use a substance with a known specific gravity. Among the options given, only sodium chloride with a specific gravity of 1.022 is suitable for this purpose. Urea, water, and calcium chloride do not have the specific gravity required for calibration.

Submit
98. To avoid falsely elevated spinal fluid cell counts:

Explanation

To avoid falsely elevated spinal fluid cell counts, it is recommended to select an aliquot from the last tube collected. This is because during the collection process, the first tube may contain contaminants or debris from the needle insertion, which can lead to inaccurate cell counts. By selecting an aliquot from the last tube, it ensures that the sample collected is free from any potential contaminants, providing a more accurate representation of the spinal fluid cell count.

Submit
99. A 21-year-old woman had glucose in her urine with a normal blood sugar. These findings are most consistent with:

Explanation

The presence of glucose in the urine with normal blood sugar levels suggests renal glycosuria. Renal glycosuria is a condition where the kidneys are unable to reabsorb glucose, leading to its excretion in the urine. This is different from diabetes mellitus, where there is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance. Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Alkaline tide refers to the increase in blood pH that occurs after a meal.

Submit
100. Myoglobinuria is most likely to be noted in urine specimens from patients with which of the following disorders?

Explanation

Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin, a protein found in muscle cells, in the urine. It is most likely to be noted in urine specimens from patients with myocardial infarction. During a heart attack, the heart muscle is damaged, leading to the release of myoglobin into the bloodstream. This myoglobin can then be filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine, causing myoglobinuria. Hemolytic anemia, lower urinary tract infection, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria are not typically associated with myoglobinuria.

Submit
101. Clue cells are a form of:

Explanation

Clue cells represent the attachment of the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis to squamous epithelial cells. Gardnerella causes vaginal infections, and the cells lining the vagina are the squamous epithelial cells.

Submit
102. A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will most likely have:

Explanation

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to increased blood glucose levels, which results in excess glucose being filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. This excess glucose in the urine causes an osmotic diuresis, leading to increased urine production. However, despite the increased volume of urine, the urine may appear pale because the high glucose levels can cause dehydration. Additionally, the high glucose levels in the urine contribute to a high specific gravity, indicating concentrated urine.

Submit
103. The following urinalysis results were obtained from an 18-year-old woman in labor: pH 6.5 Protein 30mg/dL Glucose 250mg/dL Ketones Negative Bilirubin Small Blood Negative Nitrite Negative Urobilinogen 0.1 EU/dL Specific Gravity 1.025 Copper reduction test 1.0 g/dL Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the patient's positive copper reduction test?

Explanation

The most likely explanation for the patient's positive copper reduction test is that glucose and possibly other reducing substances/sugars are present. The copper reduction test is used to detect the presence of reducing substances in the urine, such as glucose. A positive result indicates the presence of these substances. Since the patient's urine analysis also showed a high level of glucose, it is likely that the positive copper reduction test is due to the presence of glucose and possibly other reducing substances/sugars in the urine.

Submit
104. The urine microscopic constituents that best differentiate between cystitis and pyelonephritis are:

Explanation

WBC casts are the urine microscopic constituents that best differentiate between cystitis and pyelonephritis. While both conditions can present with WBCs and bacteria in the urine, the presence of WBC casts is more specific to pyelonephritis. WBC casts are formed when white blood cells clump together in the renal tubules, indicating inflammation and infection in the kidneys. Therefore, the presence of WBC casts suggests a more severe and deeper infection in the kidneys, which is characteristic of pyelonephritis rather than cystitis.

Submit
105. Which of the following reagents is used to react with ketones in the urine?

Explanation

Sodium nitroprusside is used to react with ketones in the urine. Ketones are a class of organic compounds that are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy. In certain conditions such as diabetes or starvation, ketones can accumulate in the urine. Sodium nitroprusside is a reagent that reacts specifically with ketones, producing a color change. This reaction is often used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of ketones in urine samples. Acetoacetic acid, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid are all types of ketones, but they are not the reagents used to react with ketones in the urine.

Submit
106. When performing a routine urinalysis, the technologist notes a 2+ protein result. He should:

Explanation

The technologist should confirm the 2+ protein result with the acid precipitation test. This test helps to determine if the protein present in the urine is due to a pathological condition or simply a result of contamination. By performing the acid precipitation test, the technologist can accurately assess the protein levels and make a more informed decision regarding further testing or reporting the result.

Submit
107. A patient admitted following an accident involving massive crush injuries has the following urinalysis results: color:                             red brown clarity:                            clear specific gravity:            1.011 pH:                                  6.0 protein:                           1+ blood:                             large glucose:                         negative ketones:                         negative nitrite:                              negative leukocytes:                    negative bilirubin:                         negative urobilinogen:                 negative Microscopic findings renal tubular epithelial:        5-10 renal tubular cast cells:       1-2 The discrepancy between the large amount of blood and the absence of RBC's on microscopy is caused by:

Explanation

The correct answer is the presence of myoglobin in the urine specimen. Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissue, and its presence in the urine can cause it to appear red or brown, similar to blood. This can lead to a false positive result for blood on urinalysis. In this case, the absence of red blood cells on microscopy suggests that the blood is not actually present in the urine, but rather it is due to the presence of myoglobin.

Submit
108. A reagent strip area impregnated with stabilized, diazotized 2, 4-dichloroaniline will yield a positive reaction with:

Explanation

The reagent strip area impregnated with stabilized, diazotized 2, 4-dichloroaniline will yield a positive reaction with bilirubin. This is because diazotized 2, 4-dichloroaniline reacts with bilirubin to form a colored compound, indicating the presence of bilirubin in the sample. Hemoglobin, ketones, and urobilinogen do not react with this reagent strip, so they would not yield a positive reaction.

