Ruminants Review

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1/45 Questions

Prehension, mechanical breakdown, and chemical digestion are functions of the digestive system.
- True
- False

About This Quiz

A review of ruminants based off of the powerpoint.

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2.

Absorption, elimination, and protection are functions of the ____________ system.

Explanation
The functions of absorption, elimination, and protection are all related to the digestive system. This system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste from the body. It also plays a role in protecting the body from harmful substances by filtering out toxins and bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is digestive.

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1
3.

The saliva of ruminants contains enzymes to help start digesting starches.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

The saliva of ruminants does NOT contain enzymes to help digest starches.

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3
4.

The contents of the rumen are maintained at about a pH of _______________.
- 5.5-6.0
- 6.0-6.5
- 6.5-7.0
- 7.0-7.5
Correct Answer

A. 6.0-6.5

Explanation

The rumen is a part of the digestive system in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and goats. It is a large fermentation chamber where bacteria and other microorganisms break down the fibrous plant material that the animal consumes. The pH level in the rumen is important for the proper functioning of these microorganisms. A pH range of 6.0-6.5 is considered ideal for the rumen because it allows for optimal activity of the microorganisms involved in fermentation. This pH range provides an environment that is conducive to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simpler molecules that can be absorbed by the animal for energy.

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5.

The pH level in the rumen inhibits microbial growth.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

The pH level in the rumen PROMOTES microbial growth.

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2
6.

Mature cows produce _______ gallons of saliva per day.
- 12
- 11
- 10
- 9
- 8
Correct Answer

A. 12

Explanation

Mature cows produce 12 gallons of saliva per day. This is because cows have a large rumen, which is the first compartment of their stomach, where fermentation of their food takes place. Saliva is crucial in this fermentation process as it helps break down the food and aids in digestion. Cows need a significant amount of saliva to properly digest their food, which is why they produce such a large quantity of it daily.

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2
7.

Sheep produce ______ gallons of saliva per day.
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Correct Answer

A. 2

Explanation

Sheep produce 2 gallons of saliva per day.

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8.

Cattle spend ___________ hours ruminating each day, broken up into ___________ rumination periods.
- 6-8, 5-7
- 5-7, 6-8
- 3-4, 7-9
- 7-9, 3-4
Correct Answer

A. 5-7, 6-8

Explanation

Cattle spend an average of 5-7 hours ruminating each day, which is the process of regurgitating and re-chewing their food to aid in digestion. This time is broken up into 6-8 rumination periods, allowing the cattle to thoroughly process their food and extract as many nutrients as possible.

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1
9.

________________ is the process of forcing the feed back into the mouth for chewing.

Correct Answer
regurgitation
Regurgitation

Explanation
is the process of forcing the feed back into the mouth for chewing. It involves bringing the partially digested food back up from the stomach or esophagus and into the mouth to be chewed again. This can occur in some animals as a natural part of their digestion process, such as birds regurgitating food to feed their young. It can also be a symptom of certain medical conditions in humans, where food is brought back up into the mouth involuntarily.

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1
10.

The esophageal groove forms a passageway from the ____________ to the _______________.
- Reticulum, omasum
- Reticulum, abomasum
- Cardia, omasum
- Cardia, abomasum
- Omasum, abomasum
Correct Answer

A. Cardia, omasum

Explanation

The esophageal groove forms a passageway from the cardia to the omasum. The cardia is the opening of the stomach where the esophagus connects, while the omasum is the third compartment of the ruminant stomach. The esophageal groove allows for the direct passage of food from the cardia to the omasum, bypassing the reticulum and abomasum. This is an important adaptation in ruminants, as it allows for the efficient digestion and processing of food in the stomach.

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2
11.

The esophageal groove allows ingested milk to bypass the rumen.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

The esophageal groove is a muscular tube in ruminant animals that allows milk to bypass the rumen and go directly to the abomasum. This is important because milk contains lactose, which can be fermented by bacteria in the rumen and cause digestive issues. By bypassing the rumen, milk can be quickly digested in the abomasum, ensuring efficient nutrient absorption. Therefore, the statement that the esophageal groove allows ingested milk to bypass the rumen is true.

