Lab 1 Week 2

pH is a measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance, including urine. It is a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is considered neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline. In the context of urine, pH can indicate various conditions or imbalances in the body. A pH value outside the normal range may suggest urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or other health issues. Therefore, pH is a reliable measure to assess the acidity or alkalinity of urine.

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, and even certain medications. The presence of blood in the urine may be visible to the naked eye or can only be detected through microscopic examination. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hematuria as it can be indicative of a more serious condition such as kidney disease or bladder cancer.

HCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is primarily responsible for maintaining the production of progesterone, which is essential for sustaining a pregnancy. HCG is also the hormone that is detected in pregnancy tests to confirm pregnancy. Therefore, the statement that "the hormone found in pregnancy is HCG" is true.

Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by various conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, or certain medications. Hematuria can be either gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic (only detectable under a microscope). It is important to determine the underlying cause of hematuria as it can be an indication of a more serious condition, such as kidney disease or bladder cancer.

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, reabsorbing necessary substances, and producing urine. It consists of a glomerulus, which filters blood, and a tubule, which reabsorbs water and nutrients. The nephron plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and regulating blood pressure. The renal pelvis, capillaries, and arteries are all structures associated with the kidney, but they do not perform the same functions as the nephron.

Anuria refers to the absence of urine production. It is a condition where the kidneys are unable to produce urine or produce a very small amount of urine. This can be caused by various factors such as kidney damage, urinary tract obstruction, or certain medications. Anuria is a serious condition that can indicate kidney failure and requires immediate medical attention.

When there is a high level of glucose in the patient's urine, it is a sign of diabetes. Diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, resulting in high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. When the blood sugar levels are consistently high, the excess glucose can be excreted through the urine, leading to high levels of glucose in the urine. This is known as glucosuria and is a common symptom of diabetes.

The first morning specimen refers to the urine sample collected immediately after waking up in the morning. This specimen is preferred for certain tests as it has a higher concentration of substances that can be detected, such as hormones or metabolites. It is also less likely to be contaminated compared to specimens collected later in the day.

High traces of leukocytes in the urine is a sign of a urinary tract infection. Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are a part of the body's immune system and are responsible for fighting off infections. When there is a high presence of leukocytes in the urine, it indicates that there is an infection in the urinary tract, which includes the bladder, kidneys, ureters, and urethra. This can be caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract and causing an infection. Prompt medical attention and treatment are necessary to prevent the infection from spreading and causing further complications.

The presence of phenylketones in a patient's urine indicates phenylketonuria. Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder in which the body is unable to break down the amino acid phenylalanine properly. This leads to a buildup of phenylalanine and the production of phenylketones, which are excreted in the urine. Phenylketonuria can cause intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and other health problems if left untreated.

A chain of custody is established when performing a drug test to ensure the integrity and reliability of the test results. It involves documenting the handling and movement of the drug sample from the moment it is collected until it is tested in the laboratory. This helps to prevent tampering or contamination of the sample and provides a clear record of who had possession of the sample at each stage. By maintaining a proper chain of custody, the test results can be considered valid and admissible in legal proceedings if necessary.

A timed specimen is taken over a period of time. This means that the specimen is collected at specific intervals or at predetermined times, allowing for a more accurate representation of the substance being tested. This method is often used for tests that require monitoring changes in levels or concentrations over time, such as hormone levels or drug levels in the body.

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A 24-hour specimen should be refrigerated to maintain its integrity. Storing it at room temperature may lead to bacterial growth and degradation of the specimen, potentially affecting the accuracy of any tests or analysis that will be performed on it. Refrigeration helps to preserve the specimen and prevent any changes or deterioration until it can be properly analyzed.

Nocturia refers to the condition of waking up during the night to urinate. It is a common problem, especially among older adults. This can be caused by various factors such as excessive fluid intake before bedtime, urinary tract infections, bladder or prostate problems, or certain medications. Nocturia can disrupt sleep patterns and affect the overall quality of life. Treatment options for nocturia may include lifestyle changes, medication adjustments, or addressing any underlying medical conditions.

Excessive thirst is a common symptom of diabetes. When blood sugar levels are high, the body tries to get rid of the excess sugar through increased urine production, leading to dehydration and triggering thirst. This excessive thirst is known as polydipsia and is often accompanied by other symptoms such as frequent urination, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is diabetes.

When doing a general urine collection, it is important to keep the urine refrigerated until it is being used. This is because refrigeration helps to preserve the integrity of the urine sample and prevent the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms. By keeping the urine refrigerated, any potential changes or degradation in the sample can be minimized, ensuring accurate test results when it is eventually used.

When culturing urine, a clean catch midstream specimen should be taken. This method involves cleaning the genital area before collecting the urine sample. It helps to reduce the chances of contamination from bacteria that may be present on the skin or in the urethra. Taking a midstream sample ensures that the urine collected is more representative of the bladder and reduces the likelihood of contamination from the initial and final portions of the urine stream.

Catheterization is a procedure in which a thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the bladder to drain urine. This method allows for the collection of a clean urine specimen because it bypasses the urethra, reducing the risk of contamination from the external genitalia. Therefore, it is true that catheterization is another way to collect a clean urine specimen.

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, show up indicating a urinary tract infection (UTI) on the microscope. This is because leukocytes are responsible for fighting off infections in the body, so an increased presence of leukocytes in the urine suggests the presence of an infection in the urinary tract.

