Surgical Tech (Appleton & Lange) Part 6

Heart block and bradyarrhythmia are the most frequent conditions requiring the use of a permanent pacemaker. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked, leading to a slow or irregular heartbeat. Bradyarrhythmia refers to a slow heart rate, which can also be caused by heart block. Both of these conditions can significantly affect the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, and a permanent pacemaker is often needed to regulate and stabilize the heart's rhythm. The other conditions mentioned in the options, such as coronary or mitral insufficiency and pulmonary artery or vein stenosis, are not typically treated with a permanent pacemaker.

A Gomco clamp is a surgical instrument used during circumcision procedures. It is specifically designed to remove the foreskin by applying pressure and cutting off the blood supply to the area. Therefore, the correct answer is circumcision.

A Pereyra or Stamey needle would be found in a urologic setup. These needles are commonly used in urology procedures, specifically for urinary tract surgeries. They are designed to aid in suturing and closing wounds or incisions in the urinary tract. Therefore, it is logical to find these needles in a urologic setup where such procedures are performed.

The correct answer is Air Drill 100. The Air Drill 100 is a neurosurgical drill specifically designed for precision cutting, shaping, and repair of bone. It is commonly used in neurosurgery procedures to create burr holes, remove bone fragments, and perform other delicate bone-related tasks. The Air Drill 100 is known for its high speed and efficiency, making it an essential tool for neurosurgeons in achieving accurate and precise results.

When working in the bladder, more current is needed when working in solution because the presence of a conductive medium, such as a solution, increases the resistance in the circuit. As a result, a higher electrical current is required to achieve the desired level of cauterization. This is necessary to ensure that the tissue is adequately treated and the desired outcome is achieved.

A bougie is a dilator used in medical procedures to widen or open up a narrow passage or structure in the body. It is typically a long, flexible instrument that is inserted into the body and gradually expanded to stretch and dilate the area. This helps to improve the flow or accessibility of fluids, such as in the case of dilating a narrowed blood vessel or a strictured esophagus. The other options - clamp, retractor, and grasper - do not accurately describe the function or purpose of a bougie.

The active electrode on the electrocautery is the tip. The tip of the electrocautery is the part that delivers the electrical current to the tissue, causing it to heat up and coagulate or cut. The tip is the active part of the device that is in direct contact with the tissue being treated.

Bougies are typically found in an esophagoscopy setup. An esophagoscopy is a procedure used to examine the esophagus using an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera on the end. Bougies are long, flexible instruments that are used to dilate or stretch the esophagus during the procedure if there is a narrowing or blockage. Therefore, it is likely that bougies would be found in an esophagoscopy setup.

Traction applied directly on bone via pins, wires, or tongs is referred to as skeletal traction. This method involves the use of devices that are inserted into the bone to provide stability and allow for controlled pulling or stretching of the affected area. Unlike external traction, which involves the use of braces or splints, skeletal traction provides a more direct and precise means of applying traction to the bone. This technique is commonly used in orthopedic surgeries or in the treatment of fractures, dislocations, or other skeletal injuries.

A tourniquet is only used when hemorrhage (bleeding) cannot be controlled by other methods. This means that if other methods such as direct pressure or elevation of the affected limb are not effective in stopping the bleeding, a tourniquet may be applied as a last resort. It is not used exclusively in lower extremity bleeding or in all venous or arterial bleeding, but rather as a final option when other methods have failed to control the hemorrhage.

A myelogram is a neurologic study where a radiopaque substance is injected into the subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture. This procedure helps to visualize the spinal cord and nerves, allowing for the detection of abnormalities such as tumors, herniated discs, or spinal stenosis. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions affecting the spinal cord and surrounding structures. Cerebral angiography, encephalogram, and diskogram are different procedures used to diagnose conditions related to the brain and discs, respectively, and are not performed through lumbar puncture.

The Hulka instrument is used in laparoscopy to manipulate the uterus, allowing for increased visibility of the structures. This instrument is specifically designed for this purpose and is commonly used in gynecological procedures. It helps the surgeon to position and manipulate the uterus in order to perform the procedure accurately and safely.

