Surgical Tech ( Appleton And Lange) Part 11

1. Circumcision refers to

Removal of the foreskin

Removal of the glans

Widening of the urethral opening

Lengthening of the foreskin

Circumcision refers to the removal of the foreskin. This is a surgical procedure where the foreskin, the retractable fold of skin that covers the head of the penis, is removed. It is a common practice in many cultures and religions for various reasons, including religious, cultural, and health purposes. The removal of the foreskin is believed to have several benefits, such as improved hygiene, reduced risk of urinary tract infections, and decreased risk of certain sexually transmitted infections.

Explanation

Circumcision refers to the removal of the foreskin. This is a surgical procedure where the foreskin, the retractable fold of skin that covers the head of the penis, is removed. It is a common practice in many cultures and religions for various reasons, including religious, cultural, and health purposes. The removal of the foreskin is believed to have several benefits, such as improved hygiene, reduced risk of urinary tract infections, and decreased risk of certain sexually transmitted infections.

2. Stones removed during surgery should be sent to the laboratory

Dry

In saline

In formalin

In distilled water

When stones are removed during surgery, they should be sent to the laboratory in a dry state. This is because sending them in a dry state helps to preserve their integrity and prevent any potential contamination or damage. Additionally, keeping the stones dry allows for easier examination and analysis in the laboratory, as they will not be affected by any residual fluids or substances.

Explanation

When stones are removed during surgery, they should be sent to the laboratory in a dry state. This is because sending them in a dry state helps to preserve their integrity and prevent any potential contamination or damage. Additionally, keeping the stones dry allows for easier examination and analysis in the laboratory, as they will not be affected by any residual fluids or substances.

3. Continuous irrigation following TURP is accomplished by use of a

Suprapubic cystotomy tube

30-cc three-way Foley catheter

5-cc three-way Foley catheter

30-cc two-way Foley catheter

The correct answer is the 30-cc three-way Foley catheter. Following a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), continuous irrigation is required to prevent blood clots from obstructing the urinary tract. A three-way Foley catheter is used for this purpose as it allows for continuous irrigation through one lumen while draining urine through another. The 30-cc size refers to the balloon capacity of the catheter, which helps secure it in the bladder.

Explanation

The correct answer is the 30-cc three-way Foley catheter. Following a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), continuous irrigation is required to prevent blood clots from obstructing the urinary tract. A three-way Foley catheter is used for this purpose as it allows for continuous irrigation through one lumen while draining urine through another. The 30-cc size refers to the balloon capacity of the catheter, which helps secure it in the bladder.

4. Why is the table straightened before closing a kidney incision?

To facilitate easier respirations

To create better approximation of tissues

To facilitate better circulation

To prevent nerve damage

Straightening the table before closing a kidney incision helps to create better approximation of tissues. By straightening the table, the surgeon ensures that the patient's body is in the correct position, allowing for better access to the kidney and surrounding tissues. This positioning helps the surgeon to accurately align and close the incision, resulting in a more precise and effective closure. It also helps to minimize any tension or gaps in the tissue, promoting proper healing and reducing the risk of complications.

Explanation

Straightening the table before closing a kidney incision helps to create better approximation of tissues. By straightening the table, the surgeon ensures that the patient's body is in the correct position, allowing for better access to the kidney and surrounding tissues. This positioning helps the surgeon to accurately align and close the incision, resulting in a more precise and effective closure. It also helps to minimize any tension or gaps in the tissue, promoting proper healing and reducing the risk of complications.

5. Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate is termed

Prostatistis

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Balanitis

Prostatism

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is the correct answer because it accurately describes the nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate. BPH is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland grows in size, causing urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and difficulty emptying the bladder. Prostatitis refers to inflammation of the prostate gland, balanitis is inflammation of the head of the penis, and prostatism is a general term for symptoms related to prostate enlargement.

Explanation

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is the correct answer because it accurately describes the nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate. BPH is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland grows in size, causing urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and difficulty emptying the bladder. Prostatitis refers to inflammation of the prostate gland, balanitis is inflammation of the head of the penis, and prostatism is a general term for symptoms related to prostate enlargement.

6. Removal of a testis or the testes is called

Orchiopexy

Orchiectomy

Epididymectomy

Vasectomy

Orchiectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of one or both testicles. This procedure is commonly performed to treat testicular cancer, prevent the spread of cancer, or as a method of hormone therapy for certain conditions. Orchiopexy, on the other hand, is a surgical procedure to fix an undescended testicle, epididymectomy is the removal of the epididymis, and vasectomy is the surgical sterilization procedure for men.

Explanation

Orchiectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of one or both testicles. This procedure is commonly performed to treat testicular cancer, prevent the spread of cancer, or as a method of hormone therapy for certain conditions. Orchiopexy, on the other hand, is a surgical procedure to fix an undescended testicle, epididymectomy is the removal of the epididymis, and vasectomy is the surgical sterilization procedure for men.

7. Kidney stones are sent to the lab in

Saline

Water

Dry state

Formalin

Kidney stones are sent to the lab in a dry state because this allows for easier examination and analysis. When the stones are dried, any remaining water or moisture is removed, which helps preserve the stone and prevents the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms. Additionally, drying the stones makes it easier to handle and transport them without the risk of damage or contamination.

Explanation

Kidney stones are sent to the lab in a dry state because this allows for easier examination and analysis. When the stones are dried, any remaining water or moisture is removed, which helps preserve the stone and prevents the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms. Additionally, drying the stones makes it easier to handle and transport them without the risk of damage or contamination.

8. The most widely used method of scar revision next to scar removal is

Chemical peel

Sanding

Z-plasty

Planing

Z-plasty is a widely used method of scar revision because it is effective in improving the appearance of scars. It involves creating small triangular flaps of skin on both sides of the scar and then rearranging them in a zigzag pattern. This technique helps to break up the scar tissue and redistribute tension, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing scar. Z-plasty also allows for better alignment of the scar with natural skin tension lines, making it less noticeable. Compared to scar removal or other methods like chemical peel or planing, Z-plasty offers a more comprehensive and long-lasting solution for scar revision.

Explanation

Z-plasty is a widely used method of scar revision because it is effective in improving the appearance of scars. It involves creating small triangular flaps of skin on both sides of the scar and then rearranging them in a zigzag pattern. This technique helps to break up the scar tissue and redistribute tension, resulting in a more aesthetically pleasing scar. Z-plasty also allows for better alignment of the scar with natural skin tension lines, making it less noticeable. Compared to scar removal or other methods like chemical peel or planing, Z-plasty offers a more comprehensive and long-lasting solution for scar revision.

9. An anticoagulant given for its antagonistic effect on heparin is

Dicumarol

Coumadin sodium

Protamine sulfate

Dipaxin

Protamine sulfate is an anticoagulant that is used to reverse the effects of heparin, which is another anticoagulant. Heparin works by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood, while protamine sulfate acts as an antagonist to heparin by binding to it and neutralizing its effects. This makes protamine sulfate an effective treatment for patients who have received too much heparin or are experiencing excessive bleeding as a result of heparin therapy. Dicumarol and Coumadin sodium are both anticoagulants themselves, while Dipaxin is not commonly used as an anticoagulant.

Explanation

Protamine sulfate is an anticoagulant that is used to reverse the effects of heparin, which is another anticoagulant. Heparin works by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood, while protamine sulfate acts as an antagonist to heparin by binding to it and neutralizing its effects. This makes protamine sulfate an effective treatment for patients who have received too much heparin or are experiencing excessive bleeding as a result of heparin therapy. Dicumarol and Coumadin sodium are both anticoagulants themselves, while Dipaxin is not commonly used as an anticoagulant.

10. The procedure of choice for removal of a foreign body in a child's tracheobronchial tree is

Bronchoscopy

Mediastinoscopy

Fluoroscopy

Telemetry

Bronchoscopy is the procedure of choice for removal of a foreign body in a child's tracheobronchial tree. This is because bronchoscopy allows direct visualization of the airway and enables the physician to safely and effectively remove the foreign body using specialized instruments. Mediastinoscopy is a procedure used to examine the mediastinum, not specifically for foreign body removal. Fluoroscopy is a technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images, which may be helpful in some cases but not as effective as bronchoscopy. Telemetry is a monitoring technique used to measure and transmit data, and is not directly involved in foreign body removal.

Explanation

Bronchoscopy is the procedure of choice for removal of a foreign body in a child's tracheobronchial tree. This is because bronchoscopy allows direct visualization of the airway and enables the physician to safely and effectively remove the foreign body using specialized instruments. Mediastinoscopy is a procedure used to examine the mediastinum, not specifically for foreign body removal. Fluoroscopy is a technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images, which may be helpful in some cases but not as effective as bronchoscopy. Telemetry is a monitoring technique used to measure and transmit data, and is not directly involved in foreign body removal.

11. The Pereyra needle is used in which specialty area of surgery?

Neurology

Urology

Orthopedics

Ophthalmology

The Pereyra needle is used in urology. This needle is specifically designed for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, a surgical procedure used to remove kidney stones. It is used to access the kidney through a small incision in the back, allowing for the insertion of instruments to break up and remove the stones. Therefore, the correct answer is urology.

Explanation

The Pereyra needle is used in urology. This needle is specifically designed for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, a surgical procedure used to remove kidney stones. It is used to access the kidney through a small incision in the back, allowing for the insertion of instruments to break up and remove the stones. Therefore, the correct answer is urology.

12. Orchiopexy can be defined as

Fixation of an ovary

Uterine suspension

Testicle removal

Fixation of a testicle

Orchiopexy is a surgical procedure that involves the fixation of a testicle. It is typically performed to correct undescended testicles, a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. During orchiopexy, the testicle is carefully repositioned and secured in the scrotum to prevent future complications and promote normal testicular development and function. This procedure is commonly performed in pediatric patients to ensure proper testicular growth and to reduce the risk of infertility and other potential health issues later in life.

Explanation

Orchiopexy is a surgical procedure that involves the fixation of a testicle. It is typically performed to correct undescended testicles, a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. During orchiopexy, the testicle is carefully repositioned and secured in the scrotum to prevent future complications and promote normal testicular development and function. This procedure is commonly performed in pediatric patients to ensure proper testicular growth and to reduce the risk of infertility and other potential health issues later in life.

13. The purpose of the kidney elevator is to

Increase the space between the lower ribs and iliac crest

Increase the space between the ribs

Stabilize the patient

Support the body in the flexed position

The kidney elevator is used to increase the space between the lower ribs and iliac crest. This is important in certain medical procedures, such as kidney surgeries or examinations, where it is necessary to have better access to the kidneys. By elevating the kidney, the space between the lower ribs and iliac crest is widened, providing more room for the medical professional to work and reducing the risk of injury to surrounding organs.

Explanation

The kidney elevator is used to increase the space between the lower ribs and iliac crest. This is important in certain medical procedures, such as kidney surgeries or examinations, where it is necessary to have better access to the kidneys. By elevating the kidney, the space between the lower ribs and iliac crest is widened, providing more room for the medical professional to work and reducing the risk of injury to surrounding organs.

