Psychology Final Exam

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1/59 Questions

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
- Motivation
- Instinct
- Social Psychology
- Personality

About This Quiz

The 'Psychology Final Exam' assesses key psychological concepts including instinct, motivation, personality, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It evaluates understanding of the sympathetic nervous system and homeostasis, crucial for students aiming to excel in psychology.

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2.

The conscious "exectutive" of personality that mediates between the id and the superego. Allows us to do what's appropriate in the real world. It is considered the "mediator".
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Correct Answer

A. Ego

Explanation

The ego is the conscious "executive" of personality that mediates between the id and the superego. It helps us make decisions and take actions that are appropriate in the real world. It acts as a mediator between the impulsive desires of the id and the moral standards of the superego. The ego helps us find a balance between our instinctual drives and societal expectations.

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1
3.

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid to someone if other bystanders are around as well.
- Social Facilitation
- Bystander Effect
- Social Loafing
- GAD
Correct Answer

A. Bystander Effect

Explanation

The correct answer is Bystander Effect. The Bystander Effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a person in need when there are other people present. This is because individuals often assume that someone else will take responsibility or that their own help is not necessary. As a result, the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person taking action to help.

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2
4.

An intense fear of being criticized by others and avoiding potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties.
- Psychological Disorder
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Social Phobia
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Correct Answer

A. Social Phobia

Explanation

Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, is characterized by an intense fear of being criticized by others and avoiding social situations that may lead to embarrassment. People with social phobia may feel anxious or self-conscious in situations such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. This fear can significantly impact their daily life and relationships. Therefore, social phobia is the correct answer as it aligns with the given description of the intense fear of criticism and avoidance of social situations.

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1
5.

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anaesthetized patient.
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Cognitive Therapy
- Biomedical Therapy
- Counterconditioning
Correct Answer

A. Electroconvulsive Therapy

Explanation

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a biomedical therapy used to treat severe depression. It involves passing a brief electric current through the brain of an anesthetized patient. This electric current induces a controlled seizure in the brain, which is believed to alleviate symptoms of depression. ECT is typically used when other treatments have not been effective, and it can provide rapid relief for patients experiencing severe depression or suicidal thoughts.

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1
6.

A balanced internal state.
- Hierarchy of Needs
- Homeostasis
- Instinct
- Social Faciliation
Correct Answer

A. Homeostasis

Explanation

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological processes that regulate temperature, blood pressure, and other bodily functions within a narrow range. A balanced internal state is achieved through homeostasis, ensuring optimal functioning of the body's systems. This concept is closely related to the idea of a balanced internal state, as it emphasizes the importance of maintaining equilibrium and stability for overall well-being.

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3
7.

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Correct Answer

A. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Explanation

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the correct answer because it is an anxiety disorder that occurs after experiencing a traumatic event. The symptoms mentioned in the question, such as haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, and insomnia, are all common symptoms of PTSD. GAD, OCD, and MDD are not specifically related to a traumatic experience and do not encompass all the symptoms mentioned.

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8.

A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
- Social Psychology
- Id
- Personaity
- Openness
Correct Answer

A. Personaity

Explanation

Personality refers to a person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. It encompasses various traits, attitudes, and behaviors that are consistent and enduring over time. This concept is widely studied in the field of psychology to understand individual differences and how they influence behavior in social situations.

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9.

Behavioral techniques that attempt to treat anxiety by exposing people to what they would normally escape or avoid.
- Biomedical Therapy
- Exposure Therapy
- Cognitive Therapy
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
Correct Answer

A. Exposure Therapy

Explanation

Exposure therapy is a behavioral technique used to treat anxiety by gradually exposing individuals to situations or stimuli that trigger their anxiety. This therapy aims to help individuals confront and overcome their fears by gradually increasing their tolerance and reducing their avoidance behavior. By repeatedly exposing themselves to these anxiety-provoking situations in a controlled and supportive environment, individuals can learn to manage their anxiety and regain control over their lives. This therapy has been proven effective in treating various anxiety disorders, such as phobias, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

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1
10.