A Beave knife handle would be found on an eye setup. This is because Beave knives are commonly used in ophthalmic surgeries and procedures, which involve the eyes. The handle of the knife is designed to provide a comfortable grip and precise control during delicate eye surgeries. Therefore, it is logical to assume that a Beave knife handle would be found in an eye setup.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a laboratory test that provides information about the different components of blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. While a CBC can provide valuable information about a patient's overall blood health, it does not directly assist in the immediate determination of intraoperative blood loss. The other options listed, such as visual inspection of blood in sponges, measurement of blood in sponges by weighing, and estimation of blood in the suction container, are all methods that can help in the immediate determination of intraoperative blood loss.

A STERIS system for endoscope sterilization can only process one scope or a few instruments in a single cycle. This means that it is not designed to handle a large number of scopes or instruments at once, limiting its efficiency for larger healthcare facilities.

A Cavitron unit is used for phacoemulsification, which is a surgical procedure used to remove cataracts. During phacoemulsification, the Cavitron unit uses ultrasonic energy to break up the cloudy lens of the eye, allowing it to be suctioned out. This procedure is commonly used in cataract surgery as it is less invasive and has a faster recovery time compared to traditional methods of cataract removal.

A permanent pacemaker operates on a pulse generator powered by lithium. Lithium batteries are commonly used in medical devices like pacemakers because they have a long lifespan and provide a stable source of power. The small size and lightweight nature of lithium batteries make them ideal for implantable devices like pacemakers. Additionally, lithium batteries have a high energy density, meaning they can store a significant amount of energy in a small space, which is crucial for devices that need to operate continuously for long periods of time.

Elevating the extremity before tightening the tourniquet helps to drain venous blood from the area. This is because elevating the extremity creates a pressure gradient that allows the blood to flow out of the area, reducing venous congestion. By doing this before tightening the tourniquet, it helps to minimize the amount of venous blood that is trapped in the area when the tourniquet is applied.

A tourniquet would be contraindicated in a gangrenous toe amputation procedure. Gangrene is a condition caused by the death of body tissue, and in this case, it affects the toe. The use of a tourniquet in this procedure could further restrict blood flow to the already compromised tissue, potentially worsening the condition. Therefore, it is not recommended to use a tourniquet in a gangrenous toe amputation procedure.

ENT surgery often requires the use of several patent suction cannulas and suction control by a foot pedal. This is because ENT surgeries involve delicate procedures in the ear, nose, and throat areas, which require precise suctioning to maintain a clear surgical field and remove excess fluids or debris. The use of multiple cannulas allows for different sizes and angles to be used depending on the specific procedure. The foot pedal control allows the surgeon to have hands-free control over the suction, enhancing precision and efficiency during the surgery.

The inactive electrode of the cautery is the ground pad. The ground pad is used to complete the electrical circuit during electrocautery procedures. It is placed on the patient's body away from the surgical site to provide a safe pathway for the electrical current to return to the generator. The ground pad helps prevent burns or injury to the patient by dispersing the electrical energy and preventing it from concentrating in one area. The other options, such as the electrocautery pencil, cable connecting pad to pencil, and blade tip pencil, are not correct as they do not serve as the inactive electrode in the cautery system.

A transvenous (endocardial) pacemaker is a type of pacemaker that is inserted through a vein and placed inside the heart. It is used to regulate the heart's rhythm. The items required for setting up this type of pacemaker include a tunneling instrument for creating a path for the pacemaker leads, fluoroscopy for guiding the placement of the leads, and a defibrillator for emergency situations. However, an intra-aorta calloon pump is not used in the setup of a transvenous pacemaker. An intra-aorta calloon pump is a device used to assist the heart in pumping blood and is not directly related to the placement or function of a pacemaker.

The correct answer is rotary movement. Rotary movement in a power instrument involves a circular motion that is used to drill holes or insert screws, wires, or pins. This type of movement allows for efficient and precise drilling or fastening tasks. Reciprocating movement involves back and forth motion, oscillating movement involves swinging motion, and alternating movement involves switching between two different motions.

A Steffee plate is a type of spinal implant. It is used in spinal fusion surgeries to stabilize the spine and promote bone growth. The plate is made of metal and is attached to the vertebrae using screws. It helps to maintain alignment and stability of the spine while the fusion process occurs. Steffee plates are often used in cases of spinal degeneration, fractures, or deformities to provide support and restore spinal function.

A Humi Cannula is a surgical instrument used in gynecologic procedures. It is a cannula specifically designed for use in the female reproductive system. Therefore, it is used in gynecologic surgeries to perform various procedures such as hysteroscopy or laparoscopy.