14. The procedure to treat organic sexual impotence is

Spermatocelectomy

Varicocelectomy

Testicular implant

Penile implant

The correct answer is penile implant. A penile implant is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a device into the penis to help achieve and maintain an erection. This is a treatment option for organic sexual impotence when other methods such as medication or therapy have not been successful. It is typically considered when there is a physical cause for the impotence, such as damage to the nerves or blood vessels in the penis. The penile implant allows for an erection to be achieved on demand, providing a solution for individuals who are unable to achieve or sustain an erection naturally.

Explanation

The correct answer is penile implant. A penile implant is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a device into the penis to help achieve and maintain an erection. This is a treatment option for organic sexual impotence when other methods such as medication or therapy have not been successful. It is typically considered when there is a physical cause for the impotence, such as damage to the nerves or blood vessels in the penis. The penile implant allows for an erection to be achieved on demand, providing a solution for individuals who are unable to achieve or sustain an erection naturally.

15. A needle biopsy of the prostate may be accomplished with a (n)

Butterfly needle

Angiocatheter

Tru-cut needle

Taper needle

A Tru-cut needle is commonly used for needle biopsies of the prostate. It is designed with a cutting edge that allows for the collection of a tissue sample from the prostate gland. This type of needle is preferred because it provides a more accurate and reliable biopsy sample compared to other options like a butterfly needle or angiocatheter, which are not specifically designed for prostate biopsies. A taper needle is also not suitable for this procedure as it does not have the necessary cutting edge.

Explanation

A Tru-cut needle is commonly used for needle biopsies of the prostate. It is designed with a cutting edge that allows for the collection of a tissue sample from the prostate gland. This type of needle is preferred because it provides a more accurate and reliable biopsy sample compared to other options like a butterfly needle or angiocatheter, which are not specifically designed for prostate biopsies. A taper needle is also not suitable for this procedure as it does not have the necessary cutting edge.

16. To prevent thrombi from forming in the walls of the renal vein during transfer from the donor to the recipient, __________ is given just before clamping of the renal vessels.

Furosemide

Protamine sulfate

Heparin

Mannitol

Heparin is given just before clamping of the renal vessels to prevent thrombi from forming in the walls of the renal vein during transfer from the donor to the recipient. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the formation of blood clots. By administering heparin, the risk of thrombi formation in the renal vein is reduced, ensuring a successful transfer of the kidney without any complications related to blood clotting.

Explanation

Heparin is given just before clamping of the renal vessels to prevent thrombi from forming in the walls of the renal vein during transfer from the donor to the recipient. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the formation of blood clots. By administering heparin, the risk of thrombi formation in the renal vein is reduced, ensuring a successful transfer of the kidney without any complications related to blood clotting.

17. The three lumens of a Foley are used for inflation, drainage, and

Prevention of urine reflux

Access for sterile urine specimens

Continuous irrigation

Additional hemostasis

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for various purposes. One of these purposes is continuous irrigation. Continuous irrigation involves the continuous flow of a sterile solution through the catheter to flush out the bladder and prevent blockages or infections. This can be helpful in cases where there is a need to keep the bladder clean or to remove blood clots or debris. Therefore, continuous irrigation is a valid use of the lumens of a Foley catheter.

Explanation

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for various purposes. One of these purposes is continuous irrigation. Continuous irrigation involves the continuous flow of a sterile solution through the catheter to flush out the bladder and prevent blockages or infections. This can be helpful in cases where there is a need to keep the bladder clean or to remove blood clots or debris. Therefore, continuous irrigation is a valid use of the lumens of a Foley catheter.

18. Rib removal for surgical exposure of the kidney requires all of the following EXCEPT a (n)

Alexander periosteotome

Doyen raspatory

Heaney clamp

Stille shears

Rib removal for surgical exposure of the kidney requires various instruments, including an Alexander periosteotome, Doyen raspatory, and Stille shears. These instruments are used to dissect and remove the ribs to provide access to the kidney. However, a Heaney clamp is not necessary for rib removal. Heaney clamps are commonly used in gynecological surgeries for clamping and manipulating tissues, but they are not specifically required for rib removal in kidney surgery.

Explanation

Rib removal for surgical exposure of the kidney requires various instruments, including an Alexander periosteotome, Doyen raspatory, and Stille shears. These instruments are used to dissect and remove the ribs to provide access to the kidney. However, a Heaney clamp is not necessary for rib removal. Heaney clamps are commonly used in gynecological surgeries for clamping and manipulating tissues, but they are not specifically required for rib removal in kidney surgery.

19. A lumbar or simple flank incision for ureter or kidney surgery may include removal of which ribs?

5 and 6

7 and 8

9 and 10

11 and 12

In a lumbar or simple flank incision for ureter or kidney surgery, the ribs that may be removed are 11 and 12. This is because these ribs are located in the lower back region, known as the lumbar area. By removing these ribs, surgeons can gain better access to the ureter or kidney, facilitating the surgical procedure.

Explanation

In a lumbar or simple flank incision for ureter or kidney surgery, the ribs that may be removed are 11 and 12. This is because these ribs are located in the lower back region, known as the lumbar area. By removing these ribs, surgeons can gain better access to the ureter or kidney, facilitating the surgical procedure.

20. An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the scrotum is to a (n)

Hydrocele

Enterocele

Varicocele

Hydronephrosis

A hydrocele refers to an abnormal buildup of fluid in the scrotum. This condition occurs when the sac surrounding the testicles fills with fluid, leading to swelling and discomfort. It is a common condition that can affect males of all ages, from newborns to older adults. The accumulation of fluid in the scrotum can be caused by various factors, such as injury, infection, or an underlying medical condition. Treatment options for hydrocele may include observation, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity and symptoms experienced by the individual.

Explanation

A hydrocele refers to an abnormal buildup of fluid in the scrotum. This condition occurs when the sac surrounding the testicles fills with fluid, leading to swelling and discomfort. It is a common condition that can affect males of all ages, from newborns to older adults. The accumulation of fluid in the scrotum can be caused by various factors, such as injury, infection, or an underlying medical condition. Treatment options for hydrocele may include observation, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity and symptoms experienced by the individual.

21. Plaque removal from a vessel is termed

Embolectomy

Thrombectomy

Shunt

Endarterectomy

Endarterectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery. This procedure is commonly performed to treat atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. By removing the plaque, endarterectomy helps restore blood flow and prevent further complications such as heart attack or stroke. Embolectomy and thrombectomy are similar procedures that involve the removal of blood clots, while a shunt is a device used to redirect blood flow.

Explanation

Endarterectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery. This procedure is commonly performed to treat atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. By removing the plaque, endarterectomy helps restore blood flow and prevent further complications such as heart attack or stroke. Embolectomy and thrombectomy are similar procedures that involve the removal of blood clots, while a shunt is a device used to redirect blood flow.

22. Urethral meatal stenosis is corrected by a (n)

Frenulotomy

Meatotomy

Urethral dilation

Extirpation of the penis

Meatotomy is the correct answer because it is a surgical procedure used to correct urethral meatal stenosis. Urethral meatal stenosis is a condition where the opening of the urethra becomes narrowed or restricted, causing difficulty in urination. A meatotomy involves making an incision or widening the urethral meatus (the external opening of the urethra) to alleviate the obstruction and improve urine flow. This procedure is a common and effective treatment for urethral meatal stenosis.

Explanation

Meatotomy is the correct answer because it is a surgical procedure used to correct urethral meatal stenosis. Urethral meatal stenosis is a condition where the opening of the urethra becomes narrowed or restricted, causing difficulty in urination. A meatotomy involves making an incision or widening the urethral meatus (the external opening of the urethra) to alleviate the obstruction and improve urine flow. This procedure is a common and effective treatment for urethral meatal stenosis.

23. Retraction of fine structures and blood vessels during vascular surgery is accomplished by use of

Senn reetractor

Penrose drain

Malleable ribbon retractor

Vessel loops

Vessel loops are commonly used during vascular surgery to retract fine structures and blood vessels. These loops are made of soft and flexible material, allowing them to be easily placed around delicate structures without causing damage. By gently pulling on the loops, surgeons can retract and hold blood vessels in place, providing better visibility and access to the surgical site. This helps in performing procedures such as vessel anastomosis or grafting. Therefore, vessel loops are an essential tool in vascular surgery for achieving optimal surgical outcomes.

Explanation

Vessel loops are commonly used during vascular surgery to retract fine structures and blood vessels. These loops are made of soft and flexible material, allowing them to be easily placed around delicate structures without causing damage. By gently pulling on the loops, surgeons can retract and hold blood vessels in place, providing better visibility and access to the surgical site. This helps in performing procedures such as vessel anastomosis or grafting. Therefore, vessel loops are an essential tool in vascular surgery for achieving optimal surgical outcomes.

24. Microscopic reversal of the male sterilization procedure is termed

Spermatogenesis

Orchiopexy

Vasovasostomy

Vasectomy

Vasovasostomy is the microscopic reversal of the male sterilization procedure, vasectomy. During vasectomy, the vas deferens is cut and sealed to prevent the passage of sperm. Vasovasostomy reconnects the vas deferens, allowing sperm to once again be present in the ejaculate. Therefore, vasovasostomy is the correct term for the microscopic reversal of male sterilization.

Explanation

Vasovasostomy is the microscopic reversal of the male sterilization procedure, vasectomy. During vasectomy, the vas deferens is cut and sealed to prevent the passage of sperm. Vasovasostomy reconnects the vas deferens, allowing sperm to once again be present in the ejaculate. Therefore, vasovasostomy is the correct term for the microscopic reversal of male sterilization.

25. Pedal pulses are assessed with a

Berman locator

Doppler

Mobin-Uddin device

PTFE

Pedal pulses are assessed with a Doppler. A Doppler is a medical device that uses ultrasound technology to detect and measure blood flow in the arteries and veins. It is commonly used to assess peripheral pulses, such as the pedal pulses in the feet. By using the Doppler, healthcare professionals can determine the strength and regularity of the pedal pulses, which can provide important information about the blood circulation in the lower extremities.

Explanation

Pedal pulses are assessed with a Doppler. A Doppler is a medical device that uses ultrasound technology to detect and measure blood flow in the arteries and veins. It is commonly used to assess peripheral pulses, such as the pedal pulses in the feet. By using the Doppler, healthcare professionals can determine the strength and regularity of the pedal pulses, which can provide important information about the blood circulation in the lower extremities.

26. A staghorn stone is one that lodges and continues to grow in the

Renal calyx

Space of Retzius

Uteter

Hilum

A staghorn stone refers to a type of kidney stone that gets lodged and continues to grow in the renal calyx. The renal calyx is a part of the kidney where urine collects before it flows into the ureter. This type of stone can cause significant obstruction and can be challenging to remove due to its size and location.

