Surgical Tech (Appleton & Lange) Part 2

1. A laboratory procedure useful in classifying bacteria using a staining procedure is

Gram stain

Iodine stain

Acid fast stain

Differential stain

The Gram stain is a laboratory procedure used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition. It involves staining the bacteria with crystal violet dye, followed by iodine, then decolorizing with alcohol, and finally counterstaining with safranin. The Gram stain differentiates bacteria into two groups: Gram-positive, which retain the purple stain due to a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, and Gram-negative, which lose the purple stain and take on the pink counterstain due to a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. This staining procedure is widely used in microbiology to help identify and classify bacteria.

Explanation

The Gram stain is a laboratory procedure used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition. It involves staining the bacteria with crystal violet dye, followed by iodine, then decolorizing with alcohol, and finally counterstaining with safranin. The Gram stain differentiates bacteria into two groups: Gram-positive, which retain the purple stain due to a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, and Gram-negative, which lose the purple stain and take on the pink counterstain due to a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. This staining procedure is widely used in microbiology to help identify and classify bacteria.

2. A severe allergic raction possible resulting is death is called

Arthus reaction

Hypersensibility

Anaphylactic shock

Autoimmune disease

Anaphylactic shock is the correct answer because it refers to a severe allergic reaction that can potentially lead to death. This reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, releasing a large amount of chemicals that cause a rapid and severe response throughout the body. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure. Immediate medical attention is required to treat anaphylactic shock and prevent further complications.

Explanation

Anaphylactic shock is the correct answer because it refers to a severe allergic reaction that can potentially lead to death. This reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen, releasing a large amount of chemicals that cause a rapid and severe response throughout the body. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure. Immediate medical attention is required to treat anaphylactic shock and prevent further complications.

3. The bacteria highly resistant to sterilization and disinfection is

Spores

Fungus

Gran-positive

Pseudomonas

Spores are highly resistant to sterilization and disinfection due to their unique protective structures and mechanisms. Spores are dormant forms of bacteria that are able to withstand extreme conditions such as heat, radiation, and chemicals. They have a tough outer layer called the spore coat, which provides resistance against environmental stresses. Additionally, spores have low metabolic activity, making them less susceptible to the effects of disinfectants. This high resistance allows spores to survive in harsh environments and makes them difficult to eliminate through standard sterilization and disinfection methods.

Explanation

Spores are highly resistant to sterilization and disinfection due to their unique protective structures and mechanisms. Spores are dormant forms of bacteria that are able to withstand extreme conditions such as heat, radiation, and chemicals. They have a tough outer layer called the spore coat, which provides resistance against environmental stresses. Additionally, spores have low metabolic activity, making them less susceptible to the effects of disinfectants. This high resistance allows spores to survive in harsh environments and makes them difficult to eliminate through standard sterilization and disinfection methods.

4. A bacteria found in the intestinal tract is

Escherichia coli

Bordetella pertussis

Franciscella tularensis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Escherichia coli is a bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It is a normal part of the gut microbiota and plays a role in digestion and nutrient absorption. However, certain strains of E. coli can cause infections, particularly in the urinary tract and gastrointestinal system. E. coli is also used extensively in scientific research and is a well-studied organism.

Explanation

Escherichia coli is a bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It is a normal part of the gut microbiota and plays a role in digestion and nutrient absorption. However, certain strains of E. coli can cause infections, particularly in the urinary tract and gastrointestinal system. E. coli is also used extensively in scientific research and is a well-studied organism.

5. The small, sensitive structure of the female homologous to the male penis is the

Hymen

Clitoris

Perineum

Vestibule

The correct answer is clitoris. The clitoris is a small, sensitive structure in the female reproductive system that is homologous to the male penis. It is located at the top of the vulva, above the urethra. The clitoris is highly sensitive to sexual stimulation and is an important organ for sexual pleasure in women.

Explanation

The correct answer is clitoris. The clitoris is a small, sensitive structure in the female reproductive system that is homologous to the male penis. It is located at the top of the vulva, above the urethra. The clitoris is highly sensitive to sexual stimulation and is an important organ for sexual pleasure in women.

6. Removal of contaminated debris from a wound is called

Decontamination

Debridement

Dehiscence

Desiccation

Debridement refers to the removal of contaminated debris from a wound. This process is crucial to promote healing and prevent infection. By removing dead tissue, foreign objects, and bacteria, debridement helps clean the wound and allows for proper healing. It can be done through various methods, such as surgical, mechanical, enzymatic, or autolytic debridement, depending on the nature and severity of the wound.

Explanation

Debridement refers to the removal of contaminated debris from a wound. This process is crucial to promote healing and prevent infection. By removing dead tissue, foreign objects, and bacteria, debridement helps clean the wound and allows for proper healing. It can be done through various methods, such as surgical, mechanical, enzymatic, or autolytic debridement, depending on the nature and severity of the wound.

7. The perineum is

A thin tissue stretching across the vagina

The region anterior to the clitoris

The lower portion of the uterus

The area between the vagina and the anus

The perineum is the area between the vagina and the anus. It is a small, diamond-shaped region of skin and muscle that provides support to the pelvic organs and helps control bowel and bladder functions. It is also an important area during childbirth, as it stretches to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Explanation

The perineum is the area between the vagina and the anus. It is a small, diamond-shaped region of skin and muscle that provides support to the pelvic organs and helps control bowel and bladder functions. It is also an important area during childbirth, as it stretches to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.

8. Keloids are

A form of abscess

An adhered serous membrane

A raised, thickened scar

A benign tumor

Keloids are raised, thickened scars that form due to an overgrowth of collagen in the skin during the healing process. Unlike regular scars, keloids extend beyond the boundaries of the original wound and can be larger, firmer, and more raised. They are usually caused by excessive collagen production in response to skin injuries, such as surgical incisions, burns, acne, or piercings. Keloids are benign, meaning they are not cancerous, but they can be itchy, painful, and cosmetically undesirable. Treatment options for keloids include corticosteroid injections, silicone sheets, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and surgery.

Explanation

Keloids are raised, thickened scars that form due to an overgrowth of collagen in the skin during the healing process. Unlike regular scars, keloids extend beyond the boundaries of the original wound and can be larger, firmer, and more raised. They are usually caused by excessive collagen production in response to skin injuries, such as surgical incisions, burns, acne, or piercings. Keloids are benign, meaning they are not cancerous, but they can be itchy, painful, and cosmetically undesirable. Treatment options for keloids include corticosteroid injections, silicone sheets, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and surgery.

9. The kidneys ar positioned

Intraperitoneally

Retroperitoneally

In front of the parietal peritoneum

In back of the visceral peritoneum

The correct answer is "retroperitoneally." The kidneys are located behind the parietal peritoneum, which is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity. They are situated in a retroperitoneal position, meaning they are positioned outside the peritoneum and are covered by a layer of connective tissue called the renal fascia. This arrangement helps protect the kidneys from potential trauma and allows them to maintain a more stable position within the body.

Explanation

The correct answer is "retroperitoneally." The kidneys are located behind the parietal peritoneum, which is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity. They are situated in a retroperitoneal position, meaning they are positioned outside the peritoneum and are covered by a layer of connective tissue called the renal fascia. This arrangement helps protect the kidneys from potential trauma and allows them to maintain a more stable position within the body.

10. Ova are swept into the fallopian tubes by small, fringelike extensions on the distal ends of the tubes called

Ostium

Fimbriae

Oviducts

Stroma

The correct answer is fimbriae. Fimbriae are small, fringelike extensions located at the distal ends of the fallopian tubes. They help to sweep the ova (eggs) into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization can occur.

Explanation

The correct answer is fimbriae. Fimbriae are small, fringelike extensions located at the distal ends of the fallopian tubes. They help to sweep the ova (eggs) into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization can occur.

11. The inner lining of the uterus is called the

Endometrium

Serosa

Myometrium

Oocyte

The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium. This is the layer of tissue that thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle, and it is where a fertilized egg implants and grows during pregnancy. The endometrium is rich in blood vessels and glands, which provide nutrients and support for a developing embryo.

Explanation

The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium. This is the layer of tissue that thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle, and it is where a fertilized egg implants and grows during pregnancy. The endometrium is rich in blood vessels and glands, which provide nutrients and support for a developing embryo.

12. The loose skin covering the glans penis like a sheath is called the

Crura

Prepuce

Bulb

Tunica albuginea

The loose skin covering the glans penis is called the prepuce. It acts as a protective covering for the sensitive glans and can be retracted during sexual activity or hygiene practices. The prepuce is also commonly known as the foreskin and is present in males who have not undergone circumcision.

Explanation

The loose skin covering the glans penis is called the prepuce. It acts as a protective covering for the sensitive glans and can be retracted during sexual activity or hygiene practices. The prepuce is also commonly known as the foreskin and is present in males who have not undergone circumcision.

13. A fulminating infection arising from necrotic tissue and spreading rapidly is

Rabies

Gas gangrene

Pasteurellosis

Tetanus

Gas gangrene is a type of infection that occurs when bacteria invade damaged or dead tissue, causing it to decay and release gas. This infection spreads rapidly and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The symptoms of gas gangrene include severe pain, swelling, and a foul-smelling discharge from the affected area. Prompt surgical intervention and aggressive antibiotic therapy are necessary to remove the infected tissue and control the spread of the infection.