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A Mason-Judd retractor is specifically designed for surgical procedures involving the bladder. This retractor is used to hold back the surrounding tissues and organs, providing a clear view and access to the bladder during surgery. It helps to create a working space and maintain exposure, allowing the surgeon to perform the necessary procedures on the bladder effectively and safely.

Harrington rods are a type of spinal instrumentation used in the treatment of scoliosis. They consist of distraction and compression components. The distraction component helps to straighten the spine by pulling it apart, while the compression component holds the spine in the corrected position. Therefore, the setup that includes distraction and compression components is Harrington rods.

The amount of pressure used to inflate a tourniquet depends on the patient's age, size of extremity, and systolic blood pressure. However, it does not depend on the depth of surgical incision. The depth of surgical incision is related to the procedure being performed and does not affect the amount of pressure needed to inflate a tourniquet.

A Sarot is a bronchus clamp. A bronchus clamp is a surgical instrument used to occlude or clamp the bronchus, which is a tube that carries air into the lungs. This clamp is used during procedures involving the lungs, such as lung resections or lobectomies, to temporarily block the bronchus and prevent air from entering the lung. It allows the surgeon to have better control over the lung and facilitates the procedure by preventing air leakage.

Air-powered instruments are small, lightweight, and free of vibration, making them easy to handle with pinpoint accuracy at high speeds. This is because air-powered instruments, also known as pneumatic tools, use compressed air to generate power. The use of air as a power source allows for efficient operation and eliminates the need for heavy motors or batteries. Additionally, air-powered instruments are commonly used in industries such as automotive, construction, and manufacturing due to their reliability and versatility.

The term "buzzing" in electrosurgery refers to the coagulation of a vessel using a metal instrument that is in contact with the active electrode. This means that when the metal instrument touches the active electrode, it causes the vessel to coagulate. This process is commonly used in electrosurgery to control bleeding during surgical procedures.

The correct answer is Omni-Tract. Omni-Tract is a urology perineal retractor system. It is a well-known and widely used brand in the field of urology. The Omni-Tract system is designed to provide optimal visualization and access during urological surgeries. It consists of various retractors and instruments that can be adjusted and positioned according to the surgeon's requirements. The Omni-Tract system is known for its durability, ease of use, and versatility, making it a preferred choice for urologists.

The correct answer is that the current flows from the generator to the active electrode, through the tissue, and back to the generator via the inactive electrode. This is the typical flow of current in an electrical circuit of an electrocautery device. The generator supplies the current, which then travels through the active electrode and into the tissue being treated. The current then returns to the generator through the inactive electrode, completing the circuit.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure that involves opening the skull to access the brain. In order to expose the area of interest during the procedure, a specific tool or instrument may be used. The correct answer, Leyla-Yasargil, refers to a type of instrument or technique commonly used in craniotomies for exposure.

A bipolar electrosurgical unit provides precise control of the coagulated area. Unlike monopolar electrosurgery, which uses a single active electrode and a dispersive electrode, bipolar electrosurgery uses two active electrodes that are close together. This allows for more localized and controlled coagulation, making it ideal for procedures that require precise tissue sealing and hemostasis. The blended and Bovie options are not relevant to the question and can be disregarded.

Fiberoptic lighting is referred to as a "cool light" because it does not emit heat like traditional light sources. It is made of plastic fibers that transmit light from a source to the desired location. The intensity of the light is low, which means it is not very bright or overpowering. It is typically powered by a battery, allowing for portable and flexible use in various settings.

The given answer, "Endoflush," is an economical, practical, and effective way to clean reusable channeled endoscopic instruments. The Endoflush is an ultrasonic washer-sterilizer system manufactured by STERIS. This system utilizes ultrasonic technology to thoroughly clean and sterilize the instruments, ensuring their safe and effective reuse. The Endoflush system is designed specifically for channeled endoscopic instruments, making it an ideal choice for this purpose.

Logan's bow is a specialized instrument used in cleft lip repair. It is designed to help shape and position the Cupid's bow, which is the central part of the upper lip. The Cupid's bow is an important feature in achieving a natural and symmetrical appearance after cleft lip surgery. The other options, such as arch bar and wire scissors, are not specifically used for cleft lip repair.