Explanation

A staghorn stone refers to a type of kidney stone that gets lodged and continues to grow in the renal calyx. The renal calyx is a part of the kidney where urine collects before it flows into the ureter. This type of stone can cause significant obstruction and can be challenging to remove due to its size and location.

27. What instrument is used to view lymph nodes or masses in the space that medially separates the pleural cavities?

Bronchoscope

Mediastinoscope

Endoscope

Colonoscope

A mediastinoscope is used to view lymph nodes or masses in the space that medially separates the pleural cavities. This instrument is specifically designed for examining the mediastinum, which is the area between the lungs. It allows doctors to visualize and biopsy lymph nodes or other abnormal growths in this region. A bronchoscope, endoscope, and colonoscope are not suitable for this purpose as they are used to examine the bronchial tubes, digestive tract, and colon respectively.

Explanation

A mediastinoscope is used to view lymph nodes or masses in the space that medially separates the pleural cavities. This instrument is specifically designed for examining the mediastinum, which is the area between the lungs. It allows doctors to visualize and biopsy lymph nodes or other abnormal growths in this region. A bronchoscope, endoscope, and colonoscope are not suitable for this purpose as they are used to examine the bronchial tubes, digestive tract, and colon respectively.

28. In which procedure could a Fogarty catheter be utilized?

Embolectomy

Gastrectomy

Craniotomy

Thorocotomy

A Fogarty catheter could be utilized in an embolectomy procedure. An embolectomy is the surgical removal of an embolus, which is a blood clot or other foreign material that has been transported through the bloodstream and lodged in a blood vessel. The Fogarty catheter is a specialized medical device that can be inserted into the blood vessel to remove the embolus, restoring blood flow and preventing further complications.

Explanation

A Fogarty catheter could be utilized in an embolectomy procedure. An embolectomy is the surgical removal of an embolus, which is a blood clot or other foreign material that has been transported through the bloodstream and lodged in a blood vessel. The Fogarty catheter is a specialized medical device that can be inserted into the blood vessel to remove the embolus, restoring blood flow and preventing further complications.

29. Penile condylomata are most successfully removed by

Dermabrasion

Laser

Cautery

Ultrasound

Laser treatment is the most successful method for removing penile condylomata. Laser technology allows for precise and targeted removal of the warts, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. The high-energy laser beam effectively destroys the abnormal tissue, promoting faster healing and reducing the risk of recurrence. Additionally, laser treatment offers the advantage of being less invasive compared to other methods like dermabrasion or cautery, resulting in minimal pain and scarring. Ultrasound is not a suitable method for removing penile condylomata, as it is primarily used for imaging purposes rather than tissue removal.

Explanation

Laser treatment is the most successful method for removing penile condylomata. Laser technology allows for precise and targeted removal of the warts, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. The high-energy laser beam effectively destroys the abnormal tissue, promoting faster healing and reducing the risk of recurrence. Additionally, laser treatment offers the advantage of being less invasive compared to other methods like dermabrasion or cautery, resulting in minimal pain and scarring. Ultrasound is not a suitable method for removing penile condylomata, as it is primarily used for imaging purposes rather than tissue removal.

30. Which drug can be added to saline for irrigation during a vascular procedure?

Protamine

Epinephrine

Sublimaze

Heparin

Heparin can be added to saline for irrigation during a vascular procedure. Heparin is an anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clotting and is commonly used in vascular procedures to maintain the patency of blood vessels. By adding heparin to saline, it helps to prevent the formation of clots and keeps the blood vessels clear and flowing smoothly during the procedure. This can reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis or blockage of the blood vessels.

Explanation

Heparin can be added to saline for irrigation during a vascular procedure. Heparin is an anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clotting and is commonly used in vascular procedures to maintain the patency of blood vessels. By adding heparin to saline, it helps to prevent the formation of clots and keeps the blood vessels clear and flowing smoothly during the procedure. This can reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis or blockage of the blood vessels.

31. Why is a 30-cc bag Foley used after a TURP?

Hemostasis

Decompression

Creation of negative pressure

Aspiration

After a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), there may be bleeding in the surgical area. Using a 30-cc bag Foley helps in achieving hemostasis, which means stopping or controlling the bleeding. By inserting the Foley catheter and inflating the balloon with 30-cc of fluid, pressure is applied to the surgical site, helping to stop the bleeding and promote healing. This method ensures that the surgical area remains clean and prevents any further bleeding or complications.

Explanation

After a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), there may be bleeding in the surgical area. Using a 30-cc bag Foley helps in achieving hemostasis, which means stopping or controlling the bleeding. By inserting the Foley catheter and inflating the balloon with 30-cc of fluid, pressure is applied to the surgical site, helping to stop the bleeding and promote healing. This method ensures that the surgical area remains clean and prevents any further bleeding or complications.

32. Bladder stones are crushed with a

Basket catheter

Lithotrite

Cautery

Resectoscope

A lithotrite is a medical instrument used to crush bladder stones. It is specifically designed for this purpose and is effective in breaking down the stones into smaller fragments, making them easier to remove or pass through the urinary tract. The other options mentioned, such as a basket catheter, cautery, and resectoscope, are not typically used for crushing bladder stones.

Explanation

A lithotrite is a medical instrument used to crush bladder stones. It is specifically designed for this purpose and is effective in breaking down the stones into smaller fragments, making them easier to remove or pass through the urinary tract. The other options mentioned, such as a basket catheter, cautery, and resectoscope, are not typically used for crushing bladder stones.

33. Which solution is NOT used during a transurethral prostatectomy?

Normal saline

Sorbitol

Mannitol

Glycine

During a transurethral prostatectomy, various solutions are used to irrigate the surgical field and maintain visibility. These solutions help to flush out blood, debris, and clots. Normal saline, sorbitol, mannitol, and glycine are commonly used solutions. However, normal saline is not used during a transurethral prostatectomy. This is because normal saline lacks the necessary electrolytes and osmolarity to maintain the integrity of the prostate tissue during the procedure. Instead, solutions like sorbitol, mannitol, or glycine are used as they provide the appropriate electrolyte balance and osmolarity needed for the surgery.

Explanation

During a transurethral prostatectomy, various solutions are used to irrigate the surgical field and maintain visibility. These solutions help to flush out blood, debris, and clots. Normal saline, sorbitol, mannitol, and glycine are commonly used solutions. However, normal saline is not used during a transurethral prostatectomy. This is because normal saline lacks the necessary electrolytes and osmolarity to maintain the integrity of the prostate tissue during the procedure. Instead, solutions like sorbitol, mannitol, or glycine are used as they provide the appropriate electrolyte balance and osmolarity needed for the surgery.

34. A cytologic specimen collector used in bronchoscopy is

Ellik

Toomey

Jackson

Lukens

Lukens is the correct answer because it is a type of cytologic specimen collector used in bronchoscopy. The other options (Ellik, Toomey, Jackson) are not specific to bronchoscopy or cytologic specimen collection.

Explanation

Lukens is the correct answer because it is a type of cytologic specimen collector used in bronchoscopy. The other options (Ellik, Toomey, Jackson) are not specific to bronchoscopy or cytologic specimen collection.

35. Migrating clots that have formed in the lower extremities can be intercepted on the way to the heart or lungs by a

Greenfield Filter

Pudenz shunt

Scribner shunt

LeVeen shunt

A Greenfield Filter is a medical device used to prevent blood clots from traveling to the heart or lungs. It is specifically designed to intercept migrating clots that have formed in the lower extremities. The filter is inserted into the inferior vena cava, a large vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart. Its purpose is to catch any clots that break loose and prevent them from causing a pulmonary embolism or other life-threatening complications. The other options mentioned, Pudenz shunt, Scribner shunt, and LeVeen shunt, are not designed for this specific purpose and are used in different medical procedures.

Explanation

A Greenfield Filter is a medical device used to prevent blood clots from traveling to the heart or lungs. It is specifically designed to intercept migrating clots that have formed in the lower extremities. The filter is inserted into the inferior vena cava, a large vein that carries blood from the lower body to the heart. Its purpose is to catch any clots that break loose and prevent them from causing a pulmonary embolism or other life-threatening complications. The other options mentioned, Pudenz shunt, Scribner shunt, and LeVeen shunt, are not designed for this specific purpose and are used in different medical procedures.

36. In a penile implant, the inflation pump is located in the

Distal penis

Proximal penis

Scrotum

Groin

The correct answer is scrotum. In a penile implant, the inflation pump is typically placed in the scrotum. This allows for easy access and control of the implant, as the scrotum is a convenient and discreet location for the pump. Placing the pump in the scrotum also helps to ensure that it is securely positioned and does not interfere with the functionality or comfort of the implant.

Explanation

The correct answer is scrotum. In a penile implant, the inflation pump is typically placed in the scrotum. This allows for easy access and control of the implant, as the scrotum is a convenient and discreet location for the pump. Placing the pump in the scrotum also helps to ensure that it is securely positioned and does not interfere with the functionality or comfort of the implant.

37. The prime consideration in a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy is

Shunting blood flow

Hemorrhage control

Bypassing occlusion

Removal of thromboembolic material

In a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, the prime consideration is hemorrhage control. This is because a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm leads to severe bleeding, which can be life-threatening. Therefore, the main focus of the procedure is to control the bleeding and prevent further hemorrhage. Shunting blood flow, bypassing occlusion, and removal of thromboembolic material may be important considerations in other situations, but in the case of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, hemorrhage control takes precedence.

Explanation

In a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, the prime consideration is hemorrhage control. This is because a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm leads to severe bleeding, which can be life-threatening. Therefore, the main focus of the procedure is to control the bleeding and prevent further hemorrhage. Shunting blood flow, bypassing occlusion, and removal of thromboembolic material may be important considerations in other situations, but in the case of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, hemorrhage control takes precedence.

38. Which anomaly is corrected by the MAGPI procedure?

Epispadias

Hypospadias

Phimosis

Chordee

The correct answer is chordee. Chordee is a condition where the penis curves downward or upward during an erection. The MAGPI (meatal advancement and glanuloplasty) procedure is a surgical technique used to correct chordee. It involves repositioning the urethral opening and reshaping the glans penis to correct the curvature. This procedure helps to improve the appearance and function of the penis, allowing for normal urination and sexual intercourse.

Explanation

The correct answer is chordee. Chordee is a condition where the penis curves downward or upward during an erection. The MAGPI (meatal advancement and glanuloplasty) procedure is a surgical technique used to correct chordee. It involves repositioning the urethral opening and reshaping the glans penis to correct the curvature. This procedure helps to improve the appearance and function of the penis, allowing for normal urination and sexual intercourse.

39. Which piece of equipment would be placed on an embolectomy setup for the purpose of removing clots through an arteriotomy?

Wishard

Swan-Ganz

Fogarty

Garceau

The Fogarty catheter is a piece of equipment commonly used in embolectomy procedures to remove blood clots through an arteriotomy. It is a flexible tube with an inflatable balloon at the tip. The catheter is inserted into the artery, and the balloon is inflated to trap the clot. The catheter is then gently pulled out, bringing the clot with it. This technique allows for the safe and effective removal of clots from the arteries.