Explanation

Gas gangrene is a type of infection that occurs when bacteria invade damaged or dead tissue, causing it to decay and release gas. This infection spreads rapidly and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The symptoms of gas gangrene include severe pain, swelling, and a foul-smelling discharge from the affected area. Prompt surgical intervention and aggressive antibiotic therapy are necessary to remove the infected tissue and control the spread of the infection.

14. The smooth, triangular area at the bottom of the bladder that contains three openings is called the

Internal sphincter

Urinary meatus

Trigone

External os

The smooth, triangular area at the bottom of the bladder that contains three openings is called the trigone. The trigone is an important anatomical landmark in the bladder as it helps to prevent urine reflux and aids in the emptying of the bladder. It is formed by the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening, and its smooth muscle fibers help to maintain continence by acting as a natural sphincter. The internal sphincter is a different structure located at the neck of the bladder, the urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra, and the external os is a term used in relation to the cervix.

Explanation

The smooth, triangular area at the bottom of the bladder that contains three openings is called the trigone. The trigone is an important anatomical landmark in the bladder as it helps to prevent urine reflux and aids in the emptying of the bladder. It is formed by the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening, and its smooth muscle fibers help to maintain continence by acting as a natural sphincter. The internal sphincter is a different structure located at the neck of the bladder, the urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra, and the external os is a term used in relation to the cervix.

15. Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be

Anaerobic

Bacillic

Antibiotic

Aerobic

Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be aerobic because they require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. These bacteria use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration, which allows them to generate energy efficiently. Without oxygen, these bacteria would not be able to function properly and may even die. Therefore, the correct answer is aerobic.

Explanation

Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be aerobic because they require oxygen to survive and carry out their metabolic processes. These bacteria use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration, which allows them to generate energy efficiently. Without oxygen, these bacteria would not be able to function properly and may even die. Therefore, the correct answer is aerobic.

16. The digestive passageway that begins at the pharynx and terminates in the stomach is the

Larynx

Trachea

Windpipe

Esophagus

The correct answer is the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It serves as a passageway for food and liquids to travel from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. The larynx, trachea, and windpipe are all part of the respiratory system, not the digestive system.

Explanation

The correct answer is the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It serves as a passageway for food and liquids to travel from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. The larynx, trachea, and windpipe are all part of the respiratory system, not the digestive system.

17. A lack of voluntary control over micturition is called

Retention

Urination

Incontinence

Suppression

Incontinence refers to a lack of voluntary control over micturition, which means the inability to control or hold urine. This condition can result in involuntary leakage of urine, causing embarrassment and inconvenience for individuals. Retention, on the other hand, refers to the inability to empty the bladder completely. Urination is the process of releasing urine from the body, and suppression refers to the act of intentionally holding back or restraining the urge to urinate. Therefore, the correct answer is incontinence.

Explanation

Incontinence refers to a lack of voluntary control over micturition, which means the inability to control or hold urine. This condition can result in involuntary leakage of urine, causing embarrassment and inconvenience for individuals. Retention, on the other hand, refers to the inability to empty the bladder completely. Urination is the process of releasing urine from the body, and suppression refers to the act of intentionally holding back or restraining the urge to urinate. Therefore, the correct answer is incontinence.

18. Urine empties from the bladder through a tube called the

Urethra

Urinary meatus

Urethral meatus

External urethral sphincter

The correct answer is urethra. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It serves as a pathway for the elimination of urine during the process of urination. The other options mentioned, such as urinary meatus, urethral meatus, and external urethral sphincter, are not the correct terms for the tube through which urine empties from the bladder.

Explanation

The correct answer is urethra. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It serves as a pathway for the elimination of urine during the process of urination. The other options mentioned, such as urinary meatus, urethral meatus, and external urethral sphincter, are not the correct terms for the tube through which urine empties from the bladder.

19. Tiny blood essels that permeate and nourish tissue are called

Veins

Venules

Arterioles

Capillaries

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that permeate and nourish tissues. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues. Capillaries have thin walls, allowing for easy diffusion of substances. Veins carry blood back to the heart, venules are small veins, and arterioles are small arteries. However, only capillaries are specifically described as tiny blood vessels that permeate and nourish tissue.

Explanation

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that permeate and nourish tissues. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues. Capillaries have thin walls, allowing for easy diffusion of substances. Veins carry blood back to the heart, venules are small veins, and arterioles are small arteries. However, only capillaries are specifically described as tiny blood vessels that permeate and nourish tissue.

20. Herpes simplex is commonly called

Cold sore

Shingles

Smallpox

Chicken pox

Herpes simplex is commonly called a cold sore because it is a viral infection that causes small, fluid-filled blisters to appear on or around the lips. These blisters are often painful and can be accompanied by itching or burning sensations. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with the blisters or by sharing personal items such as towels or razors. While cold sores are not usually serious, they can be uncomfortable and may take several weeks to heal. Treatment options include antiviral medications and over-the-counter creams to alleviate symptoms.

Explanation

Herpes simplex is commonly called a cold sore because it is a viral infection that causes small, fluid-filled blisters to appear on or around the lips. These blisters are often painful and can be accompanied by itching or burning sensations. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with the blisters or by sharing personal items such as towels or razors. While cold sores are not usually serious, they can be uncomfortable and may take several weeks to heal. Treatment options include antiviral medications and over-the-counter creams to alleviate symptoms.

21. The function of the molar teeth is to

Tear and crush food

Crush and grind food

Cut food

Manipulate food

The molar teeth are located at the back of the mouth and have a flat surface with ridges, which are ideal for crushing and grinding food. This process helps to break down the food into smaller particles, making it easier to swallow and digest. The tearing and cutting of food are typically done by the incisors and canines, which are located at the front of the mouth. Therefore, the molar teeth specifically serve the purpose of crushing and grinding food.

Explanation

The molar teeth are located at the back of the mouth and have a flat surface with ridges, which are ideal for crushing and grinding food. This process helps to break down the food into smaller particles, making it easier to swallow and digest. The tearing and cutting of food are typically done by the incisors and canines, which are located at the front of the mouth. Therefore, the molar teeth specifically serve the purpose of crushing and grinding food.

22. The appendix is attached to the

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

Cecum

Descending colon

The appendix is a small, finger-like pouch located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is attached to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine. The cecum is a pouch-like structure that connects the small intestine to the colon. The appendix is attached to the cecum and serves as a reservoir for beneficial bacteria and lymphoid tissue, which helps in immune function.

Explanation

The appendix is a small, finger-like pouch located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is attached to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine. The cecum is a pouch-like structure that connects the small intestine to the colon. The appendix is attached to the cecum and serves as a reservoir for beneficial bacteria and lymphoid tissue, which helps in immune function.

23. Staphylococcus aureus would most likely be transmitted by

Urine

Feces

Nose and mouth

Sex organs

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found in the nose and mouth of individuals. It can be easily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. This bacterium can also spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or personal items. Therefore, nose and mouth would be the most likely route of transmission for Staphylococcus aureus.

Explanation

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found in the nose and mouth of individuals. It can be easily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. This bacterium can also spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or personal items. Therefore, nose and mouth would be the most likely route of transmission for Staphylococcus aureus.

24. The primary function of the gallbladder is

Storage of bile

Production of bile

Digestion of fats

Drainage of the liver

The gallbladder's primary function is to store bile. Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The gallbladder collects and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine when needed to aid in the breakdown of fats. This storage function allows the body to have a reserve of bile, ensuring a consistent supply for the digestion of fats.

Explanation

The gallbladder's primary function is to store bile. Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The gallbladder collects and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine when needed to aid in the breakdown of fats. This storage function allows the body to have a reserve of bile, ensuring a consistent supply for the digestion of fats.

25. Microbial death occurs when an organism is

Reproducing at a slower rate

Reduced in population

No longer capable of reproduction

Exposed to heat

Microbial death occurs when an organism is no longer capable of reproduction. This means that the organism has lost its ability to produce offspring or replicate its genetic material, leading to the end of its life cycle. Without the ability to reproduce, the organism cannot continue its population or pass on its genetic information to future generations. This is a critical factor in determining the survival and persistence of microbial populations.

Explanation

Microbial death occurs when an organism is no longer capable of reproduction. This means that the organism has lost its ability to produce offspring or replicate its genetic material, leading to the end of its life cycle. Without the ability to reproduce, the organism cannot continue its population or pass on its genetic information to future generations. This is a critical factor in determining the survival and persistence of microbial populations.

26. The salivary glands located under the tongue are the

Subungual

Sublingual

Submaxillary

Parotid

The correct answer is sublingual. The sublingual glands are the salivary glands located under the tongue. They secrete saliva into the mouth through multiple ducts. These glands play a role in lubricating the oral cavity and aiding in the digestion of food.

Explanation

The correct answer is sublingual. The sublingual glands are the salivary glands located under the tongue. They secrete saliva into the mouth through multiple ducts. These glands play a role in lubricating the oral cavity and aiding in the digestion of food.