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12.

The rumen acts like a large fermentation vat and accounts for about __________ of the total utilization of the digestible dry matter in the ration.
- 10-25%
- 40-95%
- 50-65%
- 60-75%
- 50-85%
Correct Answer

A. 50-85%

Explanation

The rumen, which is a part of the cow's stomach, functions as a fermentation vat where microbial digestion takes place. It is responsible for breaking down and fermenting the digestible dry matter in the cow's diet. The given answer, 50-85%, suggests that the rumen accounts for a significant portion of the total utilization of the digestible dry matter in the ration. This range indicates that the rumen plays a crucial role in the digestion and utilization of nutrients in the cow's diet.

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13.

Millions of these in the rumen and reticulum digest cellulose, compile starch, synthesize protein, and synthesize vitamins.
- Protozoans
- Bacteria
- Fungi
Correct Answer(s)

A. Protozoans
A. Bacteria

Explanation

Protozoans, bacteria, and fungi are all microorganisms found in the rumen and reticulum. However, the given statement mentions that these microorganisms digest cellulose, compile starch, synthesize protein, and synthesize vitamins. Among the three options, only bacteria are capable of performing all these functions. Protozoans primarily digest cellulose and synthesize vitamins, while fungi mainly decompose cellulose. Therefore, the correct answer is bacteria.

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2
14.

Concentrates pass through the rumen quicker than roughages.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Concentrates are feed sources that are high in energy and low in fiber, such as grains and oilseeds. Roughages, on the other hand, are feed sources that are high in fiber, such as hay and grass. The rumen is the first compartment of the cow's stomach where microbial fermentation of feed occurs. Concentrates are more easily broken down and digested by the microbes in the rumen compared to roughages. This is because concentrates have a higher starch and sugar content, which can be readily fermented by the rumen microbes. Therefore, it is true that concentrates pass through the rumen quicker than roughages.

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15.

_______________ line the interior wall of the rumen. They increase the absorption ability of the rumen wall by increasing the surface area.

Correct Answer
papillae
Papillae

Explanation
The correct answer is "papillae" or "Papillae". Papillae are small finger-like projections that line the interior wall of the rumen. They increase the absorption ability of the rumen wall by increasing the surface area. These structures help in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients in the rumen, facilitating the digestion process in ruminant animals.

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1
16.

What are the main gases produced by the bacterial action in the rumen?
- CO2
- CO3
- CH3
- CH4
- CH2
Correct Answer(s)

A. CO2
A. CH4

Explanation

The main gases produced by bacterial action in the rumen are CO2 and CH4. CO2 is produced as a byproduct of the fermentation process, while CH4, also known as methane, is produced by methanogenic bacteria during the breakdown of organic matter. These gases are important in the rumen as they contribute to the overall digestion and fermentation processes that occur in the rumen.

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1
17.

What will happen if the gas produced by bacterial action in the rumen is not removed or released?
- The animal will explode.
- The animal will bloat.
- The bacteria will die off.
- The rumen will stop working.
Correct Answer

A. The animal will bloat.

Explanation

If the gas produced by bacterial action in the rumen is not removed or released, it will cause the animal to bloat. Bloating occurs when the gas accumulates in the rumen and cannot be expelled. This can lead to a distended abdomen, discomfort, and potentially more serious complications such as pressure on the diaphragm or other organs. It is important to address bloating promptly to prevent further complications and ensure the proper functioning of the rumen.

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1
18.

Which stomach chamber is lined with intersecting ridges that form honeycomb-like projections?
- Reticulum
- Rumen
- Omasum
- Abomasum
Correct Answer

A. Reticulum

Explanation

The reticulum is the stomach chamber that is lined with intersecting ridges that form honeycomb-like projections. These projections help to increase the surface area of the reticulum, allowing for more efficient absorption of nutrients. The reticulum is an important part of the digestive system in ruminant animals, such as cows, as it aids in the breakdown and fermentation of plant material.