Submit
109. Which of the following exhibits rapid motility in urine sediment?

Explanation

The flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis moves rapidly through the sediment. If not moving, it may resemble a WBC, and careful examination of phase microscopy is needed to visualize the flagellum. Urine is toxic to spermatozoa.

Submit
110. The synovial fluid easily forms small drops from the aspirating syringe. The viscosity is:

Explanation

The synovial fluid easily forming small drops from the aspirating syringe suggests that the viscosity of the fluid is increased. This is commonly associated with inflammation, as inflammation can cause an increase in the thickness and stickiness of synovial fluid.

Submit
111. A urine specimen is tested and has the following results: Reagent strip glucose 3+ protein 1+ Microscopic findings >100 WBCs/hpf many yeast cells This is indicative of:

Explanation

The presence of glucose 3+ and protein 1+ in the urine specimen suggests that the patient may have diabetes mellitus. In diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to high levels of glucose in the urine. The presence of many yeast cells and >100 white blood cells per high power field (hpf) indicates a possible infection, which can be common in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the combination of these findings suggests that the patient may have diabetes mellitus.

Submit
112. Spherical urothelial cells may be confused with:

Explanation

Spherical urothelial cells may be confused with renal tubular epithelial cells because both types of cells have a similar round shape. However, renal tubular epithelial cells are typically found in the urine and originate from the kidneys, while urothelial cells are found in the lining of the urinary tract. Therefore, if spherical cells are observed in a urine sample, it is important to differentiate between these two types of cells to accurately diagnose any potential kidney or urinary tract issues.

Submit
113. The urinary tract structures responsible for renal concentration are the:

Explanation

Juxtamedullary nephrons are responsible for renal concentration. These nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. This allows for a greater concentration gradient to be established, leading to the reabsorption of more water and the production of concentrated urine. The other structures mentioned, such as the renal pelvis, cortical nephrons, and renal papillae, do not play a direct role in renal concentration.

Submit
114. To distinguish between a clump of WBC's and a WBC cast, it is important to observe:

Explanation

The presence of a cast matrix is important to distinguish between a clump of WBC's and a WBC cast. A cast matrix refers to the material that surrounds and holds the cells together in a cast. In the case of a WBC cast, the matrix would indicate that the white blood cells are clumped together and formed into a cast shape. On the other hand, if there is no cast matrix, it suggests that the white blood cells are free-floating and not formed into a cast. Therefore, the presence of a cast matrix is crucial in differentiating between these two scenarios.

Submit
115. Synovial fluid is analyzed with a polarizing microscope. Strongly birefringent needles are seen. This most likely indicates:

Explanation

The presence of strongly birefringent needles in synovial fluid analyzed with a polarizing microscope is most likely indicative of monosodium urate crystals. Monosodium urate crystals are commonly associated with gout, a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid in the joints. The characteristic needle-like shape and birefringence under polarized light are consistent with the appearance of monosodium urate crystals.

Submit
116. Microalbumin can be measured by a random urine collection. An increase microalbumin is predictive of:

Explanation

An increase in microalbumin levels in a random urine collection is predictive of nephropathy. Nephropathy refers to kidney damage or disease, and an increase in microalbumin indicates that the kidneys are not functioning properly. This can be a sign of nephropathy, which can be caused by various factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or nephrotic syndrome. Therefore, an increase in microalbumin levels can be used as an indicator of nephropathy.

Submit
117. The sediment of a urine specimen with a reagent strip glucose of 250 mg/dL and a pH of 5.5 is ideal for the presence of:

Explanation

The presence of glucose in the urine specimen indicates high levels of sugar, which can promote the growth of Candida albicans, a type of yeast. Candida albicans is commonly found in the urinary tract and can cause infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or uncontrolled diabetes. The acidic pH of 5.5 further supports the growth of Candida albicans, as it thrives in acidic environments. Therefore, the sediment of this urine specimen is ideal for the presence of Candida albicans.

Submit
118. Tiny, colorless, dumb bell shaped crystals were found in an alkaline urine sediment. They most likely are:

Explanation

Tiny, colorless, dumbbell-shaped crystals found in an alkaline urine sediment are most likely calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate crystals are commonly found in alkaline urine and have a characteristic dumbbell shape. They are colorless and can be easily identified under a microscope. Calcium oxalate crystals, on the other hand, are usually colorless or have a yellow-brown color and have a different shape. Calcium phosphate crystals are typically larger and have a different appearance as well. Amorphous phosphate refers to a non-crystalline form and is not likely to be present in this scenario.

Submit
119. Oval fat bodies are:

Explanation

Oval fat bodies are renal tubular epithelial cells that contain lipids. These cells are typically found in the urine and are a sign of kidney disease or damage. The presence of oval fat bodies indicates that there is excessive lipid accumulation in the renal tubules, which can be caused by various conditions such as nephrotic syndrome or kidney inflammation. The lipid content in these cells can be visualized under a microscope, and their presence helps in diagnosing and monitoring kidney-related disorders.

Submit
120. A urine tested with Clinitest exhibits a passthrough reaction and is diluted by adding 2 drops of urine to 10 drops of water. This is a dilution of:

Explanation

The dilution of 1:6 means that the urine has been diluted by adding 2 drops of urine to 10 drops of water. This results in a total of 12 drops (2 + 10) in the final solution, with 2 drops being urine and 10 drops being water. The ratio of urine to water is therefore 2:10, which simplifies to 1:5. However, since the question asks for the dilution ratio, the correct answer is 1:6.