Explanation

The Fogarty catheter is a piece of equipment commonly used in embolectomy procedures to remove blood clots through an arteriotomy. It is a flexible tube with an inflatable balloon at the tip. The catheter is inserted into the artery, and the balloon is inflated to trap the clot. The catheter is then gently pulled out, bringing the clot with it. This technique allows for the safe and effective removal of clots from the arteries.

40. A Pereyra procedure is done for

Stress incontinence

Chronic bladder infection

Drainage of the bladder

Impotence

A Pereyra procedure is a surgical technique used to treat stress incontinence, which is the involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising. This procedure involves repositioning and supporting the urethra and bladder neck to improve their function and prevent urine leakage. It is not performed for chronic bladder infection, drainage of the bladder, or impotence.

Explanation

A Pereyra procedure is a surgical technique used to treat stress incontinence, which is the involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising. This procedure involves repositioning and supporting the urethra and bladder neck to improve their function and prevent urine leakage. It is not performed for chronic bladder infection, drainage of the bladder, or impotence.

41. Dextran is used parenterally to

Expand blood plasma volume

Renourish vital tissue

Carry oxygen through the system

Decrease blood viscosity

Dextran is a type of polysaccharide that is commonly used in medical settings to expand blood plasma volume. When administered parenterally (through injection), dextran helps increase the volume of plasma in the bloodstream. This can be beneficial in situations where there is a need to increase blood volume, such as in cases of hypovolemia (low blood volume) or shock. By expanding blood plasma volume, dextran helps improve circulation and maintain adequate blood pressure, ensuring that vital organs receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.

Explanation

Dextran is a type of polysaccharide that is commonly used in medical settings to expand blood plasma volume. When administered parenterally (through injection), dextran helps increase the volume of plasma in the bloodstream. This can be beneficial in situations where there is a need to increase blood volume, such as in cases of hypovolemia (low blood volume) or shock. By expanding blood plasma volume, dextran helps improve circulation and maintain adequate blood pressure, ensuring that vital organs receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.

42. All of the following procedures may be completed through a cystoscope EXCEPT

Biopsy of bladder tumor

Removal of foreign body in bladder

Total removal of bladder tumor

Cystogram for diagnostic studies

A cystoscope is a medical instrument used to examine the bladder and urinary tract. It is inserted through the urethra and allows for visualization and various procedures to be performed. Biopsy of a bladder tumor, removal of a foreign body in the bladder, and cystogram for diagnostic studies can all be done using a cystoscope. However, total removal of a bladder tumor is not typically performed using a cystoscope. This procedure would require a more invasive surgical approach, such as a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or open surgery.

Explanation

A cystoscope is a medical instrument used to examine the bladder and urinary tract. It is inserted through the urethra and allows for visualization and various procedures to be performed. Biopsy of a bladder tumor, removal of a foreign body in the bladder, and cystogram for diagnostic studies can all be done using a cystoscope. However, total removal of a bladder tumor is not typically performed using a cystoscope. This procedure would require a more invasive surgical approach, such as a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or open surgery.

43. Which muscle is utilized to effect a TRAM flap in breast reconstruction?

Latissimus dorsi

Transrectus abdominis

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

The transrectus abdominis muscle is utilized to effect a TRAM flap in breast reconstruction. The TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous) flap procedure involves taking a section of tissue, including skin, fat, blood vessels, and the transrectus abdominis muscle, from the lower abdomen and using it to reconstruct the breast. This muscle provides the necessary blood supply to the tissue flap and helps in creating a new breast mound.

Explanation

The transrectus abdominis muscle is utilized to effect a TRAM flap in breast reconstruction. The TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous) flap procedure involves taking a section of tissue, including skin, fat, blood vessels, and the transrectus abdominis muscle, from the lower abdomen and using it to reconstruct the breast. This muscle provides the necessary blood supply to the tissue flap and helps in creating a new breast mound.

44. In cystoscopy, the irrigating solution is

Distilled water

Glycine

Mannitol

Sorbitol

Distilled water is the correct answer for the irrigating solution used in cystoscopy. This is because distilled water is free from impurities and minerals, making it safe to use for irrigation purposes without causing any harm or irritation to the patient's bladder. Additionally, distilled water is readily available and cost-effective, making it a suitable choice for this procedure. Glycine, mannitol, and sorbitol are not commonly used as irrigating solutions in cystoscopy.

Explanation

Distilled water is the correct answer for the irrigating solution used in cystoscopy. This is because distilled water is free from impurities and minerals, making it safe to use for irrigation purposes without causing any harm or irritation to the patient's bladder. Additionally, distilled water is readily available and cost-effective, making it a suitable choice for this procedure. Glycine, mannitol, and sorbitol are not commonly used as irrigating solutions in cystoscopy.

45. The antagonist to heparin sodium is

Epinephrine

Mannitol

Sodium bicarbonate

Protamine sulfate

Protamine sulfate is the correct answer because it acts as an antagonist to heparin sodium. Heparin sodium is an anticoagulant medication used to prevent blood clotting, and protamine sulfate is its specific antidote. When administered together, protamine sulfate binds to heparin and neutralizes its anticoagulant effects, thereby reversing its action. This makes protamine sulfate an essential medication in cases of heparin overdose or when immediate reversal of heparin's effects is required. Epinephrine, mannitol, and sodium bicarbonate are not antagonists to heparin sodium and do not reverse its anticoagulant effects.

Explanation

Protamine sulfate is the correct answer because it acts as an antagonist to heparin sodium. Heparin sodium is an anticoagulant medication used to prevent blood clotting, and protamine sulfate is its specific antidote. When administered together, protamine sulfate binds to heparin and neutralizes its anticoagulant effects, thereby reversing its action. This makes protamine sulfate an essential medication in cases of heparin overdose or when immediate reversal of heparin's effects is required. Epinephrine, mannitol, and sodium bicarbonate are not antagonists to heparin sodium and do not reverse its anticoagulant effects.

46. The use of distilled water during a highly invasive genitourinary procedure such as a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is prohibited for irrigation because of the potential for

Hemolysis of RBC

Electrolytic dissipation of current

Increase of blood pressure

Body fluid shift

Distilled water is pure water with no minerals or ions. When used for irrigation during TURP, it can cause hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). This is because the distilled water lacks the necessary electrolytes and minerals to maintain the osmotic balance of the RBCs. The sudden change in osmolarity can cause the RBCs to burst, leading to hemolysis. Therefore, the use of distilled water for irrigation in TURP is prohibited to prevent this potential complication.

Explanation

Distilled water is pure water with no minerals or ions. When used for irrigation during TURP, it can cause hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). This is because the distilled water lacks the necessary electrolytes and minerals to maintain the osmotic balance of the RBCs. The sudden change in osmolarity can cause the RBCs to burst, leading to hemolysis. Therefore, the use of distilled water for irrigation in TURP is prohibited to prevent this potential complication.

47. The tube that collects bronchial washings is

Broyles

Lukens

Ellik

Toomey

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

48. Heparin is utilized during vascular surgery

To coagulate blood

To correct acidosis

To constrict arteries

To prevent thrombosis

Heparin is utilized during vascular surgery to prevent thrombosis. Thrombosis refers to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can be dangerous during surgery as it can block blood flow and cause complications. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that helps prevent the formation of blood clots by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood. By administering heparin during vascular surgery, the risk of thrombosis is reduced, ensuring proper blood flow and minimizing the chances of post-operative complications.

Explanation

Heparin is utilized during vascular surgery to prevent thrombosis. Thrombosis refers to the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, which can be dangerous during surgery as it can block blood flow and cause complications. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that helps prevent the formation of blood clots by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood. By administering heparin during vascular surgery, the risk of thrombosis is reduced, ensuring proper blood flow and minimizing the chances of post-operative complications.

49. Which vessels are harvested for a coronary artery bypass?

Pulmonary vein and external mammary vein

Portal vein and hepatic artery

Saphenous vein and internal mammary artery

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

The saphenous vein and internal mammary artery are harvested for a coronary artery bypass. The saphenous vein is commonly used as a graft to bypass blocked coronary arteries, while the internal mammary artery, located in the chest, is also often used as a graft due to its proximity to the heart and its ability to provide a good blood flow. These vessels are harvested from the patient's own body and are used to reroute blood flow around blocked or narrowed coronary arteries, improving blood supply to the heart muscle.

Explanation

The saphenous vein and internal mammary artery are harvested for a coronary artery bypass. The saphenous vein is commonly used as a graft to bypass blocked coronary arteries, while the internal mammary artery, located in the chest, is also often used as a graft due to its proximity to the heart and its ability to provide a good blood flow. These vessels are harvested from the patient's own body and are used to reroute blood flow around blocked or narrowed coronary arteries, improving blood supply to the heart muscle.

50. Which suture would be used on an aortic valve replacement?

Polpropylene

Vicryl

Dermalon

Dexon

Polpropylene would be used as a suture for an aortic valve replacement. Polpropylene is a synthetic non-absorbable suture that is commonly used in cardiovascular surgeries. It is known for its strength, durability, and resistance to degradation, making it suitable for long-term use in the heart. Due to the high tension and stress that the aortic valve experiences, a strong suture like polpropylene is necessary to secure the replacement valve effectively.

Explanation

Polpropylene would be used as a suture for an aortic valve replacement. Polpropylene is a synthetic non-absorbable suture that is commonly used in cardiovascular surgeries. It is known for its strength, durability, and resistance to degradation, making it suitable for long-term use in the heart. Due to the high tension and stress that the aortic valve experiences, a strong suture like polpropylene is necessary to secure the replacement valve effectively.

51. An endoscopic procedure to treat stress incontinence is a

Y-V- plasty

Stent procedure

Stamey procedure

Colocystoplasty

The Stamey procedure is an endoscopic procedure used to treat stress incontinence. It involves the placement of sutures to provide support to the urethra and bladder neck, helping to prevent urine leakage during physical activities or stress. This procedure is minimally invasive and can be performed using a cystoscope, allowing for a quicker recovery time compared to traditional open surgeries. The Y-V-plasty and colocystoplasty are not specifically related to treating stress incontinence, and a stent procedure may not be as effective in providing long-term relief for this condition.

Explanation

The Stamey procedure is an endoscopic procedure used to treat stress incontinence. It involves the placement of sutures to provide support to the urethra and bladder neck, helping to prevent urine leakage during physical activities or stress. This procedure is minimally invasive and can be performed using a cystoscope, allowing for a quicker recovery time compared to traditional open surgeries. The Y-V-plasty and colocystoplasty are not specifically related to treating stress incontinence, and a stent procedure may not be as effective in providing long-term relief for this condition.

52. The term used to denote the function accomplished by the cardiopulmonary bypass machine is

Diversion

Dialysis

Perfusion

Profusion

Perfusion is the correct answer because it accurately describes the function accomplished by the cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Perfusion refers to the process of providing oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs while bypassing the heart and lungs. The cardiopulmonary bypass machine takes over the function of the heart and lungs during certain medical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, by circulating and oxygenating the blood. Therefore, perfusion is the term used to denote this function accomplished by the machine.