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2
19.

The ___________ grinds and squeezes the feed.
- Reticulum
- Rumen
- Omasum
- Abomasum
Correct Answer

A. Omasum

Explanation

The omasum is the correct answer because it is the part of the cow's stomach that grinds and squeezes the feed.

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1
20.

Hardware that is ingested is trapped here and generally does not move further through the digestive system.
- Reticulum
- Rumen
- Omasum
- Abomasum
Correct Answer

A. Reticulum

Explanation

The reticulum is one of the four compartments of the ruminant stomach, found in animals like cows and sheep. It is responsible for trapping and holding hardware, such as nails or wire, that may have been accidentally ingested by the animal. The reticulum has a honeycomb-like structure that allows it to catch and retain these foreign objects, preventing them from moving further into the digestive system where they could cause harm.

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21.

The material leaving the omasum is _________ drier than the material entering it.
- 50-60%
- 60-70%
- 70-80%
- 80-90%
- 90-100%
Correct Answer

A. 60-70%

Explanation

The correct answer is 60-70%. The omasum is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminant animals, where further water absorption takes place. As the material passes through the omasum, it undergoes additional dehydration, resulting in a decrease in moisture content. Therefore, the material leaving the omasum is expected to be approximately 60-70% drier than the material entering it.

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22.

Digestion here is much the same as it is in a monogastric animal.
- Reticulum
- Rumen
- Omasum
- Abomasum
Correct Answer

A. Abomasum

Explanation

The abomasum is the fourth chamber of the ruminant stomach and is responsible for the final digestion of food before it enters the small intestine. This chamber is similar to the stomach of monogastric animals, where the breakdown of food occurs through the secretion of digestive enzymes and acid. Therefore, the statement suggests that the process of digestion in the abomasum is comparable to that of monogastric animals.

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23.

The pH level of the abomasum is ________.
- 2.0-2.5
- 3.0-3.5
- 3.5-4.0
- 4.0-4.5
- 4.5-5.0
Correct Answer

A. 3.5-4.0

Explanation

The pH level of the abomasum is 3.5-4.0. The abomasum is the fourth compartment of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows and sheep. It is responsible for further breaking down the food particles that have been partially digested in the rumen and reticulum. The pH level in the abomasum is acidic, which helps in the digestion of proteins and kills any bacteria that may have survived the fermentation process in the previous compartments of the stomach. The pH range of 3.5-4.0 is optimal for the enzymatic activity and overall functioning of the abomasum.

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24.

The feed is very dry as it passes from the abomasum into the small intestine.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

The feed becomes HIGHLY FLUID as it passes from the abomasum into the small intestine.

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25.

Rations for ruminants.
- Low fiber.
- High fiber.
- Based on crude fat.
- Based on crude protein.
- Lower protein quality.
- Higher protein quality.
Correct Answer(s)

A. High fiber.
A. Based on crude protein.
A. Lower protein quality.

Explanation

The correct answer is "High fiber, based on crude protein, lower protein quality." Ruminants, such as cows and sheep, have a unique digestive system that allows them to break down and utilize high-fiber plant material. Therefore, their rations need to be high in fiber to meet their nutritional requirements. The ration composition is also based on crude protein, as ruminants require a certain amount of protein for growth and maintenance. However, the protein quality in ruminant rations is generally lower compared to other animals, as ruminants can synthesize their own proteins from non-protein nitrogen sources like urea.

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26.

If you kill all of the protozoa in the host animal, the animal will do fine.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

If all of the protozoa in the host animal are killed, the animal will do fine because protozoa are microscopic organisms that can cause various diseases in animals. By eliminating them, the animal's health will improve and it will not be susceptible to any infections or illnesses caused by protozoa.

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27.

–20,000 - 50,000 / mLrumen fluid –Prey on bacteria –Digest soluble carbohydrates
- Protozoa
- Yeast
- Bacteria
Correct Answer

A. Protozoa

Explanation

Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can be found in the rumen fluid. They prey on bacteria, which helps to control the bacterial population in the rumen. They also play a role in digesting soluble carbohydrates, breaking them down into simpler compounds that can be absorbed by the animal. Therefore, protozoa are an important component of the rumen ecosystem and contribute to the overall digestion process.