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with four other symptoms.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Panic Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Correct Answer

A. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Explanation

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the correct answer because it fits the description given in the question. MDD is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. The question states that the person experiences these symptoms for at least two weeks, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition. GAD, Panic Disorder, and OCD do not specifically match the symptoms described in the question.

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11.

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
- Bipolar Disorder
- Depression
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Correct Answer

A. Bipolar Disorder

Explanation

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania. During depressive episodes, individuals experience feelings of hopelessness and lethargy, while during manic episodes, they exhibit overexcitement and high energy levels. This disorder is different from depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) as it involves both depressive and manic symptoms.

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2
12.

How is depression treated using drugs?
- By using antidepressants, which lift people up from a state of depression.
- By using antidpyschotics, which lift people up from a state of depression.
- By using depressants like alcohol, which lift people up from a state of depression.
- By using antianxiety drugs, which depress the central nervous system.
Correct Answer

A. By using antidepressants, which lift people up from a state of depression.

Explanation

Antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression as they work by balancing chemicals in the brain that affect mood. These medications can help lift people out of a state of depression by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. They are specifically designed to target the symptoms of depression and improve mood, energy levels, and overall well-being. Antipsychotics are typically used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, not depression. Depressants like alcohol may temporarily provide relief but can worsen depression in the long run. Antianxiety drugs depress the central nervous system but are not specifically indicated for treating depression.

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2
13.

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Panic Disorder
- Phobia
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Correct Answer

A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Explanation

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is the correct answer because it is characterized by persistent and excessive worry and anxiety about various aspects of life. People with GAD are constantly tense, apprehensive, and experience physical symptoms of anxiety such as restlessness, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. This disorder is chronic and can significantly impair daily functioning. Unlike other anxiety disorders such as Panic Disorder or Phobia, GAD is not triggered by specific situations or objects, but rather is a general sense of worry and anxiety that persists over time. PTSD, on the other hand, is a different anxiety disorder that is triggered by a traumatic event.

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2
14.

Focuses on how we should behave and provides standards for judgment. It often conflicts with the id. It is known as the "angel" of personality.
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Correct Answer

A. Superego

Explanation

The superego is the part of the personality that focuses on how we should behave and provides standards for judgment. It is often in conflict with the id, which represents our basic instincts and desires. The superego acts as the moral compass or "angel" of the personality, guiding us to make decisions based on societal norms and values.

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1
15.

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them onto others. The thief thinks everyone else is a thief.
- Regression
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
Correct Answer

A. Projection

Explanation

Projection is the correct answer because it involves attributing one's own unacceptable or threatening impulses onto others. In this scenario, the thief is projecting their own tendency to steal onto everyone else, assuming that everyone else is also a thief. Projection allows individuals to avoid facing their own unacceptable thoughts or desires by displacing them onto others.

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16.

Adjusting our behavior toward a group standard.
- Reaction Formtion
- Conformity
- Personal Disposition
- Projection
Correct Answer

A. Conformity

Explanation

Conformity refers to adjusting our behavior to align with the standards and expectations of a group. It involves changing our attitudes, beliefs, and actions to fit in and be accepted by the group. This can happen due to social pressure or a desire to be liked or approved by others. Conformity can be observed in various situations, such as following fashion trends, adopting certain behaviors or opinions, or adhering to social norms. It is a common social phenomenon that influences individuals to conform to the group's norms and values.

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2
17.

In women who experienced ________ after caregiving for children with disorders, studies found that their telomeres ________. So stress causes telomeres to shorten, which may be why stressed people always look ______ than they actually are.
- Stress; got longer; older
- Stress; shortened; younger
- Stress; shortened; older
- Loneliness; shortened; younger
Correct Answer

A. Stress; shortened; older

Explanation

When women experience stress after caregiving for children with disorders, studies have found that their telomeres, which are protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, become shorter. This suggests that stress causes telomeres to shorten. Since telomere length is associated with aging, shorter telomeres make individuals appear older than they actually are. Therefore, the correct answer is "stress; shortened; older."

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2
18.