Oliguria is the term used to describe the insufficient production of urine. It is characterized by a decreased urine output, usually less than 400 milliliters per day. This condition can be caused by various factors such as dehydration, kidney damage, urinary tract obstruction, or certain medications. Oliguria is often a sign of an underlying medical condition and may require further evaluation and treatment.

The kidneys are responsible for removing excess water and waste from the body. They filter the blood and produce urine, which is then excreted from the body. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body, while the bladder stores urine. The ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. However, it is the kidneys that perform the primary function of removing excess water and waste.

Urine leaves the body from the urethra. The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the external opening of the body. When the bladder is full, urine passes through the urethra and is expelled from the body during urination. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and produce urine, which is then stored in the bladder until it is eliminated through the urethra.

Incontinence refers to the inability to control one's bladder or bowels, resulting in the involuntary release of urine or feces. It is more commonly seen in older individuals due to the natural aging process, which can weaken the muscles that control the bladder and bowel. Therefore, it is more likely to occur in people aged 50-60 compared to younger age groups.

The presence of billirubin in urine indicates the first signs of liver disease. Billirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. In a healthy liver, billirubin is processed and eliminated from the body. However, if the liver is not functioning properly, billirubin can build up and be excreted in urine, indicating liver damage or disease. Detecting billirubin in urine can be an early warning sign of liver dysfunction and may prompt further medical investigation.

It is not normal to have protein present in urine. Proteinuria, the presence of excess protein in the urine, is often a sign of kidney damage or dysfunction. Normally, the kidneys filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood while retaining necessary proteins. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, proteins can leak into the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The correct answer is "residual." Residual urine refers to the amount of urine that remains in the bladder after urination. This can occur due to incomplete emptying of the bladder or an inability to completely void the bladder. It is important to measure residual urine as it can be an indication of urinary retention or other bladder issues.

Urine with a fruity odor is a sign of diabetes. This fruity smell is caused by the presence of ketones in the urine, which is a result of the body breaking down fat for energy instead of using glucose. In diabetes, the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to high levels of glucose in the blood. When the body cannot use glucose for energy, it starts breaking down fat, resulting in the production of ketones. The presence of ketones in the urine, along with the fruity odor, is a warning sign of uncontrolled diabetes.

Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina, while prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. Both conditions can be caused by a yeast infection. Yeast, specifically Candida, can be present in the urine of individuals with vaginitis or prostatitis. This is because the infection can spread to the urinary tract, leading to the presence of yeast in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is yeast.

Random urinalysis is the most common type of urinalysis performed. This type of urinalysis is done at any time during the day and does not require any specific preparation or timing. It is commonly used to screen for various conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, and diabetes. Random urinalysis provides a snapshot of the current state of the urine and can help in diagnosing and monitoring various health conditions.

Urine is primarily composed of water along with various dissolved substances such as urea, salts, and toxins. The correct answer, 95%, indicates that urine is made up of 95% water. This high water content in urine is essential for maintaining hydration and eliminating waste products from the body.

Protein in the urine of a pregnant patient is checked to diagnose preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, such as the liver and kidneys. It can be a serious condition that requires medical intervention to protect the health of both the mother and the baby. Regular monitoring of protein levels in the urine helps in early detection and management of preeclampsia.

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Fat can cause cloudy urine. When the body is unable to properly break down and metabolize fats, it can result in excess fat being excreted through urine. This can lead to the urine appearing cloudy or milky in appearance. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as kidney or urinary tract infections, as well as dehydration, can also contribute to cloudy urine.

When a patient has colorless or pale urine, it indicates that they are hydrated. This is because pale or colorless urine is a sign that the body has enough fluids and is well-hydrated. On the other hand, dark yellow or amber-colored urine is a sign of dehydration, indicating that the body needs more fluids. Therefore, in this context, the correct answer is "hydrated."

Renal obstruction or failure as well as urethral obstruction can lead to a condition called anuria. Anuria is the absence of urine production or a significantly decreased urine output. This can occur when the flow of urine is blocked or when the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste products from the blood. As a result, the body is unable to eliminate waste and excess fluids, leading to a buildup of toxins and fluid retention. Anuria is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Nitrates show up in urine as an indication of bacteria. Bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites, which are then excreted in urine. Therefore, the presence of nitrates in urine suggests a urinary tract infection caused by bacteria.

The normal range of urine color is pale yellow to dark amber. This range indicates that the person is adequately hydrated and their kidneys are functioning properly. A pale yellow color suggests good hydration, while a darker amber color may indicate dehydration or the presence of certain substances in the urine. It is important to note that urine color can vary depending on factors such as diet, medication, and certain health conditions.

After spinning urine in the centrifuge, the process separates the components based on their density. The heavier components, such as cells and debris, settle at the bottom of the tube as sediment. This sediment is discarded as it is not needed for further analysis. The lighter components, including proteins and other solutes, form a clear liquid layer on top called the supernatant. This supernatant contains the substances of interest and should be retained for further testing or analysis.

The correct answer is "quantity and quality, quality and quantity, quality quantity, quantity quality". This suggests that a 24-hour collection is for both quantity and quality. This means that within a 24-hour period, there is a focus on collecting a sufficient amount of something while also ensuring that the collected items meet a certain standard of quality.