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28.

They are generally thought to aid in the digestion of very fibrous components of feed, such as lignin and cellulose, but their action is not completely understood.
- Protozoa
- Yeast
- Bacteria
Correct Answer

A. Yeast

Explanation

Yeast is generally thought to aid in the digestion of very fibrous components of feed, such as lignin and cellulose. Their action, however, is not completely understood.

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29.

–15-50 billion microbes / mLrumen fluid –Various shapes and sizes –Function differently
- Protozoa
- Yeast
- Bacteria
Correct Answer

A. Bacteria

Explanation

Bacteria are the correct answer because they are one of the three types of microbes found in the rumen fluid. The given information states that there are 15-50 billion microbes per milliliter of rumen fluid, and bacteria are one of these microbes. The information also mentions that the microbes in the rumen fluid have various shapes and sizes, which is true for bacteria. Additionally, the statement that the microbes function differently is also applicable to bacteria, as they play a crucial role in the fermentation of feed in the rumen.

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30.

What are the 3 general types of ruminal bacteria?
- Protozoal bacteria
- Free floaters
- Feed-associated bacteria
- Drifters
- Adherent bacteria
- Resistant bacteria
Correct Answer(s)

A. Free floaters
A. Feed-associated bacteria
A. Adherent bacteria

Explanation

The three general types of ruminal bacteria are free floaters, feed-associated bacteria, and adherent bacteria. Free floaters are bacteria that are suspended in the ruminal fluid and are not attached to any substrate. Feed-associated bacteria are those that attach themselves to feed particles and break down complex carbohydrates. Adherent bacteria are bacteria that attach to the ruminal wall and contribute to the breakdown of cellulose and hemicellulose. These three types of bacteria play important roles in the rumen ecosystem and contribute to the digestion and fermentation processes.

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31.

Free-floating bacteria
- Make up 12-30% of total bacteria.
- Make up 50% of total bacteria on grain diets and 75% of total bacteria on forage diets.
- Make up 12-25% of total bacteria.
- Cellulose digesters.
- Primarily metabolize dead epithelial cells.
- Metabolize soluble substrates.
- Found in rumen fluid.
- Physically attach to feed particles.
- Physcially attach to the epithelium of the rumen wall.
- Secrete metabolic by-products into rumen fluid.
- Helps to prevent washing-out of rumen.
- Have the ability to break down urea.
- Facultative anaerobes.
Correct Answer(s)

A. Make up 12-30% of total bacteria.
A. Metabolize soluble substrates.
A. Found in rumen fluid.

Explanation

Free-floating bacteria are a type of bacteria that are not physically attached to any surface or feed particles. They are found in the rumen fluid and make up 12-30% of the total bacteria population. These bacteria primarily metabolize soluble substrates and help prevent the washing-out of the rumen. They also have the ability to break down urea and are facultative anaerobes.

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32.

Feed-associated ruminal bacteria.
- Make up 12-30% of total bacteria.
- Make up 50% of total bacteria on grain diets and 75% of total bacteria on forage diets.
- Make up 12-25% of total bacteria.
- Cellulose digesters.
- Primarily metabolize dead epithelial cells.
- Metabolize soluble substrates.
- Found in rumen fluid.
- Physically attach to feed particles.
- Physcially attach to the epithelium of the rumen wall.
- Secrete metabolic by-products into rumen fluid.
- Helps to prevent washing-out of rumen.
- Have the ability to break down urea.
- Facultative anaerobes.
Correct Answer(s)

A. Make up 50% of total bacteria on grain diets and 75% of total bacteria on forage diets.
A. Cellulose digesters.
A. Physically attach to feed particles.
A. Secrete metabolic by-products into rumen fluid.
A. Helps to prevent washing-out of rumen.