Explanation

Perfusion is the correct answer because it accurately describes the function accomplished by the cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Perfusion refers to the process of providing oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs while bypassing the heart and lungs. The cardiopulmonary bypass machine takes over the function of the heart and lungs during certain medical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, by circulating and oxygenating the blood. Therefore, perfusion is the term used to denote this function accomplished by the machine.

53. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) disintegrates stones by introducing shock waves into the body through the medium of

Water

Air

Gas

Saline

ESWL uses shock waves to break down kidney stones. These shock waves are generated outside the body and then transmitted into the body through a medium. Water is the most commonly used medium for ESWL as it efficiently transmits the shock waves and allows for precise targeting of the stones. Water also helps to minimize any discomfort or pain during the procedure. Therefore, water is the correct answer for the medium used in ESWL.

Explanation

ESWL uses shock waves to break down kidney stones. These shock waves are generated outside the body and then transmitted into the body through a medium. Water is the most commonly used medium for ESWL as it efficiently transmits the shock waves and allows for precise targeting of the stones. Water also helps to minimize any discomfort or pain during the procedure. Therefore, water is the correct answer for the medium used in ESWL.

54. All of the following are ideal requirements of cadaver donors EXCEPT

Any age

Free fo infection or malignancy

Normotensive up until death

Under hospital observation before death

The ideal requirements for cadaver donors include being free of infection or malignancy, normotensive up until death, and being under hospital observation before death. However, "any age" is not an ideal requirement for cadaver donors. This suggests that there may be age restrictions or preferences when it comes to cadaver donors.

Explanation

The ideal requirements for cadaver donors include being free of infection or malignancy, normotensive up until death, and being under hospital observation before death. However, "any age" is not an ideal requirement for cadaver donors. This suggests that there may be age restrictions or preferences when it comes to cadaver donors.

55. Urethral strictures can be dilated by use of each of the following EXCEPT

Philips filiform and followers

Van Buren sounds

Braasch bulb

McCarthy dilators

The Braasch bulb is not used for dilating urethral strictures. Philips filiform and followers, Van Buren sounds, and McCarthy dilators are all commonly used instruments for this purpose. The Braasch bulb may be used for other procedures, but not specifically for dilating urethral strictures.

Explanation

The Braasch bulb is not used for dilating urethral strictures. Philips filiform and followers, Van Buren sounds, and McCarthy dilators are all commonly used instruments for this purpose. The Braasch bulb may be used for other procedures, but not specifically for dilating urethral strictures.

56. The intraoperative diagnostic test that measures tissues perfusion is

Blood volume

Respiratory tidal volume

Arterial blood gases

Hematocrit

Arterial blood gases are used as an intraoperative diagnostic test to measure tissue perfusion. This test provides information about the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, as well as the pH and bicarbonate levels. By analyzing these parameters, healthcare professionals can assess the adequacy of tissue oxygenation and ventilation, which are crucial for optimal tissue perfusion. Therefore, arterial blood gases are a valuable tool in monitoring and managing patients during surgery to ensure sufficient tissue perfusion and overall patient well-being.

Explanation

Arterial blood gases are used as an intraoperative diagnostic test to measure tissue perfusion. This test provides information about the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, as well as the pH and bicarbonate levels. By analyzing these parameters, healthcare professionals can assess the adequacy of tissue oxygenation and ventilation, which are crucial for optimal tissue perfusion. Therefore, arterial blood gases are a valuable tool in monitoring and managing patients during surgery to ensure sufficient tissue perfusion and overall patient well-being.

57. The goal of a carotid endarterectomy is to

Remove a thrombus

Provide a shunt for blood flow

Bypass the affected area

Remove plaque

A carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove plaque from the carotid artery. Plaque is a buildup of fatty substances, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the artery walls. This buildup can narrow or block the artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Removing the plaque helps restore normal blood flow and reduces the risk of stroke. Therefore, the goal of a carotid endarterectomy is to remove plaque.

Explanation

A carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove plaque from the carotid artery. Plaque is a buildup of fatty substances, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the artery walls. This buildup can narrow or block the artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Removing the plaque helps restore normal blood flow and reduces the risk of stroke. Therefore, the goal of a carotid endarterectomy is to remove plaque.

58. In which surgery would a tunneler be used?

AAA

Angioplasty

Embolectomy

Femoral-popliteasl bypass

A tunneler is a surgical instrument used to create a tunnel under the skin or through tissues. In a femoral-popliteal bypass surgery, a graft is used to bypass a blocked or narrowed femoral artery, restoring blood flow to the lower leg and foot. During this procedure, a tunneler may be used to create a tunnel through which the graft can be threaded, allowing it to be placed in the correct position. Therefore, a tunneler would be used in a femoral-popliteal bypass surgery.

Explanation

A tunneler is a surgical instrument used to create a tunnel under the skin or through tissues. In a femoral-popliteal bypass surgery, a graft is used to bypass a blocked or narrowed femoral artery, restoring blood flow to the lower leg and foot. During this procedure, a tunneler may be used to create a tunnel through which the graft can be threaded, allowing it to be placed in the correct position. Therefore, a tunneler would be used in a femoral-popliteal bypass surgery.

59. If a knitted graph is preclotted, it

Minimizes bleeding

Makes a graft more pliable

Facilitates attachment

Prevents rejection

When a knitted graph is preclotted, it minimizes bleeding. Preclotting refers to the process of allowing the graft to form a clot or thrombus before implantation. This clot helps to seal any potential bleeding points and reduces the risk of excessive bleeding during and after the graft placement. By minimizing bleeding, preclotting ensures better hemostasis and improves the overall success and outcome of the graft procedure.

Explanation

When a knitted graph is preclotted, it minimizes bleeding. Preclotting refers to the process of allowing the graft to form a clot or thrombus before implantation. This clot helps to seal any potential bleeding points and reduces the risk of excessive bleeding during and after the graft placement. By minimizing bleeding, preclotting ensures better hemostasis and improves the overall success and outcome of the graft procedure.

60. A percutaneous nephrolithotomy utilizes all of the following EXCEPT

Ultrasound wand

Flexible nephroscope

Lithotriptor

Lithotriptor tub

A percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive procedure used to remove kidney stones. It involves creating a small incision in the back and using specialized instruments to access and remove the stones. The procedure typically utilizes an ultrasound wand to locate the stones, a flexible nephroscope to visualize and remove the stones, and a lithotriptor to break up larger stones. However, a lithotriptor tub is not used in this procedure. A lithotriptor tub is a device used in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a different procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones from outside the body.

Explanation

A percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive procedure used to remove kidney stones. It involves creating a small incision in the back and using specialized instruments to access and remove the stones. The procedure typically utilizes an ultrasound wand to locate the stones, a flexible nephroscope to visualize and remove the stones, and a lithotriptor to break up larger stones. However, a lithotriptor tub is not used in this procedure. A lithotriptor tub is a device used in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a different procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones from outside the body.

61. A reduction of negative pressure on one side of the thoracic cavity that causes the negative pressure on the normal side to pull in an effort to equalize pressure is called

Vital capacity

Mediastinal shift

Subatmospheric pressure

Pneumothorax

Mediastinal shift refers to the movement of the mediastinum, which is the space in the middle of the chest between the lungs. A reduction of negative pressure on one side of the thoracic cavity, such as in the case of a pneumothorax (collapsed lung), can cause the mediastinum to shift towards the affected side. This occurs because the negative pressure on the normal side of the thoracic cavity pulls in an effort to equalize pressure. Therefore, mediastinal shift is the correct answer in this context.

Explanation

Mediastinal shift refers to the movement of the mediastinum, which is the space in the middle of the chest between the lungs. A reduction of negative pressure on one side of the thoracic cavity, such as in the case of a pneumothorax (collapsed lung), can cause the mediastinum to shift towards the affected side. This occurs because the negative pressure on the normal side of the thoracic cavity pulls in an effort to equalize pressure. Therefore, mediastinal shift is the correct answer in this context.

62. Before insertion of a penile implant, the insertion site, as well as the implant itself, is irrigated with

Normal saline

Betadine

Sterile water

Kanamycin and Bacitracin

Kanamycin and Bacitracin are antibiotics that are commonly used to prevent infection during surgical procedures. In the case of penile implant insertion, it is important to minimize the risk of infection at the insertion site and around the implant. Therefore, irrigating the insertion site and the implant with Kanamycin and Bacitracin helps to reduce the chances of bacterial contamination and subsequent infection. Normal saline, Betadine, and sterile water do not possess the same antimicrobial properties as Kanamycin and Bacitracin, making them less effective in preventing infection in this context.

Explanation

Kanamycin and Bacitracin are antibiotics that are commonly used to prevent infection during surgical procedures. In the case of penile implant insertion, it is important to minimize the risk of infection at the insertion site and around the implant. Therefore, irrigating the insertion site and the implant with Kanamycin and Bacitracin helps to reduce the chances of bacterial contamination and subsequent infection. Normal saline, Betadine, and sterile water do not possess the same antimicrobial properties as Kanamycin and Bacitracin, making them less effective in preventing infection in this context.

63. How many anastomoses must be completed to effect a single-lung transplant?

One

Two

Three

Four

To complete a single-lung transplant, three anastomoses must be performed. An anastomosis is a surgical connection between two blood vessels or organs. In the case of a lung transplant, the first anastomosis is performed between the pulmonary artery of the donor lung and the recipient's pulmonary artery. The second anastomosis connects the donor lung's pulmonary vein to the recipient's pulmonary vein. Lastly, the bronchus of the donor lung is connected to the recipient's bronchus, which is the third anastomosis. These three anastomoses are crucial in establishing the necessary blood flow and airway connections for a successful lung transplant.

Explanation

To complete a single-lung transplant, three anastomoses must be performed. An anastomosis is a surgical connection between two blood vessels or organs. In the case of a lung transplant, the first anastomosis is performed between the pulmonary artery of the donor lung and the recipient's pulmonary artery. The second anastomosis connects the donor lung's pulmonary vein to the recipient's pulmonary vein. Lastly, the bronchus of the donor lung is connected to the recipient's bronchus, which is the third anastomosis. These three anastomoses are crucial in establishing the necessary blood flow and airway connections for a successful lung transplant.

64. The action to be followed if a patient is experiencing a cardiac arrythmia, specifically a ventricular fibrillation, would be to

Start and IV

Defibrillate

Order blood to replace blood volume

Administer intravenous lidocaine

In the case of a patient experiencing a ventricular fibrillation, the correct action to be followed is to defibrillate. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition characterized by abnormal and chaotic electrical activity in the heart, causing the ventricles to quiver instead of pumping blood effectively. Defibrillation involves delivering an electrical shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. This procedure aims to stop the chaotic electrical activity and allows the heart to resume its normal pumping function.