27. The yellow tinge in the skin symptomatic of obstructivejaundice is caused by the accumulation of what substance in the blood and tissue?

Cholesterol

Bile salts

Enzymes

Bilirubin

Obstructive jaundice is a condition where there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing the normal flow of bile. Bile is a substance produced by the liver, which contains bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed when red blood cells are broken down. In obstructive jaundice, the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues leads to the yellow tinge in the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is bilirubin.

Explanation

Obstructive jaundice is a condition where there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing the normal flow of bile. Bile is a substance produced by the liver, which contains bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed when red blood cells are broken down. In obstructive jaundice, the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues leads to the yellow tinge in the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is bilirubin.

28. Rodlike shaped bacteria are identified microscopically as

Bacilli

Cocci

Spirilla

Spirochetes

Rodlike shaped bacteria are identified microscopically as bacilli because bacilli are bacteria that have a cylindrical or rod-like shape. They are typically longer than they are wide and can be found as single cells or in chains. Cocci are spherical-shaped bacteria, spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria, and spirochetes are corkscrew-shaped bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is bacilli.

Explanation

Rodlike shaped bacteria are identified microscopically as bacilli because bacilli are bacteria that have a cylindrical or rod-like shape. They are typically longer than they are wide and can be found as single cells or in chains. Cocci are spherical-shaped bacteria, spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria, and spirochetes are corkscrew-shaped bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is bacilli.

29. The body's first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens is

The immune response

Skin and mucous membrane linings

Cellular and chemical responses

Phagocytosis

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens is the skin and mucous membrane linings. These physical barriers act as a protective barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body. The skin acts as a tough outer layer, while mucous membrane linings line the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts. They secrete mucus, which traps pathogens and prevents them from entering the body. Additionally, these barriers also contain antimicrobial substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens, providing an additional layer of defense.

Explanation

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens is the skin and mucous membrane linings. These physical barriers act as a protective barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body. The skin acts as a tough outer layer, while mucous membrane linings line the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts. They secrete mucus, which traps pathogens and prevents them from entering the body. Additionally, these barriers also contain antimicrobial substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens, providing an additional layer of defense.

30. A procedure used to remove damaged tissue that provides growth conditions for pathogens is called

Incision and drainage

Dessication

Lysis of adhesions

Debridement

Debridement is a procedure used to remove damaged tissue, such as dead or infected tissue, from a wound or injury site. By removing this tissue, debridement helps to create a clean and healthy environment for healing and prevents the growth of pathogens. It is an important step in wound care and can be done through various methods, including surgical, mechanical, enzymatic, or autolytic debridement.

Explanation

Debridement is a procedure used to remove damaged tissue, such as dead or infected tissue, from a wound or injury site. By removing this tissue, debridement helps to create a clean and healthy environment for healing and prevents the growth of pathogens. It is an important step in wound care and can be done through various methods, including surgical, mechanical, enzymatic, or autolytic debridement.

31. Which structure lies retroperitoneally?

Sigmoid colon

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

The kidney lies retroperitoneally. This means that it is located behind the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The retroperitoneal space is located outside the peritoneal cavity, which houses organs such as the liver, spleen, and sigmoid colon. The kidney's retroperitoneal position helps protect it from external forces and allows for its proper functioning in filtering and excreting waste products from the body.

Explanation

The kidney lies retroperitoneally. This means that it is located behind the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The retroperitoneal space is located outside the peritoneal cavity, which houses organs such as the liver, spleen, and sigmoid colon. The kidney's retroperitoneal position helps protect it from external forces and allows for its proper functioning in filtering and excreting waste products from the body.

32. Passage of fluid through a cell membrane is called

Metosis

Miosis

Osmosis

Symbiosis

Osmosis is the correct answer because it refers to the passage of fluid through a cell membrane. It is a process in which water molecules move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, across a selectively permeable membrane. This movement occurs to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis is an important process for maintaining the balance of water and solutes within cells and is essential for various biological functions.

Explanation

Osmosis is the correct answer because it refers to the passage of fluid through a cell membrane. It is a process in which water molecules move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, across a selectively permeable membrane. This movement occurs to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis is an important process for maintaining the balance of water and solutes within cells and is essential for various biological functions.

33. The s-shaped bend in the lower colon is called the

Hepatic flexure

Splenic flexure

Rectum

Sigmoid

The correct answer is sigmoid. The sigmoid is the S-shaped bend in the lower colon. It is located between the descending colon and the rectum. The sigmoid colon is responsible for the final stages of the digestive process, where water and electrolytes are absorbed from the remaining waste material before it is eliminated from the body.

Explanation

The correct answer is sigmoid. The sigmoid is the S-shaped bend in the lower colon. It is located between the descending colon and the rectum. The sigmoid colon is responsible for the final stages of the digestive process, where water and electrolytes are absorbed from the remaining waste material before it is eliminated from the body.

34. The large central portion of the stomach is called the

Pylorus

Body

Fundus

Cardia

The large central portion of the stomach is called the body. The body of the stomach is responsible for storing and breaking down food, as well as mixing it with digestive enzymes and acids. It is located between the fundus (the upper part of the stomach) and the pylorus (the lower part of the stomach). The body of the stomach expands and contracts to accommodate the amount of food being consumed, and it plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The large central portion of the stomach is called the body. The body of the stomach is responsible for storing and breaking down food, as well as mixing it with digestive enzymes and acids. It is located between the fundus (the upper part of the stomach) and the pylorus (the lower part of the stomach). The body of the stomach expands and contracts to accommodate the amount of food being consumed, and it plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

35. The spleen is located

In the left hypochondriac region

Behind the liver

Behind the left kidney

Behind the right kidney

The spleen is located in the left hypochondriac region. This region is situated on the left side of the abdomen, just below the rib cage. The spleen is an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and plays a role in filtering and storing blood, as well as producing white blood cells. Its location in the left hypochondriac region allows for easy access to blood vessels and lymphatic channels, facilitating its functions within the body.

Explanation

The spleen is located in the left hypochondriac region. This region is situated on the left side of the abdomen, just below the rib cage. The spleen is an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and plays a role in filtering and storing blood, as well as producing white blood cells. Its location in the left hypochondriac region allows for easy access to blood vessels and lymphatic channels, facilitating its functions within the body.

36. A bacterial pathogen most frequently invading damaged skin is

Staphylococcus aureus

Clostridium tetani

Pseudomonas septica

Candida albicans

Staphylococcus aureus is the correct answer because it is a common bacterial pathogen that often invades damaged skin. It is known to cause a variety of infections, including skin infections such as boils, abscesses, and cellulitis. Staphylococcus aureus can easily enter the body through cuts, wounds, or other breaks in the skin, making it a frequent invader of damaged skin. Other options like Clostridium tetani, Pseudomonas septica, and Candida albicans are not typically associated with invading damaged skin.

Explanation

Staphylococcus aureus is the correct answer because it is a common bacterial pathogen that often invades damaged skin. It is known to cause a variety of infections, including skin infections such as boils, abscesses, and cellulitis. Staphylococcus aureus can easily enter the body through cuts, wounds, or other breaks in the skin, making it a frequent invader of damaged skin. Other options like Clostridium tetani, Pseudomonas septica, and Candida albicans are not typically associated with invading damaged skin.

37. Fertilization occurs in the

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Ovary

Gonads

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm meets the egg. After sexual intercourse, the sperm travels through the cervix and into the fallopian tubes, where it can encounter and fertilize the egg if it is present. The fertilized egg then implants itself in the uterus for further development. The ovaries produce eggs, but fertilization does not occur within them. The gonads refer to the reproductive organs, which include the ovaries in females, but this term does not specifically indicate where fertilization occurs.

Explanation

Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm meets the egg. After sexual intercourse, the sperm travels through the cervix and into the fallopian tubes, where it can encounter and fertilize the egg if it is present. The fertilized egg then implants itself in the uterus for further development. The ovaries produce eggs, but fertilization does not occur within them. The gonads refer to the reproductive organs, which include the ovaries in females, but this term does not specifically indicate where fertilization occurs.

38. The wall or partition dividing the heart into right and left sides is called the

Semilunar valve

Mitral valve

Chordae tendineae

Septum

The wall or partition dividing the heart into right and left sides is called the septum. The septum separates the two sides of the heart, ensuring that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the efficiency of the circulatory system by directing blood flow to the appropriate chambers of the heart. The other options, such as the semilunar valve, mitral valve, and chordae tendineae, are not correct in this context as they refer to different structures within the heart.

Explanation

The wall or partition dividing the heart into right and left sides is called the septum. The septum separates the two sides of the heart, ensuring that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the efficiency of the circulatory system by directing blood flow to the appropriate chambers of the heart. The other options, such as the semilunar valve, mitral valve, and chordae tendineae, are not correct in this context as they refer to different structures within the heart.

39. The inner lining of the heart, composed of smooth, delicate membrane, is called the

Pericardium

Endocardium

Epicardium

Myocardium

The inner lining of the heart is called the endocardium. It is composed of a smooth and delicate membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. The endocardium helps to reduce friction as blood flows through the heart and also plays a role in preventing blood clots from forming.