Explanation

The answer choices provided describe characteristics of feed-associated ruminal bacteria. These bacteria make up 50% of total bacteria on grain diets and 75% on forage diets, indicating their importance in the digestion of these types of feed. They are also cellulose digesters, which means they play a crucial role in breaking down cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. These bacteria physically attach to feed particles, allowing them to efficiently metabolize the nutrients present. They secrete metabolic by-products into the rumen fluid, contributing to the overall fermentation process. Lastly, they help prevent the washing-out of the rumen, ensuring the bacteria remain in the optimal environment for digestion.

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33.

Adherent ruminal bacteria.
- Make up 12-30% of total bacteria.
- Make up 50% of total bacteria on grain diets and 75% of total bacteria on forage diets.
- Make up 12-25% of total bacteria.
- Cellulose digesters.
- Primarily metabolize dead epithelial cells.
- Metabolize soluble substrates.
- Found in rumen fluid.
- Physically attach to feed particles.
- Physcially attach to the epithelium of the rumen wall.
- Secrete metabolic by-products into rumen fluid.
- Helps to prevent washing-out of rumen.
- Have the ability to break down urea.
- Facultative anaerobes.
Correct Answer(s)

A. Make up 12-25% of total bacteria.
A. Primarily metabolize dead epithelial cells.
A. Physcially attach to the epithelium of the rumen wall.
A. Have the ability to break down urea.
A. Facultative anaerobes.

Explanation

Adherent ruminal bacteria make up 12-25% of the total bacteria in the rumen. They primarily metabolize dead epithelial cells and physically attach to the epithelium of the rumen wall. They also have the ability to break down urea and are facultative anaerobes. These bacteria play an important role in the rumen by preventing the washing-out of the rumen and secreting metabolic by-products into the rumen fluid.

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34.

A concentrate is any feed ingredient with high crude fiber content (>20%) and contains relatively high energy, protein, mineral, vitamin, or additive content.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

It contains low crude fiber content (

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35.

Roughage is any feed ingredient with greater than 20% crude fiber content and contains relatively low levels of nutrient density and typically is low in dry matter digestibility.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Roughage is defined as any feed ingredient with more than 20% crude fiber content and is known for its low nutrient density and low dry matter digestibility. This means that roughage provides less nutritional value and is harder for animals to digest compared to other feed ingredients. Therefore, the statement that roughage contains relatively low levels of nutrient density and is low in dry matter digestibility is true.

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36.

Which side of the animal becomes distended when bloat occurs?
- Front
- Back
- Right
- Left
Correct Answer

A. Left

Explanation

When bloat occurs in animals, the left side of the animal becomes distended. Bloat is a condition characterized by the accumulation of gas or fluid in the digestive system, causing the stomach to expand. This expansion primarily affects the left side of the animal's abdomen, leading to distension.

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37.

Frothy Bloat
- Result of gas buildup in the rumen.
- Soluble proteins produce a viscous liquid in the rumen, trapping gas.
- Usually occurs in grazing animals (alfalfa, red clover)
- Usually something wrong with the animal (anatomically or neural)
Correct Answer(s)

A. Soluble proteins produce a viscous liquid in the rumen, trapping gas.
A. Usually occurs in grazing animals (alfalfa, red clover)

Explanation

Frothy bloat is a condition that occurs due to the buildup of gas in the rumen. The presence of soluble proteins in the rumen leads to the production of a viscous liquid, which traps the gas and prevents its release. This condition is more commonly seen in grazing animals, particularly those that consume plants such as alfalfa and red clover. Additionally, frothy bloat usually indicates that there is something wrong with the animal, either anatomically or neurologically.

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1
38.

Gaseous Bloat (chronic)
- Result of gas buildup in the rumen.
- Soluble proteins produce a viscous liquid in the rumen, trapping gas.
- Usually occurs in grazing animals (alfalfa, red clover)
- Usually something wrong with the animal (anatomically or neural)
Correct Answer(s)

A. Result of gas buildup in the rumen.
A. Usually something wrong with the animal (anatomically or neural)

Explanation

The correct answer is that gaseous bloat (chronic) is the result of gas buildup in the rumen and usually indicates that there is something wrong with the animal, either anatomically or neural. This means that there may be a physical or neurological issue causing the gas to accumulate in the rumen, leading to the condition of chronic gaseous bloat. It is often seen in grazing animals, particularly those that consume high-protein forages such as alfalfa and red clover.