Explanation

In the case of a patient experiencing a ventricular fibrillation, the correct action to be followed is to defibrillate. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition characterized by abnormal and chaotic electrical activity in the heart, causing the ventricles to quiver instead of pumping blood effectively. Defibrillation involves delivering an electrical shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. This procedure aims to stop the chaotic electrical activity and allows the heart to resume its normal pumping function.

65. Cooling and flushing of pancreas, liver, and kidneys of cadaver donors is accomplished by cannulation of the organ and infusion of large amounts of cold

Saline solution

Ringer's lactate solution

Sterile water

Sack's solution

The cooling and flushing of pancreas, liver, and kidneys of cadaver donors is achieved by cannulation of the organ and infusion of large amounts of Ringer's lactate solution. Ringer's lactate solution is commonly used in medical procedures as it contains electrolytes that help maintain the body's fluid balance. It also provides a source of energy for cells and helps prevent acidosis. Therefore, using Ringer's lactate solution for cooling and flushing the organs ensures that they are properly preserved and prepared for transplantation.

Explanation

The cooling and flushing of pancreas, liver, and kidneys of cadaver donors is achieved by cannulation of the organ and infusion of large amounts of Ringer's lactate solution. Ringer's lactate solution is commonly used in medical procedures as it contains electrolytes that help maintain the body's fluid balance. It also provides a source of energy for cells and helps prevent acidosis. Therefore, using Ringer's lactate solution for cooling and flushing the organs ensures that they are properly preserved and prepared for transplantation.

66. When the male penis is curved ventrally with the meatus and the glans in close proximity to each other it is called

Paraphimosis

Phimosis

Epispadias

Chordee

Chordee is the correct answer because it refers to a condition where the male penis is curved ventrally, meaning it bends downward. This curvature causes the meatus (the opening of the urethra) and the glans (the head of the penis) to be in close proximity to each other. Paraphimosis refers to the retraction of the foreskin behind the glans and inability to pull it back to its original position. Phimosis refers to the tightness of the foreskin that prevents it from being pulled back. Epispadias is a condition where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis.

Explanation

Chordee is the correct answer because it refers to a condition where the male penis is curved ventrally, meaning it bends downward. This curvature causes the meatus (the opening of the urethra) and the glans (the head of the penis) to be in close proximity to each other. Paraphimosis refers to the retraction of the foreskin behind the glans and inability to pull it back to its original position. Phimosis refers to the tightness of the foreskin that prevents it from being pulled back. Epispadias is a condition where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis.

67. What instrument is used to reapproximate the ribs following an open thoracotomy?

Doyen

Bailey

Alexander

Bethune

Bailey is the correct answer because it is a surgical instrument commonly used to reapproximate the ribs following an open thoracotomy. The Bailey rib contractor is specifically designed for this purpose, allowing the surgeon to hold and manipulate the ribs during the procedure. It helps in achieving proper alignment and stability of the ribs, facilitating the healing process and reducing the risk of complications.

Explanation

Bailey is the correct answer because it is a surgical instrument commonly used to reapproximate the ribs following an open thoracotomy. The Bailey rib contractor is specifically designed for this purpose, allowing the surgeon to hold and manipulate the ribs during the procedure. It helps in achieving proper alignment and stability of the ribs, facilitating the healing process and reducing the risk of complications.

68. What cold solution is used to preserve a donor lung before trasplant into a recipient?

Ringer's lactate

Saline

Collin's

Physiosol

Collin's solution is used to preserve a donor lung before transplant into a recipient.

Explanation

Collin's solution is used to preserve a donor lung before transplant into a recipient.

69. All of the following are true regarding disposable chest drainage units EXCEPT

Provides drainage collection from intrapleural space

Maintains a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity

Provides suction control determined by water level

Aids in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space

Disposable chest drainage units are used to provide drainage collection from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space. Positive pressure in the intrapleural space can be achieved through other methods such as positive pressure ventilation or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).

Explanation

Disposable chest drainage units are used to provide drainage collection from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space. Positive pressure in the intrapleural space can be achieved through other methods such as positive pressure ventilation or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).

70. Surgical removal of fibrrinous deposits on the visceral and parietal pleura is called

Posteriolateral thoracoplasty

Talc poudrage

Decortication of the lung

Anterior thoracoplasty

Decortication of the lung refers to the surgical removal of fibrous deposits on the visceral and parietal pleura. This procedure is performed to treat conditions such as pleural effusion, empyema, or fibrosis, where the fibrous tissue restricts lung expansion and causes breathing difficulties. By removing the fibrous deposits, the lung is able to expand more freely, improving lung function and relieving symptoms.

Explanation

Decortication of the lung refers to the surgical removal of fibrous deposits on the visceral and parietal pleura. This procedure is performed to treat conditions such as pleural effusion, empyema, or fibrosis, where the fibrous tissue restricts lung expansion and causes breathing difficulties. By removing the fibrous deposits, the lung is able to expand more freely, improving lung function and relieving symptoms.

71. Which ureteral catheter is used to dilate the ureter?

Garceau tapered tip

Basket catheter

Braasch bulb

Stent

The Garceau tapered tip is used to dilate the ureter. This catheter has a tapered tip that allows for easy insertion and dilation of the ureter. It is commonly used in medical procedures to widen or open up a narrowed or blocked ureter.

Explanation

The Garceau tapered tip is used to dilate the ureter. This catheter has a tapered tip that allows for easy insertion and dilation of the ureter. It is commonly used in medical procedures to widen or open up a narrowed or blocked ureter.

72. When the prostate gland is removed through an abdominal insicion into the anterior prostatic capsule, it is called a __________ prostatectomy.

Perineal

Suprapubic

Retropubic

Transurethral

A retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the prostate gland is removed through an abdominal incision made in the anterior prostatic capsule. This approach allows the surgeon to access the prostate gland from the front, or anterior, side of the body. The term "retropubic" refers to the location of the incision, which is made below the pubic bone. This procedure is commonly used for the treatment of prostate cancer and other conditions affecting the prostate gland.

Explanation

A retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the prostate gland is removed through an abdominal incision made in the anterior prostatic capsule. This approach allows the surgeon to access the prostate gland from the front, or anterior, side of the body. The term "retropubic" refers to the location of the incision, which is made below the pubic bone. This procedure is commonly used for the treatment of prostate cancer and other conditions affecting the prostate gland.

73. Nonconducting, isomotic glycine irrigating solution must be used in the surgical presence of a

Cystoscope

Ureteroscope

Resectoscope

Nephroscope

A resectoscope is a surgical instrument used for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or other procedures in the urinary tract. It is designed to remove tissue or perform other surgical interventions. To ensure safety during the procedure, a nonconducting, isomotic glycine irrigating solution must be used. This solution helps to maintain the correct balance of fluid and electrolytes in the body and prevents electrical conduction, reducing the risk of complications. Therefore, a resectoscope requires the use of this specific irrigating solution.

Explanation

A resectoscope is a surgical instrument used for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or other procedures in the urinary tract. It is designed to remove tissue or perform other surgical interventions. To ensure safety during the procedure, a nonconducting, isomotic glycine irrigating solution must be used. This solution helps to maintain the correct balance of fluid and electrolytes in the body and prevents electrical conduction, reducing the risk of complications. Therefore, a resectoscope requires the use of this specific irrigating solution.

74. Hypothermia is employed in cardiac surgery

To reduce oxygen consumption

To reduce elevated temperature

To slow metabolism

To induce ventricular fibrillation

In cardiac surgery, hypothermia is employed to reduce oxygen consumption. Lowering the body temperature during surgery decreases the metabolic rate of the patient, which in turn reduces the amount of oxygen the body needs to function. This is beneficial during cardiac surgery as it allows the heart to work at a slower rate, making it easier for the surgeon to perform the necessary procedures. By reducing oxygen consumption, hypothermia helps protect the heart and other organs from potential damage during the surgery.

Explanation

In cardiac surgery, hypothermia is employed to reduce oxygen consumption. Lowering the body temperature during surgery decreases the metabolic rate of the patient, which in turn reduces the amount of oxygen the body needs to function. This is beneficial during cardiac surgery as it allows the heart to work at a slower rate, making it easier for the surgeon to perform the necessary procedures. By reducing oxygen consumption, hypothermia helps protect the heart and other organs from potential damage during the surgery.

75. Abdominal resection of the prostate gland through an incision into the bladder is known surgically as a

Retropubic prostatectomy

Suprapubic prostatectomy

Transurethral prostatectomy

Suprapubic cystostomy

A suprapubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the prostate gland is removed through an incision made in the lower abdomen, just above the pubic bone. This procedure is done by accessing the prostate gland through the bladder, hence the term "suprapubic". It is different from a transurethral prostatectomy, which is a minimally invasive procedure done through the urethra, and a suprapubic cystostomy, which is the creation of a surgical opening in the bladder for drainage purposes.

Explanation

A suprapubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the prostate gland is removed through an incision made in the lower abdomen, just above the pubic bone. This procedure is done by accessing the prostate gland through the bladder, hence the term "suprapubic". It is different from a transurethral prostatectomy, which is a minimally invasive procedure done through the urethra, and a suprapubic cystostomy, which is the creation of a surgical opening in the bladder for drainage purposes.

76. Laser lithotripsy utilizes the tunable pulse-dyed laser known as

Diode

Nd:YAG

Candela

Argon

The given correct answer for this question is "Candela." Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses lasers to break down kidney stones. Candela is a well-known brand that manufactures medical lasers, including lasers used in lithotripsy procedures. Therefore, it is likely that the correct answer in this context refers to the specific laser device manufactured by Candela that is used in laser lithotripsy.

Explanation

The given correct answer for this question is "Candela." Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses lasers to break down kidney stones. Candela is a well-known brand that manufactures medical lasers, including lasers used in lithotripsy procedures. Therefore, it is likely that the correct answer in this context refers to the specific laser device manufactured by Candela that is used in laser lithotripsy.

77. Amputated extremities are

Sent to the pathology lab as are other specimens

Preserved in formaldehyde

Wrapped and refrigerated in the morgue

Placed in a dry container

Amputated extremities are wrapped and refrigerated in the morgue because this method helps to preserve the specimens and prevent decomposition. Wrapping the extremities helps to protect them from any external contamination, while refrigeration slows down the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause decay. This ensures that the specimens remain in a suitable condition for further examination and analysis in the pathology lab. Placing the extremities in a dry container would not provide the necessary preservation and could lead to deterioration.

Explanation

Amputated extremities are wrapped and refrigerated in the morgue because this method helps to preserve the specimens and prevent decomposition. Wrapping the extremities helps to protect them from any external contamination, while refrigeration slows down the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause decay. This ensures that the specimens remain in a suitable condition for further examination and analysis in the pathology lab. Placing the extremities in a dry container would not provide the necessary preservation and could lead to deterioration.

