Psychology Final Practice

In scientific articles, the abstract is a concise summary that provides an overview of the entire article. It includes the main objectives, methods, results, and conclusions of the study. Therefore, if Behjat is writing a brief description of the entire article, it means she is writing the article's abstract.

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is most likely characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior. These symptoms are commonly observed in individuals with schizophrenia and are used as diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Delusions refer to false beliefs that are not based in reality, hallucinations involve perceiving things that are not actually present, disorganized speech is characterized by incoherent or illogical speech patterns, and abnormal psychomotor behavior includes unusual movements or behaviors. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function and interact with others.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released into the spatial junctions between neurons to facilitate communication from neuron to neuron. They play a crucial role in transmitting signals across the synapse, allowing for the relay of information within the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are essential for various physiological processes, including motor control, cognition, and emotions. They bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a response and enabling the transmission of signals. Pheromones, on the other hand, are chemical substances that are used for communication between individuals of the same species but are not directly involved in neuron-to-neuron communication.

Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, the child's fear of all flying insects after being stung by a bee demonstrates stimulus generalization. The child has generalized their fear response to all flying insects, perceiving them as potentially dangerous stimuli similar to the bee that stung them. This is a common psychological phenomenon where a conditioned response extends to similar stimuli.

The mean of a distribution of scores refers to the arithmetic average of all the scores. It is calculated by summing up all the scores and dividing it by the total number of scores. This measure provides a representative value that reflects the central tendency of the distribution, taking into account all the scores rather than just the most or least frequent ones.

The mean score is calculated by summing up all the scores and dividing by the total number of scores. In this case, the sum of the scores is 7 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 9 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 86. Since there are 10 scores, the mean score is 86/10 = 8.6.

Long-term memory refers to the part of our memory system where information is stored for a longer duration, potentially for a lifetime. The capacity of long-term memory is considered to be unlimited, meaning there is no known upper limit to the amount of information that can be stored. This is because long-term memory is believed to have a vast storage capacity and can hold a vast amount of knowledge, experiences, and skills accumulated throughout a person's life.

In Pavlov's experiments, the conditioned response refers to the response that is learned or acquired through association with a previously neutral stimulus. In this case, the conditioned response was salivation, which was elicited by the sound of a metronome or bell. This means that the dogs learned to associate the sound of the metronome or bell with the presentation of food, causing them to salivate even when food was not present.

Piaget is best known for his interest in and work with the cognitive development of children. He developed a theory of cognitive development that emphasizes the role of schemas, assimilation, and accommodation in the learning process. Piaget believed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions and experiences. His work has had a significant impact on the field of developmental psychology and has greatly influenced our understanding of how children think and learn.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego is the part of our personality that acts as the principal decision maker, solves problems, and manipulates situations. It operates based on the reality principle, balancing the desires of the id with the moral standards of the superego. The ego helps us navigate the external world and make rational decisions by considering the consequences and finding realistic ways to satisfy our desires.

Correlations can not prove cause and effect because they only show a relationship between two variables, but they do not indicate which variable is causing the other. In this case, the correlation between being abused as a child and becoming an adult spousal abuser suggests a relationship between the two, but it does not prove that being abused causes someone to become an abuser. There could be other factors at play, such as violence running in families or the absence of a control group to compare with. Therefore, without further evidence, we cannot conclude that being abused causes someone to become an abuser based solely on the correlation.

The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes the belief that human nature is inherently positive and that people have a natural inclination to grow and reach their full potential. This approach focuses on the individual's subjective experiences, self-actualization, and personal growth rather than external factors or determinism. It emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, personal responsibility, and the pursuit of personal goals and fulfillment.

A peer-reviewed (sometimes called refereed) journal article is one that has been evaluated before publication by other researchers in the same field. This evaluation process ensures that the article meets the standards of quality, accuracy, and relevance set by the research community. It involves a rigorous review by experts in the field who assess the methodology, findings, and conclusions of the article. This process helps to maintain the credibility and integrity of the research published in scholarly journals.

A culture that is community-oriented and emphasizes group harmony and obedience to authority is most likely a collectivist culture. In collectivist cultures, the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over individual needs and goals. People in collectivist cultures tend to value cooperation, loyalty, and maintaining social harmony. They are more likely to conform to societal norms and expectations and place importance on the well-being and success of the community as a whole.

The mode of distribution of scores refers to the most frequently occurring score. In other words, it is the value that appears most often in a given set of scores. Unlike the arithmetic average, which calculates the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores, the mode focuses on identifying the score that occurs with the highest frequency. It is a useful measure to determine the central tendency of a dataset and can provide insights into the most common or typical value in the distribution.

Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can affect those who personally experience a catastrophe or traumatic event, those who witness the tragedy, and/or those who are involved with the tragic events afterward, such as first responders, emergency workers or law enforcement personnel. PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Symptoms of PTSD may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and avoidance of reminders of the event. It is a common reaction to trauma and can significantly impact a person's daily life and well-being.

In an experiment, the independent variable is the factor that the researcher changes or manipulates. It is independent because it is not influenced by any other variables. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the variable that the researcher measures or observes. It is dependent because it is influenced by the independent variable and changes as a result of it.

The APA suggests that psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for their mental and physical health in order to prevent ethical abuse in psychological research. This means that psychologists should prioritize the well-being of their subjects and ensure that they are not subjected to any harm or mistreatment during the research process. By treating subjects with respect and concern, psychologists can uphold ethical standards and protect the rights and welfare of the individuals involved in their studies.