Submit
121. A sperm count is diluted 1:20 and 50 sperm are counted in 2 large squares of the neubauer counting chamber. The sperm count in mLs is:

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
122. Identify the formed element in this photomicrograph:

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
123. Which of the following positive chemical reaction is most closely associated with the presence of yeast in urine sediment?

Explanation

Yeast cells are commonly seen in urine specimens from persons with diabetes mellitus, because the high glucose content provides an excellent growth media for yeast.

Submit
124. Which of the following aids in differentiating a spherical transitional cell from a round renal tubular cell?

Explanation

The correct answer is "eccentrically-placed nucleus in the renal tubular cell." This is because a spherical transitional cell and a round renal tubular cell can both be larger in size, so size alone cannot differentiate them. However, the presence of an eccentrically-placed nucleus in the renal tubular cell is a distinguishing feature that can help differentiate it from a spherical transitional cell.

Submit
125. The following results were obtained one a urine speciment at 8:00 am: pH:                 5.5 protein:           2+ glucose:         3+ ketones:         3+ blood:             negative bilirubin:          positive nitrite:             positive If this urine speciment was stored uncapped at 5 degrees C without preservation and retested at 2pm, which of the following test results would be changed due to these storage conditions?

Explanation

The sample is mistreated by being uncapped. It is refrigerated, which will prevent bacteria from reproducing (so (d) is incorrect), and from metabolizing glucose (so (a) is incorrect). Ketones can evaporate, but protein will not.

Submit
126. The area of the nephron that is impermeable to water is the:

Explanation

The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water. This segment of the nephron actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the tubule, creating a concentration gradient that allows for reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. This process helps in the regulation of water balance and urine concentration. The proximal convoluted tubule, on the other hand, is permeable to water and reabsorbs a significant amount of water from the filtrate. The descending loop of Henle is also permeable to water and allows for the passive reabsorption of water. The distal convoluted tubule has limited water reabsorption capabilities compared to the ascending loop of Henle.

Submit
127. Pleural transudate differe from pleural exudates in that transudates have:

Explanation

Pleural transudates differ from pleural exudates in that they have relatively low cell counts. Transudates are caused by imbalances in fluid pressure or osmotic forces, leading to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. They are typically clear and have low protein content, as the fluid is mostly composed of plasma filtrate. Exudates, on the other hand, result from inflammation or infection, and they have higher protein content and cell counts due to the presence of inflammatory cells and debris. Therefore, the presence of relatively low cell counts is a characteristic feature of pleural transudates.

Submit
128. The following urine results were obtained on a 25-year-old female: pH 7.0 Color Yellow Appearance Cloudy Protein 1+ Glucose Negative Blood Small Specific gravity 1.015 Microscopic Bacteria Many WBC Casts 0-3/lpf WBC 30-40/hpf The results are most compatible with:

Explanation

The urine results indicate the presence of bacteria (many) and white blood cells (30-40/hpf), which are consistent with an infection in the kidneys. This suggests that the most likely condition is pyelonephritis, which is an inflammation of the kidneys caused by a bacterial infection. The cloudy appearance of the urine and the presence of protein (1+) further support this diagnosis. Glomerulonephritis, renal calculus, and cystitis are less likely based on the given results.

Submit
129. A urine specimen with an elevated urobilinogen and a negative bilirubin may indicate:

Explanation

An elevated urobilinogen in a urine specimen indicates increased breakdown of red blood cells. In hemolytic jaundice, there is excessive destruction of red blood cells, leading to an increase in urobilinogen. A negative bilirubin suggests that there is no liver dysfunction or obstruction of the biliary tract, which eliminates the possibilities of viral hepatitis and obstruction of the biliary tract. Cirrhosis is not associated with increased breakdown of red blood cells, so it is not the correct answer. Therefore, the correct answer is hemolytic jaundice.

Submit
130. A urinalysis performed on a 27-year-old woman yields the following results: Specific gravity 1.008 Protein 2+ Glucose Negative Ketones Negative Bilirubin Negative Blood 3+ Nitrite Negative Leukocytes Positive Urobilinogen 0.1 EU/dL Microscopic findings WBC/hpf 10-15 RBC/hpf 30-55 Casts/lpf Hyaline 5-7 RBC 2-5 Granular 2-3 Uric acid crystals Moderate These findings are most consistent with:

Explanation

The presence of protein (2+), blood (3+), and leukocytes (positive) in the urinalysis results suggests glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can lead to the leakage of protein and blood into the urine. The presence of white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) in the microscopic findings further supports the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis. Other conditions such as yeast infection, pyelonephritis, and bacterial cystitis would typically present with different urinary findings.

Submit
131. The method of choice for performing a specific gravity measurement of urine following administration of x-ray contrast dyes is:

Explanation

The correct answer is reagent strip. Reagent strips are commonly used for specific gravity measurements in urine analysis. They contain chemical reagents that react with the urine sample and produce color changes or other visible indicators. These strips are easy to use, cost-effective, and provide quick results. In the case of urine samples with x-ray contrast dyes, reagent strips can still accurately measure specific gravity without interference from the dyes.

Submit
132. Refractive index is a comparison of:

Explanation

Light bends when it hits the surface of the liquid, because the light slows down its velocity. This is called refraction. The degree that the light bends is the refractive index.

Submit
133. Identify this crystal:

Explanation

Uric acid is the correct answer because it is a crystal that can be found in the urine and is associated with conditions like gout. Uric acid crystals have a characteristic shape and can be identified under a microscope. Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and triple phosphate acid are also types of crystals that can be found in the urine, but they have different characteristics and are associated with different conditions.