78. In creating a continent urinary diversion postcystectomy, all of the following procedures are options for diversion EXCEPT

Kock pouch

Indiana pouch

"Le bag"

Ileal conduit

The question is asking for the option that is NOT a procedure for continent urinary diversion postcystectomy. A continent urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates a new way for urine to be stored and eliminated from the body after the removal of the bladder. The Kock pouch, Indiana pouch, and "Le bag" are all options for continent urinary diversion. However, the ileal conduit is not a continent urinary diversion procedure. Instead, it involves creating a stoma on the abdomen and diverting urine through a small piece of the small intestine (ileum) to a urostomy bag outside the body.

Explanation

The question is asking for the option that is NOT a procedure for continent urinary diversion postcystectomy. A continent urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates a new way for urine to be stored and eliminated from the body after the removal of the bladder. The Kock pouch, Indiana pouch, and "Le bag" are all options for continent urinary diversion. However, the ileal conduit is not a continent urinary diversion procedure. Instead, it involves creating a stoma on the abdomen and diverting urine through a small piece of the small intestine (ileum) to a urostomy bag outside the body.

79. In balloon angioplasty, the dilating balloon is inflated with

Diluted heparin

Diluted solution of contrast media

Saline

Ringer's lactate solution

In balloon angioplasty, a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels, a dilating balloon is used to widen the vessel. The balloon is inflated with a diluted solution of contrast media. Contrast media is a substance that helps visualize blood vessels on X-ray images, allowing the surgeon to see the area being treated more clearly. By diluting the contrast media, it ensures that the balloon is properly inflated and can effectively widen the blood vessel without causing any damage or complications.

Explanation

In balloon angioplasty, a procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels, a dilating balloon is used to widen the vessel. The balloon is inflated with a diluted solution of contrast media. Contrast media is a substance that helps visualize blood vessels on X-ray images, allowing the surgeon to see the area being treated more clearly. By diluting the contrast media, it ensures that the balloon is properly inflated and can effectively widen the blood vessel without causing any damage or complications.

80. What is the alternative approach to surgical TURP that has resulted from advances in radiologic techniques and balloon catheter technology

Ureteroplasty

Tuboplasty

Urethroplasty

Prostatic dilation

Urethroplasty is the alternative approach to surgical TURP that has resulted from advances in radiologic techniques and balloon catheter technology. Urethroplasty is a surgical procedure used to repair or reconstruct the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is a viable alternative to surgical TURP because it utilizes the advancements in radiologic techniques and balloon catheter technology to effectively treat urethral conditions without the need for traditional surgical methods.

Explanation

Urethroplasty is the alternative approach to surgical TURP that has resulted from advances in radiologic techniques and balloon catheter technology. Urethroplasty is a surgical procedure used to repair or reconstruct the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is a viable alternative to surgical TURP because it utilizes the advancements in radiologic techniques and balloon catheter technology to effectively treat urethral conditions without the need for traditional surgical methods.

81. Temporary diversion of urinary drainage by means of an external catheter that drains the renal pelvis is called

Vesicostomy

Nephrostomy

Pyelostomy

Pyelostomy is the correct answer because it refers to the temporary diversion of urinary drainage by using an external catheter to drain the renal pelvis. Vesicostomy is the creation of an artificial opening in the bladder for urinary diversion, while nephrostomy involves the insertion of a catheter directly into the kidney to drain urine.

Explanation

Pyelostomy is the correct answer because it refers to the temporary diversion of urinary drainage by using an external catheter to drain the renal pelvis. Vesicostomy is the creation of an artificial opening in the bladder for urinary diversion, while nephrostomy involves the insertion of a catheter directly into the kidney to drain urine.

82. Compression of the subclavian vessels and the brachial plexis usually caused by the first rib is surgically known as

Cervical sympathectomy

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Thoracic sympathectomy

Decortication

Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to the compression of the subclavian vessels and the brachial plexus, typically caused by the first rib. It is a condition that can result in pain, numbness, and weakness in the upper extremities. Surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve the compression and alleviate the symptoms. Cervical sympathectomy and thoracic sympathectomy are unrelated procedures that involve the removal of sympathetic nerves in the neck and thoracic regions, respectively. Decortication is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the outer layer of a structure, typically the lungs.

Explanation

Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to the compression of the subclavian vessels and the brachial plexus, typically caused by the first rib. It is a condition that can result in pain, numbness, and weakness in the upper extremities. Surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve the compression and alleviate the symptoms. Cervical sympathectomy and thoracic sympathectomy are unrelated procedures that involve the removal of sympathetic nerves in the neck and thoracic regions, respectively. Decortication is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the outer layer of a structure, typically the lungs.

83. After incision is made into the scrotum during a vasectomy, the forceps used to grasp the vas and bring it to the surface for surgery is the

Allis

Babcock

Kelly

Mosquito

After making an incision into the scrotum during a vasectomy, the forceps used to grasp the vas and bring it to the surface for surgery is the Allis forceps. The Allis forceps have a toothed surface that provides a secure grip on the tissue, allowing the surgeon to manipulate and hold the vas deferens during the procedure. This helps in ensuring accurate and controlled surgical maneuvers during the vasectomy.

Explanation

After making an incision into the scrotum during a vasectomy, the forceps used to grasp the vas and bring it to the surface for surgery is the Allis forceps. The Allis forceps have a toothed surface that provides a secure grip on the tissue, allowing the surgeon to manipulate and hold the vas deferens during the procedure. This helps in ensuring accurate and controlled surgical maneuvers during the vasectomy.

84. Which of the following is NOT considered a permanent urinary diversion?

Ileal conduit

Ureterocystostomy

Cutaneous ureterostomy

Nephrostomy

A nephrostomy is a temporary urinary diversion procedure where a tube is inserted directly into the kidney to drain urine. It is used in cases of urinary obstruction or when the bladder cannot be accessed. Unlike the other options listed, which are all permanent urinary diversions, a nephrostomy is not considered a permanent solution as it is typically used as a temporary measure until the underlying issue can be resolved or a more permanent diversion can be performed.

Explanation

A nephrostomy is a temporary urinary diversion procedure where a tube is inserted directly into the kidney to drain urine. It is used in cases of urinary obstruction or when the bladder cannot be accessed. Unlike the other options listed, which are all permanent urinary diversions, a nephrostomy is not considered a permanent solution as it is typically used as a temporary measure until the underlying issue can be resolved or a more permanent diversion can be performed.

85. Following anastomosis of a ureter during a ureteral reimplantation procedure, a __________ is left in place to ensure free drainage of the kidney postoperatively.

Foley catheter

Ureteral catheter

T-tube

Soft stent

A soft stent is left in place to ensure free drainage of the kidney postoperatively following an anastomosis of a ureter during a ureteral reimplantation procedure. The stent helps to keep the ureter open and allows urine to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder. This helps to prevent any obstruction or leakage of urine and promotes proper healing and recovery after the surgery.

Explanation

A soft stent is left in place to ensure free drainage of the kidney postoperatively following an anastomosis of a ureter during a ureteral reimplantation procedure. The stent helps to keep the ureter open and allows urine to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder. This helps to prevent any obstruction or leakage of urine and promotes proper healing and recovery after the surgery.

86. What substance is introduced through a thoracoscope to deal with recurrent pleural effusion attributable to advanced cancer?

Chemotherapeutics

Talc

Tetracycline

Hemostatic agents

Talc is introduced through a thoracoscope to deal with recurrent pleural effusion attributable to advanced cancer. Talc is commonly used as a sclerosing agent in pleurodesis, a procedure to create adhesions between the pleural layers, preventing the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. This helps to manage pleural effusion and relieve symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. Talc is preferred due to its ability to effectively induce pleurodesis and its low cost compared to other substances like chemotherapeutics, tetracycline, or hemostatic agents.

Explanation

Talc is introduced through a thoracoscope to deal with recurrent pleural effusion attributable to advanced cancer. Talc is commonly used as a sclerosing agent in pleurodesis, a procedure to create adhesions between the pleural layers, preventing the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. This helps to manage pleural effusion and relieve symptoms in patients with advanced cancer. Talc is preferred due to its ability to effectively induce pleurodesis and its low cost compared to other substances like chemotherapeutics, tetracycline, or hemostatic agents.

87. A reverse sterilization procedure in the male is called a (n)

Vasostomy

Vasovasostomy

Epididymovasostomy

B and C

A reverse sterilization procedure in the male is called a vasovasostomy or an epididymovasostomy. Both options B and C are correct because they refer to different types of reverse sterilization procedures in males. A vasovasostomy involves reconnecting the vas deferens, while an epididymovasostomy involves connecting the vas deferens directly to the epididymis. Both procedures aim to restore fertility in men who have previously undergone sterilization.

Explanation

A reverse sterilization procedure in the male is called a vasovasostomy or an epididymovasostomy. Both options B and C are correct because they refer to different types of reverse sterilization procedures in males. A vasovasostomy involves reconnecting the vas deferens, while an epididymovasostomy involves connecting the vas deferens directly to the epididymis. Both procedures aim to restore fertility in men who have previously undergone sterilization.

88. Which of the following would be the suture of choice for a graft-to-tissue anastomosis in vascular surgery?

Collagen suture

Maxon

Ti-Cron

Surgilon

Ti-Cron would be the suture of choice for a graft-to-tissue anastomosis in vascular surgery because it is a non-absorbable, braided polyester suture that provides excellent tensile strength and resistance to tissue slippage. It is also easy to handle and tie securely, making it ideal for vascular surgery where the sutures need to withstand high tension and maintain long-term durability.

Explanation

Ti-Cron would be the suture of choice for a graft-to-tissue anastomosis in vascular surgery because it is a non-absorbable, braided polyester suture that provides excellent tensile strength and resistance to tissue slippage. It is also easy to handle and tie securely, making it ideal for vascular surgery where the sutures need to withstand high tension and maintain long-term durability.

89. The most common vessels used for access procedures to facilitate hemodialysis are

Radial artery and cephalic vein

Radial artery and cephalic artery

Brachial artery and cephalic vein

Cephalic artery and brachial vein

The correct answer is radial artery and cephalic vein. These vessels are commonly used for access procedures in hemodialysis. The radial artery is accessed for arterial blood flow, while the cephalic vein is accessed for venous blood flow. This combination allows for the exchange of blood between the patient and the dialysis machine, facilitating the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the body. Using the radial artery and cephalic vein for access helps to ensure effective and efficient hemodialysis treatment.

Explanation

The correct answer is radial artery and cephalic vein. These vessels are commonly used for access procedures in hemodialysis. The radial artery is accessed for arterial blood flow, while the cephalic vein is accessed for venous blood flow. This combination allows for the exchange of blood between the patient and the dialysis machine, facilitating the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the body. Using the radial artery and cephalic vein for access helps to ensure effective and efficient hemodialysis treatment.

90. An alternative approach to surgical TURP utilizing a cystoscopic setup as its base is

Suprapubic prostatectomy

Transcystoscopic urethroplasty

Perineal prostatectomy

Retropubic prostateectomy

Transcystoscopic urethroplasty is a surgical approach that utilizes a cystoscopic setup as its base. This procedure involves repairing or reconstructing the urethra using a cystoscope, a thin tube with a camera that is inserted through the urethra. It is a minimally invasive technique that allows for precise visualization and manipulation of the urethra, reducing the risk of complications and promoting faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. This alternative approach is effective in treating various urethral conditions such as strictures or obstructions.