Explanation

The inner lining of the heart is called the endocardium. It is composed of a smooth and delicate membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. The endocardium helps to reduce friction as blood flows through the heart and also plays a role in preventing blood clots from forming.

40. In a male, the structure surrounding the entrance to the urethra just below the urinary bladder is

Cowper's gland

The prostate gland

The bulbourethral gland

The seminal vesicle

The structure surrounding the entrance to the urethra just below the urinary bladder in a male is the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-sized gland that produces seminal fluid, which helps nourish and transport sperm. It is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. The prostate gland plays a crucial role in male reproductive function and can be prone to conditions such as prostate enlargement or cancer.

Explanation

The structure surrounding the entrance to the urethra just below the urinary bladder in a male is the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-sized gland that produces seminal fluid, which helps nourish and transport sperm. It is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. The prostate gland plays a crucial role in male reproductive function and can be prone to conditions such as prostate enlargement or cancer.

41. All of the following descriptors refer to the inflammatory process EXCEPT

Heat

Pain

Vasoconstriction

Edema

The inflammatory process is characterized by several descriptors, including heat, pain, and edema. These descriptors are commonly associated with inflammation as they represent the body's response to injury or infection. Vasoconstriction, on the other hand, refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which is not typically associated with the inflammatory process. Instead, vasodilation, or the widening of blood vessels, is more commonly observed during inflammation as it allows for increased blood flow to the affected area. Therefore, vasoconstriction is the exception among the given descriptors.

Explanation

The inflammatory process is characterized by several descriptors, including heat, pain, and edema. These descriptors are commonly associated with inflammation as they represent the body's response to injury or infection. Vasoconstriction, on the other hand, refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which is not typically associated with the inflammatory process. Instead, vasodilation, or the widening of blood vessels, is more commonly observed during inflammation as it allows for increased blood flow to the affected area. Therefore, vasoconstriction is the exception among the given descriptors.

42. The space caused by separation of wound edges is called

Lag phase

Evisceration

Fibrous scarring

Dead space

Dead space refers to the space that is created when wound edges separate. This space can occur due to various reasons such as improper wound closure, tissue loss, or inadequate suturing. Dead space can hinder the healing process as it can lead to the accumulation of fluid or blood, which can increase the risk of infection and delay wound healing. Therefore, it is important to minimize dead space during wound closure to promote optimal healing.

Explanation

Dead space refers to the space that is created when wound edges separate. This space can occur due to various reasons such as improper wound closure, tissue loss, or inadequate suturing. Dead space can hinder the healing process as it can lead to the accumulation of fluid or blood, which can increase the risk of infection and delay wound healing. Therefore, it is important to minimize dead space during wound closure to promote optimal healing.

43. Clostridium tetani causes

Gangrene

Nosocomial infection

Lockjaw

Malaria

Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that causes tetanus, also known as lockjaw. Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system, causing muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw muscles. This condition can lead to difficulty in opening the mouth, hence the term "lockjaw". It is important to note that Clostridium tetani does not cause gangrene, nosocomial infection, or malaria.

Explanation

Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that causes tetanus, also known as lockjaw. Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system, causing muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw muscles. This condition can lead to difficulty in opening the mouth, hence the term "lockjaw". It is important to note that Clostridium tetani does not cause gangrene, nosocomial infection, or malaria.

44. The reabsorption of water and electrolytes is the main function of the

Sigmoid colon

Large intestine

Small intestine

Liver

The large intestine is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes. This is an important function as it helps in maintaining the body's fluid balance and preventing dehydration. The large intestine also plays a role in the formation of feces by absorbing water from the undigested food material that passes through it. Additionally, it houses a large number of beneficial bacteria that aid in the digestion of certain substances and produce vitamins. Overall, the large intestine is crucial for the final stages of digestion and the absorption of essential nutrients.

Explanation

The large intestine is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes. This is an important function as it helps in maintaining the body's fluid balance and preventing dehydration. The large intestine also plays a role in the formation of feces by absorbing water from the undigested food material that passes through it. Additionally, it houses a large number of beneficial bacteria that aid in the digestion of certain substances and produce vitamins. Overall, the large intestine is crucial for the final stages of digestion and the absorption of essential nutrients.

45. Inflammation is characterized by pain, redness, heat, swelling, and loss of function. The redness can be attributed to

Serum brought into the area

Constriction of capillaries

Vasodilation bringing more blood to the area

Heat from metabolic reaction

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which allows for increased blood flow to a specific area. In the case of inflammation, vasodilation occurs in response to injury or infection, bringing more blood to the affected area. This increased blood flow contributes to the redness and heat associated with inflammation. It also helps deliver immune cells and nutrients to the site, aiding in the healing process.

Explanation

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which allows for increased blood flow to a specific area. In the case of inflammation, vasodilation occurs in response to injury or infection, bringing more blood to the affected area. This increased blood flow contributes to the redness and heat associated with inflammation. It also helps deliver immune cells and nutrients to the site, aiding in the healing process.

46. The clinical syndrome characterized by microbial invasion of the bloodstream is

Superinfection

Septicemia

Cross-infection

Cellulitis

Septicemia is the correct answer because it refers to the clinical syndrome characterized by the invasion of microorganisms into the bloodstream. It is a serious condition that can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening response of the body to infection. Superinfection refers to a secondary infection that occurs during or after a primary infection, cross-infection refers to the transmission of infection between individuals, and cellulitis is a localized skin infection.

Explanation

Septicemia is the correct answer because it refers to the clinical syndrome characterized by the invasion of microorganisms into the bloodstream. It is a serious condition that can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening response of the body to infection. Superinfection refers to a secondary infection that occurs during or after a primary infection, cross-infection refers to the transmission of infection between individuals, and cellulitis is a localized skin infection.

47. The area in the duodenum where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty is called

The duct of Santorini

The ampulla of Vater

Wirsung's duct

The islet of Langerhans

The area in the duodenum where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty is called the ampulla of Vater. This structure acts as a junction point for the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine. It is named after Abraham Vater, a German anatomist who first described it in the 18th century. The ampulla of Vater plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and proteins.

Explanation

The area in the duodenum where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty is called the ampulla of Vater. This structure acts as a junction point for the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine. It is named after Abraham Vater, a German anatomist who first described it in the 18th century. The ampulla of Vater plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and proteins.

48. The English surgeon who began the age of chemical control of the atmosphere was

Ehrlich

Madame Curie

Alexander

Lister

Lister is the correct answer because he was an English surgeon who pioneered the use of antiseptics in surgery, which helped control infections and ultimately contributed to the chemical control of the atmosphere. By using antiseptic techniques, Lister was able to reduce the number of airborne bacteria and prevent contamination in surgical procedures, leading to a significant improvement in patient outcomes. His work laid the foundation for the development of modern surgical practices and the control of atmospheric pollutants in medical settings.

Explanation

Lister is the correct answer because he was an English surgeon who pioneered the use of antiseptics in surgery, which helped control infections and ultimately contributed to the chemical control of the atmosphere. By using antiseptic techniques, Lister was able to reduce the number of airborne bacteria and prevent contamination in surgical procedures, leading to a significant improvement in patient outcomes. His work laid the foundation for the development of modern surgical practices and the control of atmospheric pollutants in medical settings.

49. Which type of would would favor the development of gas gangrene?

Moist

Necrotic

Dry

Warm

Gas gangrene is a type of infection caused by certain bacteria that thrive in necrotic (dead) tissue. This means that the correct answer is "necrotic." The bacteria responsible for gas gangrene, such as Clostridium perfringens, require a suitable environment to grow and reproduce. Necrotic tissue provides the ideal conditions for these bacteria to flourish, as it lacks blood supply and oxygen, creating an anaerobic environment. In contrast, moist, dry, or warm conditions do not directly promote the growth of gas gangrene bacteria.

Explanation

Gas gangrene is a type of infection caused by certain bacteria that thrive in necrotic (dead) tissue. This means that the correct answer is "necrotic." The bacteria responsible for gas gangrene, such as Clostridium perfringens, require a suitable environment to grow and reproduce. Necrotic tissue provides the ideal conditions for these bacteria to flourish, as it lacks blood supply and oxygen, creating an anaerobic environment. In contrast, moist, dry, or warm conditions do not directly promote the growth of gas gangrene bacteria.

50. The point at which the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm is called the

Hiatus

Meatus

Sphincter

Fundus

The point at which the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm is called the hiatus. The hiatus is a natural opening in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to pass through and connect to the stomach. It is important for the proper functioning of the digestive system, as it allows food and liquids to pass from the esophagus into the stomach.

Explanation

The point at which the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm is called the hiatus. The hiatus is a natural opening in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to pass through and connect to the stomach. It is important for the proper functioning of the digestive system, as it allows food and liquids to pass from the esophagus into the stomach.

51. Bacteriostatic means

To inhibit growth of microorganisms

To destroy microorganisms

To control microorganisms

To inactivate microorganisms

Bacteriostatic refers to the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. This means that it prevents the multiplication and reproduction of bacteria, without necessarily killing them. Bacteriostatic agents work by interfering with the essential processes or structures of bacteria, such as protein synthesis or cell wall formation, thereby preventing their growth and spread. Unlike bactericidal agents, which kill bacteria, bacteriostatic agents only temporarily halt their growth, allowing the immune system or other treatments to eventually eliminate the bacteria from the body.