Why Milgram’s study was conducted: to see whether or not people would respond to outright _________ from someone else, even if those commands caused unnecessary pain to others. People are more likely to ____ someone if they are seen as an ______ figure.
- Commands; obey; non-authority
- Commands; not obey; parent
- Assertiveness; not obey; parent
- Commands; obey; authority
Correct Answer

A. Commands; obey; authority

Explanation

Milgram's study was conducted to see whether or not people would respond to outright commands from someone else, even if those commands caused unnecessary pain to others. The study aimed to examine the extent to which individuals would obey authority figures, regardless of the moral implications of their actions. The correct answer, "commands; obey; authority," accurately reflects the purpose of Milgram's study and the relationship between commands, obedience, and authority.

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2
19.

Freud’s therapeutic technique, in which he believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
- Psychosocial
- Psychoanalysis
- Psyco-cognitive
- Biomedical Approach
Correct Answer

A. Psychoanalysis

Explanation

Psychoanalysis is the correct answer because it aligns with the description provided in the question. Freud's therapeutic technique involved the exploration of the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences, as well as the therapist's interpretations of them. Through this process, previously repressed feelings were released, leading to self-insight for the patient. This description accurately reflects the principles and goals of psychoanalysis.

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1
20.

Being anxious, insecure, self-pitying, and emotionally unstable.
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Correct Answer

A. Neuroticism

Explanation

Neuroticism refers to a personality trait characterized by being anxious, insecure, self-pitying, and emotionally unstable. People with high levels of neuroticism tend to experience negative emotions more frequently and intensely. They may worry excessively, feel insecure in relationships, and have difficulty managing stress. This trait is associated with a higher risk of developing mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.

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1
21.

A complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned.
- Motivation
- Instinct
- Drive-Reduction Theory
- Personality
Correct Answer

A. Instinct

Explanation

Instinct refers to a complex behavior that is innate and unlearned, yet displayed by all members of a species. It is a fixed pattern of behavior that is genetically programmed and does not require any prior experience or learning. This behavior is typically essential for survival and reproduction.

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11
22.

Patterns of thoughts, feelings, or action that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.
- Deviant
- Psychological Disorder
- Biopsychosocial Approach
- Social Phobia
Correct Answer

A. Psychological Disorder

Explanation

A psychological disorder refers to patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. This means that the individual's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors deviate from what is considered normal or socially acceptable. These patterns also cause significant distress or impairment in the person's daily functioning. The biopsychosocial approach is a comprehensive perspective that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating psychological disorders. Social phobia, on the other hand, is a specific psychological disorder characterized by an intense fear and avoidance of social situations.

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3
23.

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders.
- Anti-Depressants Drugs
- Anti-Psychotic Drugs
- Xanax
- Psychoanalysis
Correct Answer

A. Anti-Psychotic Drugs

Explanation

Anti-psychotic drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders. These medications help to reduce hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms associated with these conditions. They work by affecting certain chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine, which are believed to be involved in the development of psychosis. Anti-psychotic drugs can be an important part of a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with these conditions, along with therapy and other interventions.

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24.

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical condition to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors. Conditioning someone to relax (new response) to being in a closed elevator (triggering unwanted behaviors).
- Biomedical Therapy
- Psychoanalysis
- Counterconditioning
- Exposure Therapy
Correct Answer

A. Counterconditioning

Explanation

Counterconditioning is the correct answer because it involves using classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. In this case, the person is being conditioned to relax (new response) when in a closed elevator (triggering unwanted behaviors). Counterconditioning aims to replace the unwanted behavior with a more desirable one by pairing the triggering stimulus with a positive or neutral stimulus, such as relaxation or pleasant experiences. This helps to change the person's response to the triggering stimulus and reduce or eliminate the unwanted behavior.

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25.

__________ is key to defining a psychological disorder. Something becomes a psychological disorder when it ______ your life.
- Dysfunction; does not impair
- Impairment; hinders
- Dysfunction; impairs
- Dysfunction; continues
Correct Answer

A. Dysfunction; impairs

Explanation

Psychological disorders are characterized by dysfunction, which means that there is a disruption or impairment in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. In this context, dysfunction refers to the negative impact that the disorder has on a person's life. Therefore, when something impairs or negatively affects a person's life, it can be considered a psychological disorder.

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1
26.

______ theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. This psychologist established it during the Victorian era.
- Freud; Psychoanalysis
- Freud; Psychosocial
- Maslow; Humanistic
- Bandura; The Big 5 Theory
Correct Answer

A. Freud; Psychoanalysis

Explanation

Freud is known for his theory of psychoanalysis, which suggests that unconscious motives and conflicts influence our thoughts and actions. He established this theory during the Victorian era.

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27.

Being organized, careful, and disciplined.
- Conscientousness
- Openness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Correct Answer

A. Conscientousness

Explanation

Conscientiousness refers to the personality trait of being organized, careful, and disciplined. People who are conscientious tend to be responsible, reliable, and self-disciplined. They are likely to plan ahead, pay attention to details, and follow through on their commitments. This trait is often associated with being diligent, efficient, and focused.

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2
28.

Being soft-hearted, trusting and helpful.
- Conscientousness
- Openness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Correct Answer

A. Agreeableness

Explanation

Agreeableness refers to an individual's tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and considerate towards others. People who are soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful are likely to score high on agreeableness as they prioritize maintaining harmonious relationships and helping others. They are empathetic and willing to compromise, making them easy to get along with. This trait is often associated with kindness, warmth, and a desire to avoid conflict.

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29.

When we ___________________ or when we are unable to control our environment, we become more susceptible to _______. Workers with more stressful jobs will usually die more often and quicker than those who don’t. The more control workers have, the ____________.
- Perceive a loss of control; illness; shorter they live
- Illness; perceive a loss of control; longer they live
- Perceive a loss of control; illness; longer they live
Correct Answer

A. Perceive a loss of control; illness; longer they live

Explanation

When we perceive a loss of control or when we are unable to control our environment, we become more susceptible to illness. Workers with more stressful jobs will usually die more often and quicker than those who don't. The more control workers have, the longer they live.

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2
30.

Therapy that prescribes medication or procedures that act directly on a person's physiology.
- Psychoanalysis
- Cognitive Therapy
- Counterconditioning
- Biomedical Therapy
Correct Answer

A. Biomedical Therapy

Explanation

Biomedical therapy refers to a type of therapy that involves prescribing medication or procedures that directly target a person's physiology. This approach focuses on treating mental health conditions by addressing the biological factors that contribute to them. Unlike psychoanalysis, which explores unconscious thoughts and emotions, cognitive therapy, which focuses on changing negative thought patterns, and counterconditioning, which aims to replace negative behaviors with positive ones, biomedical therapy primarily relies on medical interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve mental well-being.

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4
31.

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motives organisms to satisfy those needs.
- Instinct
- Drive-Reduction Theory
- Motivation
- Psychoanalysis
Correct Answer

A. Drive-Reduction Theory

Explanation

The concept of drive-reduction theory suggests that when an organism experiences a physiological need, such as hunger or thirst, it creates a state of tension or drive. This drive then motivates the organism to engage in behaviors that will satisfy those needs and reduce the tension. In other words, the theory proposes that our primary motivation is to reduce any physiological imbalances or needs that we experience. This explanation aligns with the idea that motivation is driven by the desire to fulfill basic physiological needs.

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4
32.

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions.
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Phobia
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Correct Answer

A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Explanation

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is the correct answer because it is an anxiety disorder that involves unwanted repetitive thoughts, known as obsessions, and/or actions, known as compulsions. People with OCD often feel the need to perform certain rituals or routines to alleviate their anxiety caused by these obsessions. This disorder can significantly interfere with daily life and functioning.

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33.

Therapy that helps people alter the negative thinking that worsens depression and anxiety. Assumes that thinking colors our feelings.
- Biomedical Therapy
- Psychoanalysis
- Cognitive Therapy
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
Correct Answer

A. Cognitive Therapy

Explanation

Cognitive therapy is the correct answer because it focuses on helping individuals change their negative thinking patterns that contribute to the worsening of depression and anxiety. It assumes that our thoughts influence our emotions and behaviors, and by identifying and challenging negative thoughts, individuals can alleviate their symptoms. Unlike biomedical therapy, which involves the use of medication, cognitive therapy is a non-pharmacological approach to treating mental health disorders. Psychoanalysis involves exploring unconscious thoughts and emotions, while electroconvulsive therapy is a more invasive treatment option for severe cases.