Submit
134. Cholesterol crystals will most likely be observed in urine that contains:

Explanation

Cholesterol crystals are commonly observed in urine that contains 4+ protein. This is because high levels of protein in the urine, known as proteinuria, can lead to the formation of cholesterol crystals. Proteinuria can occur due to various conditions such as kidney damage, inflammation, or certain diseases. The presence of cholesterol crystals in the urine can indicate underlying kidney problems and may require further investigation and medical attention.

Submit
135. The most accurate test to determine renal concentration in:

Explanation

Osmolarity is the correct answer because it is a measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution, specifically the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. In the context of renal concentration, osmolarity is used to assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine by measuring the concentration of solutes in the urine. This test helps to evaluate renal function and diagnose conditions such as dehydration or kidney disease. Glomerular filtration rate, specific gravity, and tubular reabsorption rate are not direct measures of renal concentration and are not as accurate for this purpose.

Submit
136. The presence of this element in urine indicates the presence of:

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

Submit
137. When using the sulfosalicylic acid test, false-positive protein results may occur in the presence of:

Explanation

The sulfosalicylic acid test is a method used to detect protein in a sample. However, certain substances can interfere with the test and cause false-positive results. In this case, radiographic contrast media is the substance that can cause false-positive protein results.

Submit
138. Ghost red blood cells are seen in urine that is:

Explanation

Ghost red blood cells are seen in urine that is alkaline and dilute. This is because alkaline urine can cause the red blood cells to lose their hemoglobin content, making them appear as ghost cells. Additionally, dilute urine can further enhance the visibility of these ghost cells.

Submit
139. Ammonium sulfate was added to red urine. The urine had a positive reaction for blood, but no RBC's were seen on microscopic examination. After centrifugation the supernatant fluid is red. The abnormal color is caued by:

Explanation

The abnormal red color in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation suggests the presence of myoglobin. Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissues, and its presence in the urine can indicate muscle damage or injury. In this case, the positive reaction for blood without the presence of red blood cells on microscopic examination suggests that the blood is not coming from the urinary tract but rather from muscle tissue. Therefore, the addition of ammonium sulfate to the red urine causes the abnormal color due to the presence of myoglobin.

Submit
140. Ketones in the urine are due to:

Explanation

Ketones in the urine are due to incomplete fat metabolism. When the body doesn't have enough insulin to convert glucose into energy, it starts breaking down fat for fuel instead. This process produces ketones as a byproduct, which can be detected in the urine. Incomplete fat metabolism occurs when the body is unable to fully break down the fats, leading to an accumulation of ketones. This can happen in conditions like uncontrolled diabetes or during periods of prolonged fasting or starvation.

Submit
141. An eosinophil count may be requested on urine from a patient with suspected:

Explanation

An eosinophil count may be requested on urine from a patient with suspected acute interstitial nephritis because eosinophils are white blood cells that are typically associated with allergic or immune responses. Acute interstitial nephritis is often caused by an allergic reaction to medications or infections, leading to inflammation in the kidney. The presence of eosinophils in the urine can indicate this type of kidney inflammation.

Submit
142. Which of the following contaminants has a dimpled center and will polarize?

Explanation

Starch is the correct answer because it has a dimpled center and can polarize. When light passes through a substance, it can become polarized, meaning the light waves align in a specific direction. Starch molecules have a helical structure with a dimpled center, which allows them to interact with light and cause polarization. This is why starch can be used in polarizing microscopes to enhance contrast and visibility of certain specimens.

Submit
143. Excess urine on the reagent test strip can turn a normal pH result into a falsely acidic pH when which of the following reagents runs into the pH pad?

Explanation

Excess urine on the reagent test strip can turn a normal pH result into a falsely acidic pH when citrate buffer runs into the pH pad. Citrate buffer is commonly used in laboratory tests to maintain a stable pH. However, if there is an excessive amount of urine on the test strip, it can interfere with the proper functioning of the citrate buffer, causing it to react with the urine and produce a falsely acidic pH result.

Submit
144. Which of the following cells is most likely to be seen in the urine sediment following a catheterization procedure?

Explanation

Following a catheterization procedure, the most likely cell to be seen in the urine sediment is a urothelial cell. Urothelial cells are the cells that line the urinary tract, including the bladder, ureters, and urethra. During a catheterization procedure, the catheter is inserted into the urethra and advanced into the bladder, which can cause some damage to the urothelial cells lining the urinary tract. As a result, these cells may be shed into the urine and can be observed in the urine sediment. Squamous epithelial cells are typically present in the urine due to contamination and are not specific to catheterization. White blood cells may indicate infection, while renal tubular epithelial cells may suggest kidney damage, but these are less likely to be seen following a catheterization procedure.

Submit
145. A patient with renal tubular acidosis would most likely excrete a urine with a:

Explanation

Patients with renal tubular acidosis have impaired ability to excrete acid in the urine, leading to a buildup of acid in the body. This results in a condition called metabolic acidosis. To compensate for this, the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions in the urine, which raises the pH of the urine. Therefore, a patient with renal tubular acidosis would most likely excrete a urine with a high pH.

Submit
146. After warming, a cloudy urine clears. This is due to the presence of:

Explanation

After warming, a cloudy urine clears because of the presence of urates. Urates are salts that can precipitate and cause cloudiness in urine when it is at a lower temperature. However, when the urine is warmed, these urates dissolve and the cloudiness disappears, resulting in clear urine.