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39.

Used to puncture the rumen wall from the outside when the animal has bloat.

Correct Answer(s)
trocar
Trocar

Explanation
A trocar is a medical instrument used to puncture the rumen wall from the outside when an animal has bloat. Bloat is a condition where there is an excessive accumulation of gas in the rumen, causing the stomach to distend. In such cases, a trocar is inserted into the rumen to release the trapped gas and relieve the pressure. This procedure helps to alleviate the discomfort and potential complications associated with bloat.

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40.

Ruminal alkalosis is usually caused by an overload of readily fermentable carbohydrates.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

Ruminal ACIDOSIS is usually caused by an overload of readily fermentable carbohydrates.

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41.

Signs include stiff gait, tremors, tetany, constipation, and decreased rumen contrations.
- Hypomagnesemia
- White Muscle Disease
- Hypocalcemia
- Copper Toxicosis
- Protein Overload
Correct Answer

A. Hypocalcemia

Explanation

Hypocalcemia is the correct answer because the signs listed, such as stiff gait, tremors, tetany, constipation, and decreased rumen contractions, are all associated with low levels of calcium in the body. Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to muscle stiffness, tremors, and other symptoms mentioned.

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42.

Signs include excitability, convulsions, muscle spasms, increased respiratory rate, and dead in pasture.
- Hypomagnesemia
- White Muscle Disease
- Hypocalcemia
- Copper Toxicosis
- Protein Overload
Correct Answer

A. Hypomagnesemia

Explanation

Hypomagnesemia is a condition characterized by low levels of magnesium in the blood. The signs mentioned in the question, such as excitability, convulsions, muscle spasms, increased respiratory rate, and death in pasture, are all associated with hypomagnesemia. Magnesium is essential for nerve and muscle function, and a deficiency can lead to these symptoms. This condition is commonly seen in ruminant animals, such as cattle, and can occur when there is a lack of magnesium in their diet or an imbalance in other minerals that affect magnesium absorption.

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1
43.

Signs include lethargy, depression, diarrhea, weakness, hemolysis, jaundice, and port-wine colored urine. Treatment is usually unsuccessful.
- Hypomagnesemia
- White Muscle Disease
- Hypocalcemia
- Copper Toxicosis
- Protein Overload
Correct Answer

A. Copper Toxicosis

Explanation

Copper toxicosis is the correct answer because the signs mentioned, such as lethargy, depression, diarrhea, weakness, hemolysis, jaundice, and port-wine colored urine, are consistent with copper poisoning. Copper toxicosis occurs when there is an excessive accumulation of copper in the body, leading to various symptoms. Additionally, the statement that treatment is usually unsuccessful suggests that copper toxicosis is a challenging condition to manage effectively.

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44.

Signs include respiratory distress, death, stiff gait, tremors, and firm, painful muscles. Treatment is giving vitamin E and Selenium injections.
- Hypomagnesemia
- White Muscle Disease
- Hypocalcemia
- Copper Toxicosis
- Protein Overload
Correct Answer

A. White Muscle Disease

Explanation

White Muscle Disease is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin E and selenium. The signs mentioned in the question, such as respiratory distress, stiff gait, tremors, and painful muscles, are consistent with this disease. Treatment for White Muscle Disease involves giving injections of vitamin E and selenium, which helps to alleviate the symptoms and prevent further muscle damage.

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45.