Explanation

Transcystoscopic urethroplasty is a surgical approach that utilizes a cystoscopic setup as its base. This procedure involves repairing or reconstructing the urethra using a cystoscope, a thin tube with a camera that is inserted through the urethra. It is a minimally invasive technique that allows for precise visualization and manipulation of the urethra, reducing the risk of complications and promoting faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. This alternative approach is effective in treating various urethral conditions such as strictures or obstructions.

91. Bladder drainage that diverts urine away from the urethral vaginal area is a (n)

Foley catheterization

Ileal conduit

Cystostomy

Stamey procedure

A cystostomy is a method of bladder drainage that diverts urine away from the urethral vaginal area. It involves creating a surgical opening in the bladder wall and inserting a catheter to allow urine to drain out. This procedure is commonly used in cases where the normal flow of urine is obstructed or when there is a need for long-term bladder drainage. The other options listed, Foley catheterization, ileal conduit, and Stamey procedure, are not specifically designed to divert urine away from the urethral vaginal area.

Explanation

A cystostomy is a method of bladder drainage that diverts urine away from the urethral vaginal area. It involves creating a surgical opening in the bladder wall and inserting a catheter to allow urine to drain out. This procedure is commonly used in cases where the normal flow of urine is obstructed or when there is a need for long-term bladder drainage. The other options listed, Foley catheterization, ileal conduit, and Stamey procedure, are not specifically designed to divert urine away from the urethral vaginal area.

92. The combined correction of a redundant renal pelvis and resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions is known as

Pyeloplasty

Foley Y-V procedure

Ureteroplasty

Ureteropyeloscopy

Pyeloplasty is the correct answer. Pyeloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves the correction of a redundant renal pelvis and the resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions. It is performed to relieve the obstruction and improve the drainage of urine from the kidney to the bladder. The Foley Y-V procedure, ureteroplasty, and ureteropyeloscopy are not specifically related to the correction of a redundant renal pelvis and resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions.

Explanation

Pyeloplasty is the correct answer. Pyeloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves the correction of a redundant renal pelvis and the resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions. It is performed to relieve the obstruction and improve the drainage of urine from the kidney to the bladder. The Foley Y-V procedure, ureteroplasty, and ureteropyeloscopy are not specifically related to the correction of a redundant renal pelvis and resection of a stenotic portion of the ureteropelvic junctions.

93. Passage of a sterile catheter into the heart via the brachial or femoral artery for the purpose of image intensification is called

Angiography

Arteriography

Cardiac catheterization

Cardioscopy

Cardiac catheterization refers to the process of inserting a sterile catheter into the heart through either the brachial or femoral artery. This procedure is done to perform image intensification, allowing for a clearer view of the heart. Angiography involves imaging blood vessels using contrast dye, while arteriography focuses specifically on imaging arteries. Cardioscopy refers to the use of a tiny camera to visualize the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is cardiac catheterization.

Explanation

Cardiac catheterization refers to the process of inserting a sterile catheter into the heart through either the brachial or femoral artery. This procedure is done to perform image intensification, allowing for a clearer view of the heart. Angiography involves imaging blood vessels using contrast dye, while arteriography focuses specifically on imaging arteries. Cardioscopy refers to the use of a tiny camera to visualize the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is cardiac catheterization.

94. Placement of a vascular graft proximal to and inclusive of the common iliac vessels will necessitate the use of a (n)

Autogenous graft

Straight Teflon graft

Bifurcated graft

Polytetraflurethylene graft

Placement of a vascular graft proximal to and inclusive of the common iliac vessels indicates that the graft needs to be inserted in a way that it branches out into two separate limbs. This is necessary to accommodate the blood flow in the two iliac vessels. Therefore, the correct answer is a bifurcated graft, which is designed specifically for this purpose. An autogenous graft is a graft taken from the patient's own body, and it may not be suitable for this particular placement. A straight Teflon graft and a polytetraflurethylene graft are not designed to bifurcate and would not be appropriate in this scenario.

Explanation

Placement of a vascular graft proximal to and inclusive of the common iliac vessels indicates that the graft needs to be inserted in a way that it branches out into two separate limbs. This is necessary to accommodate the blood flow in the two iliac vessels. Therefore, the correct answer is a bifurcated graft, which is designed specifically for this purpose. An autogenous graft is a graft taken from the patient's own body, and it may not be suitable for this particular placement. A straight Teflon graft and a polytetraflurethylene graft are not designed to bifurcate and would not be appropriate in this scenario.

95. The drug of choice for adequate diuresis of a living donor before during, and postremoval of the kidney is

Urea

Protamine sulfate

Ringer's lactate solution

Mannitol

Mannitol is the drug of choice for adequate diuresis of a living donor before, during, and post-removal of the kidney. Mannitol is a diuretic that works by increasing the osmolarity of the filtrate in the renal tubules, leading to increased water excretion. This helps to promote diuresis and maintain urine output during the procedure. Additionally, mannitol also has a protective effect on the kidneys by reducing the risk of ischemic injury during surgery. Therefore, mannitol is the most appropriate choice for achieving adequate diuresis in this context.

Explanation

Mannitol is the drug of choice for adequate diuresis of a living donor before, during, and post-removal of the kidney. Mannitol is a diuretic that works by increasing the osmolarity of the filtrate in the renal tubules, leading to increased water excretion. This helps to promote diuresis and maintain urine output during the procedure. Additionally, mannitol also has a protective effect on the kidneys by reducing the risk of ischemic injury during surgery. Therefore, mannitol is the most appropriate choice for achieving adequate diuresis in this context.

96. The laser used to destroy small recurrent bladder tumors is the

CO2

Argon

Nd:YAG

A and B

The correct answer is Nd:YAG because it is a type of laser commonly used in medical procedures, including the destruction of small recurrent bladder tumors. Nd:YAG lasers have a longer wavelength, which allows them to penetrate deeper into tissue, making them effective for treating tumors located in the bladder. CO2 and argon lasers are also used in medical procedures, but they are not specifically mentioned in the context of destroying bladder tumors. Therefore, the correct answer is Nd:YAG.

Explanation

The correct answer is Nd:YAG because it is a type of laser commonly used in medical procedures, including the destruction of small recurrent bladder tumors. Nd:YAG lasers have a longer wavelength, which allows them to penetrate deeper into tissue, making them effective for treating tumors located in the bladder. CO2 and argon lasers are also used in medical procedures, but they are not specifically mentioned in the context of destroying bladder tumors. Therefore, the correct answer is Nd:YAG.

97. A cardiopulmonary technique that employs the principle of counterpulsation that increases cardiac output is

CPD

IAPP

VAD

LVAD

IAPP stands for intra-aortic balloon pump, which is a cardiopulmonary technique that employs the principle of counterpulsation. Counterpulsation is a method used to increase cardiac output by assisting the heart during the cardiac cycle. The intra-aortic balloon pump works by inflating during diastole, which increases coronary blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. It then deflates during systole, which decreases the afterload and improves cardiac output. Therefore, IAPP is the correct answer as it is a technique that utilizes counterpulsation to enhance cardiac output.

Explanation

IAPP stands for intra-aortic balloon pump, which is a cardiopulmonary technique that employs the principle of counterpulsation. Counterpulsation is a method used to increase cardiac output by assisting the heart during the cardiac cycle. The intra-aortic balloon pump works by inflating during diastole, which increases coronary blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. It then deflates during systole, which decreases the afterload and improves cardiac output. Therefore, IAPP is the correct answer as it is a technique that utilizes counterpulsation to enhance cardiac output.

98. Decompression of the portal circulation can be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT

Splenorenal shunt

Portocaval anastomosis

Arteriovenous shunt

Mesocaval shunt

Decompression of the portal circulation can be achieved through various surgical procedures, such as splenorenal shunt, portocaval anastomosis, and mesocaval shunt. These procedures create alternative pathways for blood flow, diverting it away from the portal vein and reducing portal hypertension. However, an arteriovenous shunt does not decompress the portal circulation. Instead, it creates a direct connection between an artery and a vein, bypassing the liver altogether. This can lead to complications such as high-output cardiac failure and should be avoided in the management of portal hypertension.

Explanation

Decompression of the portal circulation can be achieved through various surgical procedures, such as splenorenal shunt, portocaval anastomosis, and mesocaval shunt. These procedures create alternative pathways for blood flow, diverting it away from the portal vein and reducing portal hypertension. However, an arteriovenous shunt does not decompress the portal circulation. Instead, it creates a direct connection between an artery and a vein, bypassing the liver altogether. This can lead to complications such as high-output cardiac failure and should be avoided in the management of portal hypertension.

99. Excision of the tunica vaginalis is a

Vagotomy

Vasectomy

Varicocelectomy

Hydrocelectomy

Hydrocelectomy is the correct answer because it involves the surgical removal of the tunica vaginalis, which is the sac surrounding the testicles. This procedure is performed to treat a hydrocele, which is a buildup of fluid in the scrotum. By excising the tunica vaginalis, the surgeon can remove the excess fluid and alleviate the symptoms associated with a hydrocele. Vagotomy is the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve to reduce stomach acid production, vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching the semen, and varicocelectomy is the surgical removal of varicose veins in the scrotum.

Explanation

Hydrocelectomy is the correct answer because it involves the surgical removal of the tunica vaginalis, which is the sac surrounding the testicles. This procedure is performed to treat a hydrocele, which is a buildup of fluid in the scrotum. By excising the tunica vaginalis, the surgeon can remove the excess fluid and alleviate the symptoms associated with a hydrocele. Vagotomy is the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve to reduce stomach acid production, vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching the semen, and varicocelectomy is the surgical removal of varicose veins in the scrotum.

100. Fluoroscopy is required for all of the following vascular procedures EXCEPT

Greenfield filter

Endocardial pacing electrode

Myocardial pacing electrode

A-V fistula creation

Fluoroscopy is a technique that uses X-ray imaging to visualize real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. It is commonly used in various vascular procedures to guide the placement of devices or to assess the flow of blood. However, myocardial pacing electrode placement does not typically require fluoroscopy as it is a procedure that involves the insertion of a pacing lead directly into the heart muscle. This procedure is usually performed under direct visualization using other imaging techniques such as echocardiography or electrocardiography. Therefore, fluoroscopy is not required for myocardial pacing electrode placement.

Explanation

Fluoroscopy is a technique that uses X-ray imaging to visualize real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. It is commonly used in various vascular procedures to guide the placement of devices or to assess the flow of blood. However, myocardial pacing electrode placement does not typically require fluoroscopy as it is a procedure that involves the insertion of a pacing lead directly into the heart muscle. This procedure is usually performed under direct visualization using other imaging techniques such as echocardiography or electrocardiography. Therefore, fluoroscopy is not required for myocardial pacing electrode placement.