Submit
147. Following ingestion of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) numerous crystals are found in the urine. The shape of these crystals is:

Explanation

After ingestion of ethylene glycol, the crystals that are found in the urine have an oval or dumbbell shape. This is a characteristic feature of ethylene glycol poisoning. The crystals can be observed under a microscope and their shape helps in identifying the presence of ethylene glycol in the body.

Submit
148. Bilirubinuria may be associated with:

Explanation

Bilirubinuria is the presence of bilirubin in the urine, which is usually a sign of liver dysfunction. Viral hepatitis is a condition that causes inflammation of the liver due to a viral infection, leading to impaired liver function. This inflammation can disrupt the normal processing of bilirubin, resulting in its presence in the urine. Therefore, viral hepatitis is a plausible explanation for the occurrence of bilirubinuria.

Submit
149. The reason that an albumin:creatinine ratio can be run on random specimen is:

Explanation

The reason that an albumin:creatinine ratio can be run on a random specimen is because creatinine corrects for over or under body hydration. This means that even if the specimen is not a first morning specimen and may be too concentrated, the creatinine level can adjust for this and provide an accurate measurement of the albumin level. Additionally, using creatinine as a correction factor ensures that the reaction is sensitive to any level of albumin, making it a reliable test for detecting kidney damage or disease.

Submit
150. A microscopic examination of urine sediment reveals ghost cells. These red blood cells are seen in urine with a:

Explanation

Ghost cells are red blood cells that have lost their hemoglobin, leaving behind a ghost-like appearance. The presence of ghost cells in urine sediment indicates that the red blood cells have been present in the urine for a prolonged period of time. Specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in urine and can provide information about the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. Therefore, a high specific gravity would suggest concentrated urine, which could lead to the presence of ghost cells.

Submit
151. Glitter cells are a microscopic finding of:

Explanation

Glitter cells are a microscopic finding of white blood cells in hypotonic urine. In hypotonic urine, the concentration of solutes is lower than that of the surrounding cells and tissues. This causes the white blood cells to swell and burst, releasing their contents into the urine. These burst cells, also known as glitter cells, can be observed under a microscope.

Submit
152. The possibility of detecting glitter cells is associated with urine that is:

Explanation

Glitter cells are a type of epithelial cell found in the urine that have a sparkling appearance under the microscope. These cells are more likely to be detected in dilute urine rather than concentrated urine. When urine is dilute, it means that there is a higher amount of water content and lower concentration of solutes. This allows the glitter cells to be more easily visible and distinguishable from other cells and debris present in the urine sample. In contrast, concentrated urine contains a higher concentration of solutes, which can make it difficult to detect the glitter cells.

Submit
153. A urine specimen collected on an apparently healthy 25-year-old man shortly after he finished eating lunch was cloudy by showed some normal results on a multiple reagent strip analysis. The most likely cause of the turbidity is:

Explanation

The cloudy urine specimen in an apparently healthy individual after lunch is most likely caused by phosphates. Phosphates can form crystals in the urine when it is alkaline, leading to turbidity. The presence of normal results on the multiple reagent strip analysis suggests that other factors such as infection or inflammation are not likely causes of the turbidity. Fat, white blood cells, and urates are less likely to cause turbidity in this scenario.

Submit
154. Glycosuria may be due to:

Explanation

Glycosuria refers to the presence of glucose in the urine. This can occur due to various reasons such as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels), increased renal threshold (the level of glucose at which the kidneys start to excrete it), renal tubular dysfunction (impaired reabsorption of glucose by the renal tubules), or increased glomerular filtration rate (increased filtering of glucose by the kidneys). In this case, the correct answer is renal tubular dysfunction, as it specifically refers to a problem with the renal tubules' ability to reabsorb glucose, leading to its excretion in the urine.

Submit
155. The following crystal is found in:

Explanation

This crystal is found in an alkaline pH and is nonpathologic. This means that the crystal is formed in an environment with a high pH level, which is alkaline, and it does not cause any harm or disease.

Submit
156. The best way to lower the light intensity of the microscope is to:

Explanation

Lowering the rheostat is the best way to lower the light intensity of the microscope. The rheostat is a device that controls the amount of electrical current flowing through the microscope's light source. By lowering the rheostat, the current is reduced, resulting in a decrease in the light intensity. This allows for better visualization of the specimen, particularly in cases where the light is too bright and causes glare or washes out the details.

Submit
157. To prepare the reagent used for mucin clot determination of synovial fluid, water is mixed with:

Explanation

Glacial acetic acid is used to prepare the reagent for mucin clot determination of synovial fluid. This is because glacial acetic acid helps in precipitating mucin, which is a key component of synovial fluid. It helps in forming a clot-like structure that can be observed and measured. Hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and trichloroacetic acid are not suitable for this purpose and do not have the same effect on mucin clot formation.

Submit
158. Bacteria are considered significant in the urine sediment when the:

Explanation

Based on the time between collection and analysis of urine specimen and the method of preservation, bacteria can be a heavy contaminant of urine. A positive LE test indicating the presence of WBC's confirms the actual presence of an infection.

Submit
159. Epithelial cell casts are most indicative of:

Explanation

Epithelial cell casts are most indicative of tubular necrosis. In tubular necrosis, the renal tubules are damaged and the epithelial cells lining these tubules are sloughed off into the urine. This leads to the formation of epithelial cell casts, which are cylindrical structures composed of these cells. Glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and pyelonephritis are all conditions that primarily affect the glomeruli or the renal pelvis, and are not associated with the presence of epithelial cell casts.

Submit
160. Which of the following casts most frequently appears to have a brittle consistency?

Explanation

Waxy casts are known to have a brittle consistency. These casts are formed in the kidney tubules when there is an excess of protein in the urine. They are characterized by their translucent appearance and can be easily broken apart. The brittleness of waxy casts is due to their high protein content, which causes them to solidify and become rigid.