Explanation

Bacteriostatic refers to the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. This means that it prevents the multiplication and reproduction of bacteria, without necessarily killing them. Bacteriostatic agents work by interfering with the essential processes or structures of bacteria, such as protein synthesis or cell wall formation, thereby preventing their growth and spread. Unlike bactericidal agents, which kill bacteria, bacteriostatic agents only temporarily halt their growth, allowing the immune system or other treatments to eventually eliminate the bacteria from the body.

52. A cicatrix is

An abscess

A scar

Pus

A wound

A cicatrix refers to a scar that forms on the skin or other tissue during the healing process after a wound or injury. It is the result of the body's natural repair mechanism, where fibrous tissue replaces the normal skin or tissue that was damaged. Unlike the other options provided, an abscess is a collection of pus, pus refers to a thick yellowish or greenish fluid that forms in infected tissue, and a wound is a general term for any type of injury to the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "a scar."

Explanation

A cicatrix refers to a scar that forms on the skin or other tissue during the healing process after a wound or injury. It is the result of the body's natural repair mechanism, where fibrous tissue replaces the normal skin or tissue that was damaged. Unlike the other options provided, an abscess is a collection of pus, pus refers to a thick yellowish or greenish fluid that forms in infected tissue, and a wound is a general term for any type of injury to the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "a scar."

53. Which structure is also known as the "fatty apron"?

Greater omentum

Lesser omentum

Mesentery

Falciform ligament

The greater omentum is also known as the "fatty apron" because it is a large fold of fatty tissue that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines. It is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and extends down over the front of the intestines, providing protection and insulation for the abdominal organs.

Explanation

The greater omentum is also known as the "fatty apron" because it is a large fold of fatty tissue that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines. It is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and extends down over the front of the intestines, providing protection and insulation for the abdominal organs.

54. The portion of small intestine that receives secretions from the pancreas and the liver is the

Ileum

Jejunum

Duodenum

Pylorus

The duodenum is the portion of the small intestine that receives secretions from the pancreas and the liver. It is the first part of the small intestine and plays a crucial role in the digestion process. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and the liver secretes bile into the duodenum to aid in the breakdown of fats and proteins. This allows for the absorption of nutrients from the digested food in the subsequent parts of the small intestine.

Explanation

The duodenum is the portion of the small intestine that receives secretions from the pancreas and the liver. It is the first part of the small intestine and plays a crucial role in the digestion process. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and the liver secretes bile into the duodenum to aid in the breakdown of fats and proteins. This allows for the absorption of nutrients from the digested food in the subsequent parts of the small intestine.

55. Which bacteria is commonly found in soil?

Clostridium tetani

Trypanosoma brucei

Pediculus vestimenti

Yersinia pestis

Clostridium tetani is commonly found in soil. This bacterium is responsible for causing tetanus, a serious infection that affects the nervous system. It can enter the body through cuts or wounds that come into contact with contaminated soil. Clostridium tetani is an anaerobic bacterium, meaning it thrives in environments with little to no oxygen, such as soil. It forms spores that can survive for long periods in soil, making it a common inhabitant of this environment.

Explanation

Clostridium tetani is commonly found in soil. This bacterium is responsible for causing tetanus, a serious infection that affects the nervous system. It can enter the body through cuts or wounds that come into contact with contaminated soil. Clostridium tetani is an anaerobic bacterium, meaning it thrives in environments with little to no oxygen, such as soil. It forms spores that can survive for long periods in soil, making it a common inhabitant of this environment.

56. Blood is supplied to the kidney by means of the renal artery, which arises from the

Thoracic aorta

Aortic arch

Abdominal aorta

Pulmonary artery

The renal artery supplies blood to the kidney, and it arises from the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta is the major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lower part of the body, including the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is the abdominal aorta.

Explanation

The renal artery supplies blood to the kidney, and it arises from the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta is the major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lower part of the body, including the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is the abdominal aorta.

57. The destruction of bacteria by white cells during the inflammatory process is called

Symbiosis

Mitosis

Lymphocytosis

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria during inflammation. This process helps to eliminate harmful pathogens from the body and is a crucial part of the immune response. Symbiosis refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms, mitosis is the process of cell division, and lymphocytosis is an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. None of these terms accurately describe the destruction of bacteria by white cells during inflammation.

Explanation

Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria during inflammation. This process helps to eliminate harmful pathogens from the body and is a crucial part of the immune response. Symbiosis refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between different organisms, mitosis is the process of cell division, and lymphocytosis is an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. None of these terms accurately describe the destruction of bacteria by white cells during inflammation.

58. What immune protection is available to the fetus?

Natural active

Natural passive

Active artificial

Passive artificial

During pregnancy, the mother's antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, providing natural passive immune protection. This is because the fetus's immune system is not fully developed, so it relies on the antibodies received from the mother to fight off infections and diseases. This temporary immune protection helps to ensure the health and well-being of the fetus during the early stages of development.

Explanation

During pregnancy, the mother's antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, providing natural passive immune protection. This is because the fetus's immune system is not fully developed, so it relies on the antibodies received from the mother to fight off infections and diseases. This temporary immune protection helps to ensure the health and well-being of the fetus during the early stages of development.

59. The distal end of the penis is slightly enlarged and is called the

Glans penis

Prepuce

Foreskin

Corpora cavernosa penis

The distal end of the penis is slightly enlarged and is called the glans penis. The glans penis is a sensitive, bulbous structure located at the tip of the penis. It contains numerous nerve endings and is involved in sexual stimulation and pleasure. The glans penis is typically covered by the foreskin or prepuce, which can be retracted to expose the glans. The corpora cavernosa penis, on the other hand, refers to the two erectile tissues that run along the length of the penis and are responsible for causing an erection.

Explanation

The distal end of the penis is slightly enlarged and is called the glans penis. The glans penis is a sensitive, bulbous structure located at the tip of the penis. It contains numerous nerve endings and is involved in sexual stimulation and pleasure. The glans penis is typically covered by the foreskin or prepuce, which can be retracted to expose the glans. The corpora cavernosa penis, on the other hand, refers to the two erectile tissues that run along the length of the penis and are responsible for causing an erection.

60. The liver has

Two lobes

Three lobes

Four lobes

Five lobes

The liver is an organ in the human body that is responsible for various functions such as detoxification, metabolism, and production of bile. It is divided into two main lobes, the right lobe and the left lobe. The right lobe is larger and occupies most of the liver's mass, while the left lobe is smaller and located on the left side of the body. This division into two lobes allows for efficient functioning and organization of the liver's different processes.

Explanation

The liver is an organ in the human body that is responsible for various functions such as detoxification, metabolism, and production of bile. It is divided into two main lobes, the right lobe and the left lobe. The right lobe is larger and occupies most of the liver's mass, while the left lobe is smaller and located on the left side of the body. This division into two lobes allows for efficient functioning and organization of the liver's different processes.

61. When the gallbladder contracts, bile is ejected into the

Liver

Jejunum

Pancreas

Duodenum

When the gallbladder contracts, bile is ejected into the duodenum. The gallbladder stores bile, which is produced by the liver. When food enters the duodenum, a hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) is released, which causes the gallbladder to contract. This contraction forces the bile to be released into the duodenum through the common bile duct. Bile plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.

Explanation

When the gallbladder contracts, bile is ejected into the duodenum. The gallbladder stores bile, which is produced by the liver. When food enters the duodenum, a hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) is released, which causes the gallbladder to contract. This contraction forces the bile to be released into the duodenum through the common bile duct. Bile plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.

62. The substance that unites with thrombin to form fibrin, the basic structural material of blood clots is

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

Fibrin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen is the correct answer because it is the substance that combines with thrombin to form fibrin. Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin during the clotting process. This conversion is catalyzed by thrombin, which is an enzyme. Fibrin is the structural material that forms the meshwork of a blood clot, providing the framework for platelets and other blood components to adhere to and form a stable clot. Therefore, fibrinogen plays a crucial role in the formation of blood clots by being transformed into fibrin.

Explanation

Fibrinogen is the correct answer because it is the substance that combines with thrombin to form fibrin. Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin during the clotting process. This conversion is catalyzed by thrombin, which is an enzyme. Fibrin is the structural material that forms the meshwork of a blood clot, providing the framework for platelets and other blood components to adhere to and form a stable clot. Therefore, fibrinogen plays a crucial role in the formation of blood clots by being transformed into fibrin.

63. A CDC guideline that addressed the care of "sharps" includes all of the following EXCEPT

Needles should always be recapped

Needles should not be bent or broken by hand

Needles should not be removed from dispoable syringes

Needles should be discarded in puncture-resistant containers for disposal

The CDC guideline for the care of "sharps" includes various instructions to ensure safety. These instructions include not bending or breaking needles by hand, not removing needles from disposable syringes, and discarding needles in puncture-resistant containers for disposal. However, the guideline does not recommend that needles should always be recapped.