Signs include dullness, depression, muscle tremors, frequent urination, frequent defecation, excess salivation, increased respiration, ataxia, tetanic spasms, and death. Treatment is giving vinegar and water via a stomach tube.
- Hypomagnesemia
- White Muscle Disease
- Hypocalcemia
- Copper Toxicosis
- Protein Overload
Correct Answer

A. Protein Overload

Explanation

Protein overload refers to a condition where an animal consumes an excessive amount of protein, which can lead to various symptoms and health issues. The signs mentioned in the question, such as muscle tremors, increased respiration, and tetanic spasms, can be attributed to the overload of protein. Giving vinegar and water via a stomach tube is a treatment method used to address this condition.

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Mar 22, 2023

Quiz Edited by
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Jun 07, 2011

Quiz Created by
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Ruminants Review

Prehension, mechanical breakdown, and chemical digestion are functions of the digestive system.

Quiz Preview

Absorption, elimination, and protection are functions of the ____________ system.

The saliva of ruminants contains enzymes to help start digesting starches.

The contents of the rumen are maintained at about a pH of _______________.

The pH level in the rumen inhibits microbial growth.

Mature cows produce _______ gallons of saliva per day.

Sheep produce ______ gallons of saliva per day.

Cattle spend ___________ hours ruminating each day, broken up into ___________ rumination periods.

________________ is the process of forcing the feed back into the mouth for chewing.

The esophageal groove forms a passageway from the ____________ to the _______________.

The esophageal groove allows ingested milk to bypass the rumen.

The rumen acts like a large fermentation vat and accounts for about __________ of the total utilization of the digestible dry matter in the ration.

Millions of these in the rumen and reticulum digest cellulose, compile starch, synthesize protein, and synthesize vitamins.

Concentrates pass through the rumen quicker than roughages.

_______________ line the interior wall of the rumen. They increase the absorption ability of the rumen wall by increasing the surface area.

What are the main gases produced by the bacterial action in the rumen?

What will happen if the gas produced by bacterial action in the rumen is not removed or released?

Which stomach chamber is lined with intersecting ridges that form honeycomb-like projections?

The ___________ grinds and squeezes the feed.

Hardware that is ingested is trapped here and generally does not move further through the digestive system.

The material leaving the omasum is _________ drier than the material entering it.

Digestion here is much the same as it is in a monogastric animal.

The pH level of the abomasum is ________.

The feed is very dry as it passes from the abomasum into the small intestine.

Rations for ruminants.

If you kill all of the protozoa in the host animal, the animal will do fine.

–20,000 - 50,000 / mLrumen fluid –Prey on bacteria –Digest soluble carbohydrates

They are generally thought to aid in the digestion of very fibrous components of feed, such as lignin and cellulose, but their action is not completely understood.

–15-50 billion microbes / mLrumen fluid –Various shapes and sizes –Function differently

What are the 3 general types of ruminal bacteria?

Free-floating bacteria

Feed-associated ruminal bacteria.

Adherent ruminal bacteria.

A concentrate is any feed ingredient with high crude fiber content (>20%) and contains relatively high energy, protein, mineral, vitamin, or additive content.

Roughage is any feed ingredient with greater than 20% crude fiber content and contains relatively low levels of nutrient density and typically is low in dry matter digestibility.

Which side of the animal becomes distended when bloat occurs?

Frothy Bloat

Gaseous Bloat (chronic)

Used to puncture the rumen wall from the outside when the animal has bloat.

Ruminal alkalosis is usually caused by an overload of readily fermentable carbohydrates.

Signs include stiff gait, tremors, tetany, constipation, and decreased rumen contrations.

Signs include excitability, convulsions, muscle spasms, increased respiratory rate, and dead in pasture.

Signs include lethargy, depression, diarrhea, weakness, hemolysis, jaundice, and port-wine colored urine. Treatment is usually unsuccessful.

Signs include respiratory distress, death, stiff gait, tremors, and firm, painful muscles. Treatment is giving vitamin E and Selenium injections.

Signs include dullness, depression, muscle tremors, frequent urination, frequent defecation, excess salivation, increased respiration, ataxia, tetanic spasms, and death. Treatment is giving vinegar and water via a stomach tube.

Cattle spend _ hours ruminating each day, broken up into _ rumination periods.

The esophageal groove forms a passageway from the to the ___.