Submit
161. The normal concentration of proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, relative to serum protein, is:

Explanation

The normal concentration of proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid is 5%-10% relative to serum protein.

Submit
162. Alkaline urine showed this microscopic finding:

Explanation

The correct answer is "dissolve with acetic acid." Acetic acid is commonly used in the laboratory to dissolve crystals present in urine samples. This is done to improve visibility and facilitate microscopic examination of the sample. Alkaline urine can sometimes contain crystals that are not easily visible under the microscope. By adding acetic acid, these crystals can be dissolved, allowing for a more accurate analysis of the urine sample.

Submit
163. A specimen with a negative nitrate reaction and a positive leukocytes reaction that has WBC's, WBC casts, and no bacteria in the sediment will be seen in cases of:

Explanation

A specimen with a negative nitrate reaction indicates the absence of bacteria in the urine. A positive leukocytes reaction suggests the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine. The presence of WBC casts further supports the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. Acute interstitial nephritis is an inflammation of the kidney's interstitial tissue, which can be caused by medications, infections, or autoimmune diseases. This condition typically presents with sterile pyuria (presence of WBCs in the urine without bacterial infection) and can be confirmed by the presence of WBC casts in the urine sediment.

Submit
164. Pleural fluid from a patient with congestive heart failure would be expected to:

Explanation

Pleural fluid from a patient with congestive heart failure would be expected to appear clear and pale yellow. This is because congestive heart failure typically does not cause infection or inflammation in the pleural space, which would result in purulent or cloudy fluid. Instead, the fluid is usually transudative in nature, meaning it is caused by increased pressure in the blood vessels and leaks into the pleural space. This fluid is typically clear and pale yellow in color. Additionally, congestive heart failure can lead to increased protein levels in the fluid, explaining the high protein content.

Submit
165. Which of the following factors will not interfere with the reagent strip test for leukocytes?

Explanation

Nitrite will not interfere with the reagent strip test for leukocytes. The reagent strip test for leukocytes detects the presence of white blood cells in urine, which can indicate a urinary tract infection. Nitrite, as well as ascorbic acid and formaldehyde, can potentially interfere with the accuracy of the test results. However, nitrite is not a factor that will interfere with the test. Therefore, it will not affect the reliability of the test in detecting leukocytes in urine.

Submit
166. When employing the urine reagent strip method, a false-positive protein result may occur in the presence of:

Explanation

A false-positive protein result may occur in the presence of highly alkaline urine because alkaline urine can cause the reagent strip to react and produce a color change that indicates the presence of protein, even when there is actually no protein present. This is a known limitation of the urine reagent strip method and should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.

Submit
167. Identify the formed element in this photomicrograph:

Explanation

The formed element in the photomicrograph is a red blood cell (RBC).

Submit
168. In a specimen with a large amount of bilirubin, which of the following sediment constituents would be most noticeable bile-stained?

Explanation

In a specimen with a large amount of bilirubin, the sediment constituent that would be most noticeable bile-stained is renal tubular epithelial cell casts. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. It is normally processed by the liver and excreted in bile. When there is a large amount of bilirubin in the specimen, it can stain the renal tubular epithelial cell casts, which are cylindrical structures formed by the accumulation of these cells in the renal tubules. This staining can make the casts more easily visible under microscopic examination.

Submit
169. Polarized light can often be used to differentiate between:

Explanation

Polarized light can be used to differentiate between fibers and mucus clumps because they have different optical properties. When polarized light passes through fibers, it undergoes birefringence, causing the fibers to appear brightly colored. On the other hand, mucus clumps do not exhibit birefringence and therefore do not show any color changes when viewed under polarized light. Thus, by observing the color changes, one can distinguish between fibers and mucus clumps.

Submit
170. Failure of the nephron to produce ammonia will result in a urine with a:

Explanation

The failure of the nephron to produce ammonia can result in a positive nitrite in the urine. Nitrites are formed when bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites in the urinary tract. Normally, ammonia produced by the nephron helps to maintain an acidic environment in the urine, which inhibits the growth of bacteria. However, if the nephron fails to produce ammonia, the urine becomes alkaline, creating a favorable environment for bacteria to convert nitrates into nitrites. Therefore, a positive nitrite test indicates the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract.

Submit
171. What is the most likely diagnosis given this microscopic finding?

Explanation

Glomerulonephritis is the most likely diagnosis based on the given microscopic finding. Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the filtering units in the kidneys. This condition can be identified through microscopic examination of the kidney tissue, where characteristic changes such as immune complex deposition, cellular infiltration, and damage to the glomerular basement membrane may be observed. The other options, pyelonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and cystitis, do not typically present with the same microscopic findings as glomerulonephritis.

Submit
172. The principle of the reagent strip test for microalbuminuria is:

Explanation

The principle of the reagent strip test for microalbuminuria is a dye-binding reaction. This means that the reagent strip contains a dye that specifically binds to albumin, a protein found in urine. When the strip is dipped into a urine sample, any albumin present in the urine will bind to the dye, causing a color change on the strip. This color change can then be compared to a color chart to determine the level of albumin in the urine, indicating the presence of microalbuminuria.

Submit
173. What of the following is consistent with this urine microscopic finding?

Explanation

Many bacteria produce nitrites from nitrate. If the biochemical strip is positive for nitrite, you should find bacteria in the sediment.

Submit
174. Which of the following crystals is seen in an amber urine with a positive bilirubin?