Explanation

The CDC guideline for the care of "sharps" includes various instructions to ensure safety. These instructions include not bending or breaking needles by hand, not removing needles from disposable syringes, and discarding needles in puncture-resistant containers for disposal. However, the guideline does not recommend that needles should always be recapped.

64. The heart valve that closes at the time the right ventricle begins pumping, preventing blood from returning to the right atrium, is the

Aortic semilunar

Pulmonary semilunar

Bicuspid

Tricuspid

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that closes at the time the right ventricle begins pumping, preventing blood from returning to the right atrium. It is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent the backflow of blood into the right atrium. This ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and then to the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

Explanation

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that closes at the time the right ventricle begins pumping, preventing blood from returning to the right atrium. It is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent the backflow of blood into the right atrium. This ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and then to the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

65. The burn classification that is characterized by a dry, pearly white, or charred-appearing surface is

First

Second

Third

Fourth

The burn classification that is characterized by a dry, pearly white, or charred-appearing surface is third degree. Third-degree burns are the most severe type of burn, affecting all layers of the skin and sometimes even the underlying tissue. The surface of the burn may appear dry, white, or charred due to the extensive damage to the skin and blood vessels.

Explanation

The burn classification that is characterized by a dry, pearly white, or charred-appearing surface is third degree. Third-degree burns are the most severe type of burn, affecting all layers of the skin and sometimes even the underlying tissue. The surface of the burn may appear dry, white, or charred due to the extensive damage to the skin and blood vessels.

66. If tissue is approximated too tightly it can cause

Ischemia

Excessive scar tissue

Keloids

Adhesions

If tissue is approximated too tightly, it can lead to ischemia. Ischemia refers to a lack of blood supply to the tissues, which can result in tissue damage or cell death. When tissues are tightly approximated, it can compress the blood vessels, restricting blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissues. This lack of oxygen and nutrients can cause ischemia, leading to tissue injury.

Explanation

If tissue is approximated too tightly, it can lead to ischemia. Ischemia refers to a lack of blood supply to the tissues, which can result in tissue damage or cell death. When tissues are tightly approximated, it can compress the blood vessels, restricting blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissues. This lack of oxygen and nutrients can cause ischemia, leading to tissue injury.

67. Urine is transported along the ureters to the bladder by

Gravity flow

Contraction of the renal waves

Peristaltic waves

Muscle relaxation

Peristaltic waves are rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles that help move substances through the body. In the case of urine transportation, peristaltic waves in the ureters help propel urine from the kidneys to the bladder. This wave-like motion creates a coordinated movement that pushes the urine forward, allowing it to flow against gravity and reach the bladder efficiently.

Explanation

Peristaltic waves are rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles that help move substances through the body. In the case of urine transportation, peristaltic waves in the ureters help propel urine from the kidneys to the bladder. This wave-like motion creates a coordinated movement that pushes the urine forward, allowing it to flow against gravity and reach the bladder efficiently.

68. The muscle serving as a valve to prevent regurgitation of food from the intestine back into the stomach is known as the

Sphincter of Oddi

Ileocecal sphincter

Cardiac sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

The pyloric sphincter is the correct answer. It is a muscle that serves as a valve between the stomach and the small intestine. Its main function is to regulate the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine while preventing the backflow of food. This helps to ensure that the food moves through the digestive system in the correct direction and allows for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The pyloric sphincter is the correct answer. It is a muscle that serves as a valve between the stomach and the small intestine. Its main function is to regulate the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine while preventing the backflow of food. This helps to ensure that the food moves through the digestive system in the correct direction and allows for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

69. Tensile strength of a wound refers to

The suture strength

Ability of tissue to resist rupture

Wound contraction

Tissue approximation

The tensile strength of a wound refers to the ability of tissue to resist rupture. This means that the tissue is able to withstand pulling or stretching forces without tearing or breaking apart. It is an important characteristic in wound healing as it ensures that the wound remains intact and can withstand the stresses and strains placed on it during the healing process.

Explanation

The tensile strength of a wound refers to the ability of tissue to resist rupture. This means that the tissue is able to withstand pulling or stretching forces without tearing or breaking apart. It is an important characteristic in wound healing as it ensures that the wound remains intact and can withstand the stresses and strains placed on it during the healing process.

70. The first portion of the large intestine is the

Sigmoid

Cecum

Colon

Ileum

The correct answer is cecum. The cecum is the first portion of the large intestine, located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. It receives undigested food from the small intestine and begins the process of absorption and fermentation. It also contains the appendix, a small finger-like projection that plays a role in the immune system. The sigmoid colon is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine, while the colon refers to the entire large intestine. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine.

Explanation

The correct answer is cecum. The cecum is the first portion of the large intestine, located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. It receives undigested food from the small intestine and begins the process of absorption and fermentation. It also contains the appendix, a small finger-like projection that plays a role in the immune system. The sigmoid colon is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine, while the colon refers to the entire large intestine. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine.

71. The contractions of the heart are synchronized and regulated by the pacemaker of the heart, called the

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Atrioventricular bundle

Purkinje fibers

The correct answer is the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the contractions of the heart. It is located in the upper part of the right atrium and acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart. The electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial node travel through the atria, causing them to contract, and then to the atrioventricular node, which delays the impulse before transmitting it to the ventricles. This synchronization and regulation of the contractions ensure that the heart pumps blood efficiently.

Explanation

The correct answer is the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the contractions of the heart. It is located in the upper part of the right atrium and acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart. The electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial node travel through the atria, causing them to contract, and then to the atrioventricular node, which delays the impulse before transmitting it to the ventricles. This synchronization and regulation of the contractions ensure that the heart pumps blood efficiently.

72. What organism is responsible for a boil?

Staphylococcus aureus

Clostridium perfringens

Escherichia coli

Neisseria

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a boil. Boils are typically caused by a bacterial infection, and Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacteria that can cause skin infections. It enters the body through a cut or hair follicle and infects the surrounding area, leading to the development of a painful and pus-filled boil. Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to produce toxins that contribute to the inflammation and formation of boils.

Explanation

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a boil. Boils are typically caused by a bacterial infection, and Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacteria that can cause skin infections. It enters the body through a cut or hair follicle and infects the surrounding area, leading to the development of a painful and pus-filled boil. Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to produce toxins that contribute to the inflammation and formation of boils.

73. Mumps occur in the

Sublingual glands

Submandibular glands

Parotid glands

Thyroid glands

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The parotid glands, located on the sides of the face just below and in front of the ears, are most commonly affected. These glands produce saliva and are responsible for releasing it into the mouth. When the parotid glands are infected with the mumps virus, they become swollen and painful. This swelling can cause difficulty in swallowing and talking. Therefore, the correct answer is parotid glands.

Explanation

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The parotid glands, located on the sides of the face just below and in front of the ears, are most commonly affected. These glands produce saliva and are responsible for releasing it into the mouth. When the parotid glands are infected with the mumps virus, they become swollen and painful. This swelling can cause difficulty in swallowing and talking. Therefore, the correct answer is parotid glands.

74. The outer layer of the kidney is known as the

Medulla

Glomerulus

Nephron

Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney is known as the cortex. It is the region where the majority of the nephrons are located. The cortex plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood and the production of urine. It contains the glomerulus, which is a network of tiny blood vessels responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. The nephron, on the other hand, is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering and reabsorbing substances from the blood. While both the glomerulus and nephron are important components of the kidney, they are not the outer layer.

Explanation

The outer layer of the kidney is known as the cortex. It is the region where the majority of the nephrons are located. The cortex plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood and the production of urine. It contains the glomerulus, which is a network of tiny blood vessels responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. The nephron, on the other hand, is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering and reabsorbing substances from the blood. While both the glomerulus and nephron are important components of the kidney, they are not the outer layer.

75. Adenoids are also called

Palatine tonsils

Pharyngeal tonsils

Lingual tonsils

Uvula

The correct answer is pharyngeal tonsils. Adenoids are a type of tonsils located in the back of the throat, specifically in the pharynx. They are part of the immune system and help to fight off infections. Adenoids can become enlarged and cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing, snoring, and recurrent ear infections. Removing the adenoids may be necessary in some cases to alleviate these symptoms.

Explanation

The correct answer is pharyngeal tonsils. Adenoids are a type of tonsils located in the back of the throat, specifically in the pharynx. They are part of the immune system and help to fight off infections. Adenoids can become enlarged and cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing, snoring, and recurrent ear infections. Removing the adenoids may be necessary in some cases to alleviate these symptoms.

76. A wound that is infected or one in which there is excessive loss of tissue heals by

Primary intention

Secondary intention

Third intention

Fourth intention

Secondary intention refers to the healing process of a wound that is infected or has excessive loss of tissue. In this type of healing, the wound is left open and allowed to heal from the bottom up, gradually filling in with new tissue. This process involves the formation of granulation tissue, which helps to close the wound. Secondary intention healing takes longer than primary intention healing, as it requires more tissue regeneration and can result in a larger scar.