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1
34.

When people put less effort into things because they are working in a group. When a group of people are hosting a carwash and one person just watches others do the work while he stands there doing nothing.
- Social Facilitation
- Bystander Effect
- Social Loafing
- Conformity
Correct Answer

A. Social Loafing

Explanation

Social loafing refers to the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone. In the given scenario, the person who is not actively participating in the carwash while others are working is an example of social loafing. This behavior occurs because individuals feel less accountable and tend to rely on others to complete the task, leading to a decrease in overall effort.

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2
35.

Anxiety disorders in which an irrational fear causes the person to avoid some object, activity, or situation.
- Panic Disorder
- Social Phobia
- Phobia
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Correct Answer

A. Phobia

Explanation

Phobia is the correct answer because it refers to an anxiety disorder where an individual experiences an irrational fear that leads them to avoid certain objects, activities, or situations. Phobias can be specific, such as a fear of spiders or heights, or they can be more generalized, such as a fear of public speaking. In either case, the fear is excessive and causes significant distress or impairment in daily life.

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1
36.

When one retreats to a more infantile stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. A little boy sucks on his thumb for oral comfort because it’s the first day of school.
- Regression
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
Correct Answer

A. Regression

Explanation

Regression refers to a defense mechanism where an individual retreats to an earlier stage of development in order to cope with stress or anxiety. In this scenario, the little boy sucking his thumb for oral comfort on the first day of school indicates a regression to a more infantile stage. This behavior is a way for him to find comfort and security in a familiar habit during a potentially stressful situation.

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37.

Stress hormones _________ the amount of disease-fighting lymphocytes you have. Stress ________ energy from your immune system and sends it to your muscles and brain. This makes you _____ susceptible to disease.
- Decrease; adds; more
- Decrease; takes away; more
- Decrease; takes away; less
- Increase; takes away; more
Correct Answer

A. Decrease; takes away; more

Explanation

Stress hormones decrease the amount of disease-fighting lymphocytes you have. Stress takes away energy from your immune system and sends it to your muscles and brain. This makes you more susceptible to disease.

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38.

Biological, psychological, and social factors interact together to create a psychological disorder. Nature and nurture plays a role in creating disorders. Negative emotions contribute to physical illness, and physical illness contributes to negative emotions. Our body and mind are intertwined.
- Biological Perspective
- Psychological Approach
- Biopsychosocial Approach
- Psychological Disorder
Correct Answer

A. Biopsychosocial Approach

Explanation

The biopsychosocial approach is the correct answer because it acknowledges that biological, psychological, and social factors all interact to create a psychological disorder. This approach recognizes that nature and nurture both play a role in the development of disorders, and that negative emotions can contribute to physical illness, and vice versa. It also recognizes that our body and mind are interconnected, suggesting that a holistic approach is necessary to understand and treat psychological disorders.

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39.

Division of the nervous system that arouses the body in times of stress. If something alarms you, this nervous system will accelerate your heartbeat, blood pressure, etc, getting you ready for action.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Pscyhonalaysis
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
Correct Answer

A. Sympathetic Nervous System

Explanation

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating the body in times of stress or danger. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and other bodily functions to prepare the body for action. This response is commonly known as the "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for calming the body down after the stressor has passed. The autonomic nervous system is the division of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions, including both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Psychoanalysis is a psychological therapy method and is unrelated to the question.

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1
40.

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Panic Disorder
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Correct Answer

A. Panic Disorder

Explanation

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent panic attacks. These panic attacks are unpredictable and can last for a few minutes, causing intense fear and distress. Physical symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, choking sensations, and a rapid heartbeat are commonly experienced during these episodes. Unlike other anxiety disorders, panic disorder is specifically defined by the occurrence of panic attacks. Therefore, panic disorder is the most appropriate explanation for the given symptoms described in the question.

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1
41.