Explanation

Tyrosine crystals can be seen in an amber urine with a positive bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed from the breakdown of heme in red blood cells. When there is an excess of bilirubin in the urine, it can combine with tyrosine to form tyrosine crystals. These crystals are usually yellow-brown in color and can be seen under a microscope. The presence of tyrosine crystals in the urine can indicate liver disease or other conditions that cause an increase in bilirubin levels.

Submit
175. Reagent strip tests for ketones measure primarily:

Explanation

Reagent strip tests for ketones primarily measure beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid is one of the three types of ketones produced. Acetone and acetoacetic acid are also ketones, but reagent strip tests primarily measure beta-hydroxybutyric acid as it is the most abundant and clinically significant ketone in the body. Cholesterol is not a ketone and is not measured by reagent strip tests for ketones.

Submit
176. What is the most likely diagnosis given this microscopic finding?

Explanation

Based on the given microscopic finding, the most likely diagnosis is cystitis. Cystitis refers to the inflammation of the bladder, and the presence of certain microscopic findings can confirm this diagnosis. However, without the specific details of the microscopic findings, it is not possible to provide a more detailed explanation.

Submit
177. Which of the following is the primary reagent in the copper reduction tablet?

Explanation

The primary reagent in the copper reduction tablet is the polymerized diazonium salt. This is because the reduction of copper ions to metallic copper requires a reducing agent, and the polymerized diazonium salt is capable of acting as a strong reducing agent in this reaction. Sodium carbonate, copper sulfate, and glucose oxidase do not possess the necessary properties to act as a reducing agent in this context.

Submit
178. Polyuria is usually correlated with:

Explanation

Polyuria refers to excessive urination, which is often seen in acute glomerulonephritis. Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys. This inflammation can lead to a decrease in the kidneys' ability to reabsorb water, resulting in increased urine production. Diabetes mellitus, another option in the question, can also cause polyuria due to high blood sugar levels leading to increased urine output. However, in this case, the correct answer is acute glomerulonephritis as it specifically correlates with polyuria.