Cloward instrumentation is a surgical technique used for stabilizing the cervical spine. It involves the use of metal plates and screws to fuse the vertebrae together, providing stability and reducing pain. This technique is commonly used to treat conditions such as cervical disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease in the cervical spine. It is not applicable for surgery of the hip, femur, or lumbar spine, as these areas require different surgical approaches and techniques.

Crutchfield tongs are used for skeletal traction. Skeletal traction is a method used to immobilize and align fractured bones by applying traction directly to the skeletal system. Crutchfield tongs are a type of traction device that is inserted into the skull to provide traction and stabilize the head and neck. They are commonly used in cases of cervical spine injuries or fractures. The other options listed, such as the Sayre sling, Minerva jacket, and Steffee system, are not specifically designed for skeletal traction.

Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery to reduce oxygen consumption. When the body is cooled down, the metabolic rate decreases, resulting in a reduced demand for oxygen. This is beneficial during cardiac surgery as it allows the heart to work with less oxygen, minimizing the risk of damage to the heart muscle. Additionally, lowering the body temperature can also help protect other organs, such as the brain, from potential injury during the surgery. Therefore, hypothermia is used as a technique to optimize the conditions for a successful cardiac surgery.

The power source for Hall power equipment is nitrogen. Nitrogen is commonly used as a power source in Hall power equipment because it is an inert gas that can be easily compressed and stored. It is also readily available and cost-effective. Nitrogen gas is used to generate power by expanding it through a turbine, which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity. This process is commonly used in various industries and applications where a reliable and efficient power source is required.

Fulguration via the resectoscope is accomplished by the use of an electrode tip. The resectoscope is a surgical instrument used in procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or bladder tumor resection. Fulguration refers to the process of destroying tissue using high-frequency electrical current. In this case, the electrode tip is used to deliver the electrical current to the tissue, causing coagulation and destruction. The electrode tip is an essential component of the resectoscope for performing fulguration effectively.

A retropubic bladder retractor is a surgical instrument used to hold back the bladder during certain procedures. It is specifically designed to retract the bladder in a retrograde direction, allowing the surgeon better access to the surgical site. This instrument helps to create a clear field of view and provides space for the surgeon to work effectively. It is commonly used in urological surgeries where access to the bladder is required.

A ventricular fibrillator is not a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system. Cardiopulmonary bypass systems are used during cardiac surgeries to temporarily take over the function of the heart and lungs. The components of a cardiopulmonary bypass system include an oxygenator to oxygenate the blood, a heat exchanger to regulate the temperature of the blood, and a pump to circulate the blood throughout the body. However, a ventricular fibrillator is a medical device used to treat abnormal heart rhythms, specifically ventricular fibrillation, and is not typically used as a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system.

An antigravity suit can help maintain acceptable blood pressure and prevent the development of air emboli in neurosurgical patients. This suit works by applying pressure to the lower body, which helps in preventing blood from pooling in the lower extremities and promotes blood flow back to the heart. By doing so, it helps maintain blood pressure and reduces the risk of air emboli formation. This is particularly important in neurosurgical patients as they are at a higher risk of developing complications related to blood pressure and air emboli during surgery.

The correct answer is "residual of distilled water in lumen, steam sterilize, tubing coiled." This is the correct process for processing suction tubing. First, any residual distilled water in the lumen should be removed. Then, the tubing should be steam sterilized to ensure it is free from any microorganisms. Finally, the tubing should be coiled for storage and ease of use. This process ensures that the suction tubing is properly cleaned and sterilized before use.

Nitrous oxide is not used to inflate a pneumatic tourniquet. Nitrous oxide is commonly used as an anesthetic gas in medical procedures, but it is not suitable for inflating a tourniquet. Air, oxygen, and freon can be used to inflate a pneumatic tourniquet for the purpose of temporarily stopping blood flow during surgery or other medical procedures.

The given answer states that cables are only gas sterilized, which means that they are not subjected to any other form of sterilization. However, when handling fiberoptic cables, it is important to take precautions such as not dropping or swinging the cables freely, coiling them loosely without kinking, and avoiding placing heavy items on them. These precautions are necessary to prevent damage to the cables and ensure their proper functioning. Therefore, the answer provided is incorrect as it suggests that gas sterilization is the only precaution needed when handling fiberoptic cables.