Unconscious energy that cares nothing about the outside world. It only wants to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. It operates on the pleasure principle, meaning it seeks instant gratification. It is considered the "devil" of personality.
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Correct Answer

A. Id

Explanation

The correct answer is Id. The explanation for this is that the Id represents the primitive and instinctual part of the mind. It is driven by the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of basic needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desires. The Id operates on unconscious energy and is not concerned with the outside world or moral considerations. It can be seen as the "devil" of personality because it is impulsive, irrational, and can lead to destructive behaviors if not regulated by the other parts of the mind.

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3
42.

The study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
- Social Psychology
- Personality
- Social-Cognitive Personality
- Drive-Reduction Theory
Correct Answer

A. Social Psychology

Explanation

Social psychology is the study of how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another. It focuses on understanding how social factors impact behavior and cognition. This field explores topics such as attitudes, conformity, persuasion, group dynamics, and interpersonal relationships. By examining the social influences on human behavior, social psychology provides insights into the ways individuals perceive and interact with others in various social contexts.

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2
43.

When we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations.
- Reaction Formation
- Displacement
- Personal Disposition
- Fundamental Attribution Error
Correct Answer

A. Fundamental Attribution Error

Explanation

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their internal characteristics or personality traits, while underestimating the influence of external situational factors. In this case, when we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations, we are committing the fundamental attribution error. This error occurs because we often rely on cognitive shortcuts and stereotypes to explain behavior, rather than considering the complex interplay between individual traits and situational factors.

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2
44.

An antianxiety drug that depresses central nervous system anxiety.
- Prozac
- Lipitor
- Zoloft
- Xanax
Correct Answer

A. Xanax

Explanation

Xanax is an antianxiety drug that depresses the central nervous system's anxiety. It is commonly prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and panic disorders. Xanax belongs to the class of medications known as benzodiazepines, which work by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. GABA helps to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. Therefore, Xanax helps to alleviate anxiety symptoms by slowing down the activity in the brain and producing a calming effect.

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45.

Why the results are shocking: None of the people who were studied seemed to have been suffering any emotional or mental after effects from having hurt the “learners”.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

The results are considered shocking because none of the people who were studied appeared to have experienced any emotional or mental consequences from causing harm to the "learners." This suggests that the individuals did not feel guilty or remorseful for their actions, which goes against common expectations of empathy and moral responsibility.

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46.

Being different (_______) from most other people in one’s culture is part of what it takes to ____ a psychological disorder. Deviant and distressful behaviors are more likely to be considered disordered when also judged to be a harmful __________. Mark’s obsessive behaviors, for example, interfered with his work.
- Deviant; define; dysfunction
- Non-deviant; define; dysfunction
- Non-conformative; not define; disorder
- Deviant; define; dysfunction
Correct Answer

A. Deviant; define; dysfunction

Explanation

Deviance from social norms, distress to the individual, and dysfunction in daily life are key factors in defining a psychological disorder. Behaviors that are considered abnormal or statistically deviant, cause significant emotional distress, and impair an individual's ability to function in their daily life are more likely to be classified as disordered.

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47.

Being sociable, friendly, and affectionate.
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Correct Answer

A. Extraversion

Explanation

Extraversion refers to the personality trait of being sociable, friendly, and affectionate. People who score high on extraversion tend to be outgoing, enjoy social interactions, and seek stimulation from the external world. They are often energized by being around others and are more likely to take part in social activities. This trait is characterized by assertiveness, enthusiasm, and a positive outlook on life.

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1
48.

Entails being imaginative, independent, and preferring variety.
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Correct Answer

A. Openness

Explanation

Openness is the correct answer because being imaginative, independent, and preferring variety are traits associated with this personality trait. Openness refers to the willingness to experience new things, the ability to think creatively, and the inclination to seek out diverse experiences. Individuals who are high in openness tend to be curious, open-minded, and enjoy exploring different ideas and perspectives. They are often creative, independent thinkers who embrace change and are open to new possibilities.

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1
49.

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Holding back angry feelings or someone being exaggeratingly friendly.
- Regression
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
Correct Answer

A. Reaction Formation

Explanation

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which a person expresses feelings or impulses that are opposite to their true feelings. In this case, the individual is holding back angry feelings or being excessively friendly. This defense mechanism allows the person to cope with unacceptable impulses by behaving in a manner that is socially acceptable, even if it contradicts their true feelings.