Submit
View My Results

Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Jul 10, 2024 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Jul 10, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jun 12, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Melissa3393
Cancel
  • All
    All (178)
  • Unanswered
    Unanswered ()
  • Answered
    Answered ()
A 17-year-old girl decided to go on a starvation diet. After 1 week of...
A patient has glucosuria, hyperglycemia and polyuria. These findings...
False results in urobilinogen testing may occur if the urine specimen...
Which of the following urine results is most apt to be changed by...
The yellow color of urine is primarily due to:
Red urine may be due to:
Urine that develops a port wine color after standing may contain:
Milky urine from a 24-year-old woman would most likely contain:
After receiving a 24 hour urine for quantitative total protein...
Routine screening of urine samples for glycosuria is performed...
Calibration of refractometers is done by measuring the specific...
A clean-catch urine is submitted to the laboratory for routine...
While performing an analysis of a baby's urine, the technologist...
Which of the following casts is most likely to be found in healthy...
Antidiuretic hormone regulates the reabsorption of:
Cessation of urine flow is defined as:
Urine from a 50-year-old man was noted to turn dark red on standing....
Urine osmolality is related to:
Normal urine primarily consists of:
The principal mucin in synovial fluid is:
A brown-black urine would most likely contain:
X
X
Upon standing at room temperature, a urine pH typically:
Urine reagent strips should be stored in a(n):
The protein section of the urine reagent strip is most sensitive to:
Osmolality is the measure of:
The normal renal threshold for glucose in the adult is approximately:
Urine samples should be examined within 1 hour of voiding because:
A urine specimen is analyzed for glucose by a glucose oxidase reagent...
In addition to the sperm count in a fertility study, analysis of...
Which of the following crystals may be found in acidic urine?
Which of the following would be affected by allowing a urine specimen...
What cell is most commonly associated with vaginal contamination?
A patient urine sample has an increased protein and a high specific...
The volume of urine excreted in a 24-hour period by an adult patient...
The principle of the reagent strip test for urine protein depends on:
Prior to reporting a red blood cell cast, it is important to observe:
A urine speciment comes to the laboratory 7 hours after it is...
Whic of the following is an abnormal crystal described as a hexagonal...
Urine specific gravity is an index of the ability of the kidney to:
The pH of a urine specimen measures the:
A technologist is having trouble differentiating between red blood...
EGFR calculated by the MDRD formula takes into account the age, BUN,...
Acid urine that contains hemoglobin will darken on standing due to the...
The purpose for routinely screening diabetes mellitus patients for...
A positive result for bilirubin on a reagent strip should be followed...
A physician attempts to aspirate a knee joint and obtains 0.1 mL of...
Isosthenuria is associated with a specific gravity which is usually:
The fluid leaving the glomerulus normally has a specific gravity of:
An ammonia-like odor is characteristically associated with urine from...
Which of the following casts is most indicative of end stage renal...
The advantage of using phase microscopy in urinalysis is to:
Granular casts found in the urine of a football player admitted to the...
A urine's specific gravity is directly proportional it its:
A urinalysis performed on a 2-week-old infant with diarrhea shows a...
X
Which of the following can give a false-negative urine protein...
An abdominal fluid is submitted from surgery. The physician wants to...
The primary component of most urinary calculi is:
The finding of a large amount of uric acid crystals in a urine...
A 24-hour urine from a man who had no evidence of kidney impairment...
A turbid cerebrospinal fluid is most commonly caused by increased:
Hyaline casts are usually found:
A test area of a urine reagent strip is impregnated with only sodium...
A 62-year-old patient with hyperlipoproteinemia has a large amount of...
A white precipitate in a urine specimen with a pH of 7.5 would most...
Which of the following crystals appear as fine, silky needles?
In most compound light microscopes, the ocular lens has a...
All casts typically contain:
A technologist performed a STAT microscopic urinalysis and reported...
A reagent strip test for blood has been reported positive. Microscopic...
In which of the following metabolic diseases will urine turn dark...
An antidiuretic hormone deficiency is associated with a:
The clarity of a urine sample should be determined:
The presence of leukocytes in urine is known as:
A 2-year-old child had a positive urine ketones. The would most likely...
A patient's urinalysis revealed a positive bilirubin and a...
Use of a refractometer over a urinometer is preferred due to the fact...
When identifying urine crystals, which reagent strip result is most...
Microscopic analysis of a urine specimen yields a moderate amount of...
A woman in her ninth month of pregnancy has a urine sugar which is...
Which of the following components are present in serum but not present...
The results of a urinalysis on a first morning specimen are:...
To prepare the reagent used in confirmatory protein technician, a...
Using polarized light microscopy, which of the following urinary...
A 59-year-old man is evaluated for back pain. Urine studies show:...
The following lab values were obtained on a body fluid sample:...
X
X
Which of the following urinary parameters are measured during the...
The normal glomerular filtration rate is:
The reason for performing a Clinitest on a newborn's urine is to...
Failure to observe RBC casts in a urine specimen can be caused by:
The creatinine clearance is reported in:
The confirmatory test for a positive protein result by the reagent...
To prepare a solution appropriate for quality control of the...
To avoid falsely elevated spinal fluid cell counts:
A 21-year-old woman had glucose in her urine with a normal blood...
Myoglobinuria is most likely to be noted in urine specimens from...
Clue cells are a form of:
A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will most likely have:
The following urinalysis results were obtained from an 18-year-old...
The urine microscopic constituents that best differentiate between...
Which of the following reagents is used to react with ketones in the...
When performing a routine urinalysis, the technologist notes a 2+...
A patient admitted following an accident involving massive crush...
A reagent strip area impregnated with stabilized, diazotized 2,...
Which of the following exhibits rapid motility in urine sediment?
The synovial fluid easily forms small drops from the aspirating...
A urine specimen is tested and has the following results:...
Spherical urothelial cells may be confused with:
The urinary tract structures responsible for renal concentration are...
To distinguish between a clump of WBC's and a WBC cast, it is...
Synovial fluid is analyzed with a polarizing microscope. Strongly...
Microalbumin can be measured by a random urine collection. An increase...
The sediment of a urine specimen with a reagent strip glucose of 250...
Tiny, colorless, dumb bell shaped crystals were found in an alkaline...
Oval fat bodies are:
A urine tested with Clinitest exhibits a passthrough reaction and is...
A sperm count is diluted 1:20 and 50 sperm are counted in 2 large...
Identify the formed element in this photomicrograph:
Which of the following positive chemical reaction is most closely...
Which of the following aids in differentiating a spherical...
The following results were obtained one a urine speciment at 8:00 am:...
The area of the nephron that is impermeable to water is the:
Pleural transudate differe from pleural exudates in that transudates...
The following urine results were obtained on a 25-year-old female:...
A urine specimen with an elevated urobilinogen and a negative...
A urinalysis performed on a 27-year-old woman yields the following...
The method of choice for performing a specific gravity measurement of...
Refractive index is a comparison of:
Identify this crystal:
Cholesterol crystals will most likely be observed in urine that...
The most accurate test to determine renal concentration in:
The presence of this element in urine indicates the presence of:
When using the sulfosalicylic acid test, false-positive protein...
Ghost red blood cells are seen in urine that is:
Ammonium sulfate was added to red urine. The urine had a positive...
Ketones in the urine are due to:
An eosinophil count may be requested on urine from a patient with...
Which of the following contaminants has a dimpled center and will...
Excess urine on the reagent test strip can turn a normal pH result...
Which of the following cells is most likely to be seen in the urine...
A patient with renal tubular acidosis would most likely excrete a...
After warming, a cloudy urine clears. This is due to the presence of:
Following ingestion of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) numerous crystals...
Bilirubinuria may be associated with:
The reason that an albumin:creatinine ratio can be run on random...
A microscopic examination of urine sediment reveals ghost cells. These...
Glitter cells are a microscopic finding of:
The possibility of detecting glitter cells is associated with urine...
A urine specimen collected on an apparently healthy 25-year-old man...
Glycosuria may be due to:
The following crystal is found in:
The best way to lower the light intensity of the microscope is to:
To prepare the reagent used for mucin clot determination of synovial...
Bacteria are considered significant in the urine sediment when the:
Epithelial cell casts are most indicative of:
Which of the following casts most frequently appears to have a brittle...
The normal concentration of proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid,...
Alkaline urine showed this microscopic finding:
A specimen with a negative nitrate reaction and a positive leukocytes...
Pleural fluid from a patient with congestive heart failure would be...
Which of the following factors will not interfere with the reagent...
When employing the urine reagent strip method, a false-positive...
Identify the formed element in this photomicrograph:
In a specimen with a large amount of bilirubin, which of the following...
Polarized light can often be used to differentiate between:
Failure of the nephron to produce ammonia will result in a urine with...
What is the most likely diagnosis given this microscopic finding?
The principle of the reagent strip test for microalbuminuria is:
What of the following is consistent with this urine microscopic...
Which of the following crystals is seen in an amber urine with a...
Reagent strip tests for ketones measure primarily:
What is the most likely diagnosis given this microscopic finding?
Which of the following is the primary reagent in the copper reduction...
Polyuria is usually correlated with:
Alert!

Advertisement