Explanation

Secondary intention refers to the healing process of a wound that is infected or has excessive loss of tissue. In this type of healing, the wound is left open and allowed to heal from the bottom up, gradually filling in with new tissue. This process involves the formation of granulation tissue, which helps to close the wound. Secondary intention healing takes longer than primary intention healing, as it requires more tissue regeneration and can result in a larger scar.

77. The kidney structure that filters blood, returns useful substances to blood, and removes substances from blood that are not needed is the

Nephron

Glomerulus

Medulla

Cortex

The nephron is the correct answer because it is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and regulating the composition of urine. It consists of several components, including the glomerulus, which filters waste products and excess fluid from the blood, and the tubules, which reabsorb useful substances back into the bloodstream and remove waste products. The medulla and cortex are regions of the kidney where the nephrons are located, but they do not perform the specific functions described in the question.

Explanation

The nephron is the correct answer because it is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and regulating the composition of urine. It consists of several components, including the glomerulus, which filters waste products and excess fluid from the blood, and the tubules, which reabsorb useful substances back into the bloodstream and remove waste products. The medulla and cortex are regions of the kidney where the nephrons are located, but they do not perform the specific functions described in the question.

78. The head of the pancreas is located

In the curve of the duodenum

By the spleen

On the undersurface of the liver

In the curve of the descending colon

The head of the pancreas is located in the curve of the duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, and it curves around the head of the pancreas. This location is important because it allows the pancreas to be in close proximity to the digestive system, where it can release digestive enzymes and hormones into the duodenum to aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The head of the pancreas is located in the curve of the duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, and it curves around the head of the pancreas. This location is important because it allows the pancreas to be in close proximity to the digestive system, where it can release digestive enzymes and hormones into the duodenum to aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

79. The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is the

Fundus

Body

Pylorus

Cardia

The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is called the pylorus. The pylorus is located at the lower end of the stomach and serves as a gateway between the stomach and the small intestine. It contains a circular muscle called the pyloric sphincter, which controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. This region plays a crucial role in regulating the movement of food through the digestive system.

Explanation

The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum is called the pylorus. The pylorus is located at the lower end of the stomach and serves as a gateway between the stomach and the small intestine. It contains a circular muscle called the pyloric sphincter, which controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. This region plays a crucial role in regulating the movement of food through the digestive system.

80. The mesentery is

A double-layered peritoneal structure shaped like a fan

A word synonymous with "fatty apron"

The membrane covering the surface of most abdominal organs

A structure that supports the sigmoid colon

The mesentery is a double-layered peritoneal structure shaped like a fan. The mesentery is a fold of tissue that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall, providing support and allowing for movement. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply the intestines. The mesentery plays an important role in maintaining the position and function of the intestines within the abdominal cavity. Its fan-like shape allows it to wrap around and support the intestines, keeping them in place and preventing them from twisting or becoming tangled.

Explanation

The mesentery is a double-layered peritoneal structure shaped like a fan. The mesentery is a fold of tissue that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall, providing support and allowing for movement. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply the intestines. The mesentery plays an important role in maintaining the position and function of the intestines within the abdominal cavity. Its fan-like shape allows it to wrap around and support the intestines, keeping them in place and preventing them from twisting or becoming tangled.

81. The indentation in the kidney through which all structures must pass as they enter or leave the kidney is the

Hilus

Renal pelvis

Renal capsule

Cortex

The hilus is the indentation in the kidney through which all structures must pass as they enter or leave the kidney. It is the area where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter connect to the kidney. This is an important anatomical feature as it allows for the passage of blood vessels and urine, enabling the kidney to perform its filtration and excretion functions effectively. The renal pelvis, renal capsule, and cortex are other parts of the kidney, but they do not specifically refer to the indentation through which structures enter or leave the kidney.

Explanation

The hilus is the indentation in the kidney through which all structures must pass as they enter or leave the kidney. It is the area where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter connect to the kidney. This is an important anatomical feature as it allows for the passage of blood vessels and urine, enabling the kidney to perform its filtration and excretion functions effectively. The renal pelvis, renal capsule, and cortex are other parts of the kidney, but they do not specifically refer to the indentation through which structures enter or leave the kidney.

82. The descending aorta terminates at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, dividing into

Two saphenous arteries

Two femoral arteries

Internal and external iliac arteries

Two common iliac arteries

The descending aorta terminates at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra and divides into two common iliac arteries. These arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the pelvis, lower abdominal organs, and lower limbs. They further divide into internal and external iliac arteries, which continue to supply blood to specific regions of the body. The mention of saphenous arteries and femoral arteries in the options is incorrect as they are not direct branches of the descending aorta.

Explanation

The descending aorta terminates at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra and divides into two common iliac arteries. These arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the pelvis, lower abdominal organs, and lower limbs. They further divide into internal and external iliac arteries, which continue to supply blood to specific regions of the body. The mention of saphenous arteries and femoral arteries in the options is incorrect as they are not direct branches of the descending aorta.

83. Gas gangrene is caused by

Fusobacterium

Clostridium tetani

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Clostridium perfringens

Gas gangrene is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that is caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium is commonly found in soil and in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. When the bacteria enters deep tissue through a wound, it multiplies rapidly and produces toxins that destroy healthy tissue and create gas bubbles. This leads to symptoms such as severe pain, swelling, and a foul-smelling discharge. Prompt medical treatment is necessary to prevent the infection from spreading and causing further damage.

Explanation

Gas gangrene is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that is caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. This bacterium is commonly found in soil and in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. When the bacteria enters deep tissue through a wound, it multiplies rapidly and produces toxins that destroy healthy tissue and create gas bubbles. This leads to symptoms such as severe pain, swelling, and a foul-smelling discharge. Prompt medical treatment is necessary to prevent the infection from spreading and causing further damage.

84. The organism most frequently found in burns is

Clostridium perfringens

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Clostridium tetani

Hemolytic streptococci

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the correct answer because it is a common and opportunistic pathogen that is frequently found in burn wounds. It is known for its ability to survive in moist environments and its resistance to many antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause serious infections in burn patients, leading to delayed wound healing and increased morbidity and mortality rates. It is important to identify and treat this organism promptly to prevent complications in burn patients.

Explanation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the correct answer because it is a common and opportunistic pathogen that is frequently found in burn wounds. It is known for its ability to survive in moist environments and its resistance to many antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause serious infections in burn patients, leading to delayed wound healing and increased morbidity and mortality rates. It is important to identify and treat this organism promptly to prevent complications in burn patients.

85. OSHA is a govenmental regulating agency whose aim is to

Provide guidelines to prevent transmission of blood-borne infections

Execute requirements designed to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens in the work environment

Require that communicable diseases be reported to a public health agency

Train employees how to recognize and execute safe practices

OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is a governmental regulating agency that is responsible for enforcing safety and health regulations in the workplace. One of OSHA's main objectives is to execute requirements that are specifically designed to prevent the transmission of blood-borne pathogens in the work environment. This includes implementing guidelines and protocols that aim to minimize the risk of infections caused by exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials. OSHA's focus on preventing the transmission of blood-borne infections helps to ensure the safety and well-being of employees in various industries.

Explanation

OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is a governmental regulating agency that is responsible for enforcing safety and health regulations in the workplace. One of OSHA's main objectives is to execute requirements that are specifically designed to prevent the transmission of blood-borne pathogens in the work environment. This includes implementing guidelines and protocols that aim to minimize the risk of infections caused by exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials. OSHA's focus on preventing the transmission of blood-borne infections helps to ensure the safety and well-being of employees in various industries.

86. The glomerulus is a

Tiny coiled tube

Tubelike extension into the renal pelvis

Double walled cup

Cluster of capillaries

The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that have thin walls, allowing for the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues. In the case of the glomerulus, it is specifically a cluster of capillaries located in the kidney. This cluster plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood and the formation of urine. Blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure, and as it passes through the capillaries, waste products and excess water are filtered out and collected for excretion.

Explanation

The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that have thin walls, allowing for the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues. In the case of the glomerulus, it is specifically a cluster of capillaries located in the kidney. This cluster plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood and the formation of urine. Blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure, and as it passes through the capillaries, waste products and excess water are filtered out and collected for excretion.

87. The tubes or cuplike extensions that project from the renal pelvis are called

Glomeruli

Convoluted tubules

Bowman's capsules

Calyces

Calyces are the tubes or cuplike extensions that project from the renal pelvis. They collect urine from the nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis. Glomeruli are clusters of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys where filtration of blood takes place. Convoluted tubules are twisted tubes in the nephrons that reabsorb water and nutrients from the filtrate. Bowman's capsules are the cup-shaped structures in the nephrons that surround the glomeruli and collect the filtrate. Therefore, calyces is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the extensions that project from the renal pelvis.

Explanation

Calyces are the tubes or cuplike extensions that project from the renal pelvis. They collect urine from the nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis. Glomeruli are clusters of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys where filtration of blood takes place. Convoluted tubules are twisted tubes in the nephrons that reabsorb water and nutrients from the filtrate. Bowman's capsules are the cup-shaped structures in the nephrons that surround the glomeruli and collect the filtrate. Therefore, calyces is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the extensions that project from the renal pelvis.