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A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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The conscious "exectutive" of personality that mediates between the id and the superego. Allows us to do what's appropriate in the real world. It is considered the "mediator".

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid to someone if other bystanders are around as well.

An intense fear of being criticized by others and avoiding potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties.

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anaesthetized patient.

A balanced internal state.

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

Behavioral techniques that attempt to treat anxiety by exposing people to what they would normally escape or avoid.

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with four other symptoms.

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

How is depression treated using drugs?

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Focuses on how we should behave and provides standards for judgment. It often conflicts with the id. It is known as the "angel" of personality.

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them onto others. The thief thinks everyone else is a thief.

Adjusting our behavior toward a group standard.

In women who experienced ________ after caregiving for children with disorders, studies found that their telomeres ________. So stress causes telomeres to shorten, which may be why stressed people always look ______ than they actually are.

Why Milgram’s study was conducted: to see whether or not people would respond to outright _________ from someone else, even if those commands caused unnecessary pain to others. People are more likely to ____ someone if they are seen as an ______ figure.

Freud’s therapeutic technique, in which he believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Being anxious, insecure, self-pitying, and emotionally unstable.

A complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned.

Patterns of thoughts, feelings, or action that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders.

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical condition to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors. Conditioning someone to relax (new response) to being in a closed elevator (triggering unwanted behaviors).

__________ is key to defining a psychological disorder. Something becomes a psychological disorder when it ______ your life.

______ theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. This psychologist established it during the Victorian era.

Being organized, careful, and disciplined.

Being soft-hearted, trusting and helpful.

When we ___________________ or when we are unable to control our environment, we become more susceptible to _______. Workers with more stressful jobs will usually die more often and quicker than those who don’t. The more control workers have, the ____________.

Therapy that prescribes medication or procedures that act directly on a person's physiology.

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motives organisms to satisfy those needs.

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions.

Therapy that helps people alter the negative thinking that worsens depression and anxiety. Assumes that thinking colors our feelings.

When people put less effort into things because they are working in a group. When a group of people are hosting a carwash and one person just watches others do the work while he stands there doing nothing.

Anxiety disorders in which an irrational fear causes the person to avoid some object, activity, or situation.

When one retreats to a more infantile stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. A little boy sucks on his thumb for oral comfort because it’s the first day of school.

Stress hormones _________ the amount of disease-fighting lymphocytes you have. Stress ________ energy from your immune system and sends it to your muscles and brain. This makes you _____ susceptible to disease.

Biological, psychological, and social factors interact together to create a psychological disorder. Nature and nurture plays a role in creating disorders. Negative emotions contribute to physical illness, and physical illness contributes to negative emotions. Our body and mind are intertwined.

Division of the nervous system that arouses the body in times of stress. If something alarms you, this nervous system will accelerate your heartbeat, blood pressure, etc, getting you ready for action.

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations.

Unconscious energy that cares nothing about the outside world. It only wants to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. It operates on the pleasure principle, meaning it seeks instant gratification. It is considered the "devil" of personality.

The study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

When we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations.

An antianxiety drug that depresses central nervous system anxiety.

Why the results are shocking: None of the people who were studied seemed to have been suffering any emotional or mental after effects from having hurt the “learners”.

Being sociable, friendly, and affectionate.

Entails being imaginative, independent, and preferring variety.

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Holding back angry feelings or someone being exaggeratingly friendly.

In women who experienced __ after caregiving for children with disorders, studies found that their telomeres . So stress causes telomeres to shorten, which may be why stressed people always look than they actually are.

Why Milgram’s study was conducted: to see whether or not people would respond to outright ___ from someone else, even if those commands caused unnecessary pain to others. People are more likely to someone if they are seen as an figure.

____ is key to defining a psychological disorder. Something becomes a psychological disorder when it your life.

When we _______________ or when we are unable to control our environment, we become more susceptible to _. Workers with more stressful jobs will usually die more often and quicker than those who don’t. The more control workers have, the __________.

Stress hormones _____ the amount of disease-fighting lymphocytes you have. Stress energy from your immune system and sends it to your muscles and brain. This makes you _ susceptible to disease.