88. The ligament that attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall is the

Mesovarian

Ovarian

Suspensory

Broad

The suspensory ligament is the correct answer because it is the ligament that attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall. This ligament helps to support and stabilize the ovaries within the pelvic cavity.

Explanation

The suspensory ligament is the correct answer because it is the ligament that attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall. This ligament helps to support and stabilize the ovaries within the pelvic cavity.

89. The bacteria that causes rheumatic fever is

Escherichia coli

Streptococcus

Pseudomonas

Staphylococcus

The correct answer is Streptococcus. Streptococcus is a bacteria that can cause rheumatic fever, a serious inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Streptococcus bacteria are commonly found in the throat and can cause strep throat. If left untreated, strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever in some individuals. Therefore, Streptococcus is the bacteria that causes rheumatic fever.

Explanation

The correct answer is Streptococcus. Streptococcus is a bacteria that can cause rheumatic fever, a serious inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Streptococcus bacteria are commonly found in the throat and can cause strep throat. If left untreated, strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever in some individuals. Therefore, Streptococcus is the bacteria that causes rheumatic fever.

90. The supporting structure of the male reproductive system is the

Inguinal canal

Cremaster muscle

Vas deferens

Spermatic cord

The spermatic cord is the correct answer because it is the supporting structure of the male reproductive system. It is a bundle of fibers and tissues that extends from the abdominal cavity to the testes. The spermatic cord contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and the cremaster muscle. These structures play important roles in the transportation of sperm, blood supply, and regulation of temperature within the testes.

Explanation

The spermatic cord is the correct answer because it is the supporting structure of the male reproductive system. It is a bundle of fibers and tissues that extends from the abdominal cavity to the testes. The spermatic cord contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and the cremaster muscle. These structures play important roles in the transportation of sperm, blood supply, and regulation of temperature within the testes.

91. All of the following are parts of the lymphatic system EXCEPT the

Thyroid

Tonsils

Spleen

Thymus

The lymphatic system is responsible for maintaining fluid balance, filtering out harmful substances, and producing immune cells. The thyroid, on the other hand, is part of the endocrine system and is responsible for regulating metabolism. While the tonsils, spleen, and thymus are all part of the lymphatic system and play important roles in immune function, the thyroid is not involved in these processes. Therefore, the correct answer is thyroid.

Explanation

The lymphatic system is responsible for maintaining fluid balance, filtering out harmful substances, and producing immune cells. The thyroid, on the other hand, is part of the endocrine system and is responsible for regulating metabolism. While the tonsils, spleen, and thymus are all part of the lymphatic system and play important roles in immune function, the thyroid is not involved in these processes. Therefore, the correct answer is thyroid.

92. Which structure is not a portion of the male urethra?

Membranous

Prostatic

Vas

Penile

The vas deferens is not a portion of the male urethra. The vas deferens is a long tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra, but it is not a part of the urethra itself. The urethra is a tube that carries urine and semen out of the body, and it is made up of three main portions: the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the penile urethra. The vas deferens is separate from these structures and serves a different function in the reproductive system.

Explanation

The vas deferens is not a portion of the male urethra. The vas deferens is a long tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra, but it is not a part of the urethra itself. The urethra is a tube that carries urine and semen out of the body, and it is made up of three main portions: the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the penile urethra. The vas deferens is separate from these structures and serves a different function in the reproductive system.

93. The common bile duct is the union of the

Cystic duct and cystic artery

Cystic duct and hepatic duct

Cystic artery and hepatic duct

Hepatic vein and cystic duct

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. The cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder, while the hepatic duct carries bile from the liver. The common bile duct then transports the bile to the small intestine, where it aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Explanation

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. The cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder, while the hepatic duct carries bile from the liver. The common bile duct then transports the bile to the small intestine, where it aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

94. A toxoid is

An inactivated toxin

A substance that elicits and immune response

A poison produced by an infectious agent

A substance that the body recognizes as foreign, thus evoking an immune response

A toxoid is an inactivated toxin. Toxoids are created by treating toxins with chemicals or heat to make them non-toxic while still retaining their ability to stimulate an immune response. This allows them to be used as vaccines to prevent diseases caused by toxins, such as tetanus and diphtheria. By introducing the toxoid into the body, the immune system recognizes it as foreign and produces antibodies to neutralize it. In the future, if the actual toxin enters the body, the immune system is already prepared to quickly respond and protect against the harmful effects of the toxin.

Explanation

A toxoid is an inactivated toxin. Toxoids are created by treating toxins with chemicals or heat to make them non-toxic while still retaining their ability to stimulate an immune response. This allows them to be used as vaccines to prevent diseases caused by toxins, such as tetanus and diphtheria. By introducing the toxoid into the body, the immune system recognizes it as foreign and produces antibodies to neutralize it. In the future, if the actual toxin enters the body, the immune system is already prepared to quickly respond and protect against the harmful effects of the toxin.

95. The sphincter at the junction of the small and large intestines is the

Sphincter of Oddi

Ileocecal sphincter

Phloric sphincter

Duodenal sphincter

The correct answer is the ileocecal sphincter. The ileocecal sphincter is located at the junction between the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (cecum). It acts as a valve, regulating the flow of digested food from the small intestine into the large intestine. This sphincter prevents the backflow of fecal matter into the small intestine and helps maintain the separation between the two sections of the digestive system.

Explanation

The correct answer is the ileocecal sphincter. The ileocecal sphincter is located at the junction between the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (cecum). It acts as a valve, regulating the flow of digested food from the small intestine into the large intestine. This sphincter prevents the backflow of fecal matter into the small intestine and helps maintain the separation between the two sections of the digestive system.

96. The terminal portion of the large intestine is the

Sigmoid

Rectum

Anus

Anal canal

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the large intestine. It is the last part of the digestive tract and is responsible for the elimination of waste material from the body. The anal canal is located between the rectum and the anus, and it contains two sphincter muscles that help control the passage of feces. It is lined with specialized cells that can detect the presence of feces and trigger the urge to defecate.

Explanation

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the large intestine. It is the last part of the digestive tract and is responsible for the elimination of waste material from the body. The anal canal is located between the rectum and the anus, and it contains two sphincter muscles that help control the passage of feces. It is lined with specialized cells that can detect the presence of feces and trigger the urge to defecate.

97. The long, coiled tube in which sperm mature is the

Vas deferens

Epididymis

Ejaculatory duct

Seminal vesicle

The epididymis is a long, coiled tube where sperm mature. It is located on the back of each testicle and plays a crucial role in the development and storage of sperm. Sperm produced in the testes enter the epididymis and spend several weeks there, undergoing maturation and becoming capable of fertilization. The epididymis also helps transport sperm from the testes to the vas deferens, which carries sperm out of the body during ejaculation.

Explanation

The epididymis is a long, coiled tube where sperm mature. It is located on the back of each testicle and plays a crucial role in the development and storage of sperm. Sperm produced in the testes enter the epididymis and spend several weeks there, undergoing maturation and becoming capable of fertilization. The epididymis also helps transport sperm from the testes to the vas deferens, which carries sperm out of the body during ejaculation.

98. Inflammatory exudate that is thick and yellow is termed

Suppurative

Fibrinous

Serous

Mucous

Suppurative refers to the presence of pus in an inflammatory exudate. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that contains dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. Therefore, suppurative is the correct term to describe an inflammatory exudate that is thick and yellow. Fibrinous exudate refers to a thick, sticky fluid that contains fibrin strands, serous exudate is a thin, watery fluid, and mucous exudate is a thick, gel-like fluid containing mucin.

Explanation

Suppurative refers to the presence of pus in an inflammatory exudate. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that contains dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. Therefore, suppurative is the correct term to describe an inflammatory exudate that is thick and yellow. Fibrinous exudate refers to a thick, sticky fluid that contains fibrin strands, serous exudate is a thin, watery fluid, and mucous exudate is a thick, gel-like fluid containing mucin.

99. This structure stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Spermatic cord

Epididymis

The vas deferens is a tube-like structure that connects the epididymis to the urethra. It is responsible for storing and transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation. The vas deferens contracts and propels the sperm forward, allowing it to be released during ejaculation.

Explanation

The vas deferens is a tube-like structure that connects the epididymis to the urethra. It is responsible for storing and transporting sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation. The vas deferens contracts and propels the sperm forward, allowing it to be released during ejaculation.

100. The portion of the male urethra that passes through the pelvic floor is called the

Prostatic portion

Cavernous portion

Membranous portion

Penile portion

The male urethra is divided into four parts: prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile. The membranous portion refers to the part of the urethra that passes through the pelvic floor. This portion is located between the prostatic and bulbar portions. It is called the membranous portion because it is surrounded by a thick layer of smooth muscle, which gives it stability and support. This portion is the narrowest part of the male urethra and is prone to injury or obstruction.

Explanation

The male urethra is divided into four parts: prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile. The membranous portion refers to the part of the urethra that passes through the pelvic floor. This portion is located between the prostatic and bulbar portions. It is called the membranous portion because it is surrounded by a thick layer of smooth muscle, which gives it stability and support. This portion is the narrowest part of the male urethra and is prone to injury or obstruction.