Aaron probably had difficulty solving this particular problem due to functional fixedness. Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to see an object's potential uses beyond its typical or intended function. In this case, Aaron was unable to consider using the scissors as a substitute for a screwdriver because he was fixated on their typical function as cutting tools. This narrow mindset prevented him from finding a solution to his problem.

Pavlov is known for his work in classical conditioning. He conducted experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, demonstrating a learned response. This research laid the foundation for understanding how behaviors can be learned and conditioned through associations between stimuli and responses. Skinner, Piaget, and Maslow are known for their work in other areas of psychology, not specifically classical conditioning.

The correct answer is Biological. The biological perspective focuses on understanding behavior and mental processes through the study of genetics, hormones, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system. This perspective believes that biological factors play a significant role in shaping human behavior and psychological processes.

During periods of REM sleep, people exhibit darting of the eyes underneath the closed eye lids, report vivid dreams if awakened at this time, and show the brain wave patterns of being awake. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, which can be observed through the darting of the eyes. It is also the stage of sleep where most dreaming occurs, and individuals are more likely to remember their dreams if awakened during this period. Additionally, brain wave patterns during REM sleep resemble those of wakefulness, indicating increased brain activity. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations of what happens during REM sleep.

They use deviance, distress, and dysfunction to label abnormal behavior

The psychologist has employed the case study method. This involves conducting a detailed examination of an individual by investigating their current life situation, physical, socio-cultural, and educational history. The case study method allows for a comprehensive understanding of the individual's behavior and can provide valuable insights into their unique circumstances.

Stanley Milgram's studies involving the use of electroshock were not actually about aggression, memory and learning, or morality. Instead, his experiments were focused on understanding obedience to authority. Through his famous obedience experiments, Milgram sought to investigate how individuals would respond to authority figures, even when instructed to harm others. The shocking results demonstrated the extent to which people would comply with orders, highlighting the power of authority in influencing human behavior.

remember? Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

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The nature-nurture issue is concerned with understanding the influence of genetics (heredity) and environmental factors on human development. It explores the extent to which our traits, behaviors, and abilities are shaped by our genetic makeup versus the experiences and influences we encounter in our environment. This issue examines the interplay between nature (genes) and nurture (environment) and seeks to determine the relative importance of each in shaping who we are.

A psychodynamic or psychoanalytic therapist would most likely emphasize early childhood experiences and family relationships as the explanation for juvenile delinquency. This approach focuses on how a person's early experiences and relationships shape their behavior and development. It suggests that negative experiences or dysfunctional family dynamics during childhood can contribute to delinquent behavior later in life. By examining these early experiences and relationships, a therapist can help identify underlying issues and work towards resolving them to prevent future delinquency.

The therapist who uses a combination of psychological theories, methods, and therapeutic approaches is not limited to one specific approach or technique. Instead, they draw from various theories and methods in order to tailor their approach to the individual needs of their clients. This allows them to utilize a wide range of strategies and techniques to address different issues and help their clients achieve their therapeutic goals.

The conditioned response (CR) in this scenario is flinching and jerking away. This is because Reynaldo has associated the sound of a toilet flushing with the painful experience of boiling hot water coming out of the showerhead. As a result, whenever he hears a toilet flush, he automatically flinches and jerks away from the showerhead to avoid the discomfort.

The participants who were instructed to solve problems working alone were exposed to the control condition. In experimental research, the control condition is used as a baseline to compare the effects of the experimental condition. In this case, the control condition allows researchers to compare the problem-solving abilities of individuals working alone to those who are working together in order to determine the potential effects of social interaction on problem-solving.

The researcher would most likely employ the correlational method to investigate the relationship between economic status and political preferences. This method allows for the examination of the extent to which these variables are related without manipulating any variables or conducting experiments. By collecting data on economic status and political preferences from a sample of individuals, the researcher can analyze the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables using statistical techniques. This method is suitable for studying the predictive power of economic status on political preferences without directly manipulating any variables.

Culture-fair IQ tests are intelligence tests that are designed to minimize the influence of cultural factors and backgrounds. These tests typically contain abstract reasoning items that do not rely on language, making them accessible to individuals from different cultural backgrounds. The term "culture-fair" implies that these tests aim to provide a fair assessment of intelligence by reducing the impact of cultural biases.

Alexia is experiencing classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus that initially does not evoke a response becomes associated with a stimulus that already evokes a response. In this case, the sound of the dentist's drill has become associated with the painful dental work, causing Alexia to tense up and her heart to beat faster when she hears the sound. This is a learned response that has been conditioned over time.

Hans Selye developed the model of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which explains how our bodies respond to stress. This model suggests that when we experience stress, our bodies go through three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Selye's work on GAS has been influential in understanding the physiological and psychological effects of stress on the body.

In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. In this case, the quizzes are given every Friday, which is a fixed time interval. Therefore, studying for Professor Walton's weekly quizzes will be reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule.

Psychologists who favor the socio-cultural perspective are most likely to conduct psychological studies on the differences in teenage rebellion across different places in the world. The socio-cultural perspective focuses on how social and cultural factors influence behavior and development. By studying the variations in teenage rebellion in different societies, these psychologists aim to understand how cultural norms, values, and socialization practices contribute to the differences in behavior observed among young adults.

In this instance, the fun computer time serves as a reward for completing homework before dinner. Positive reinforcement is a technique used to encourage desired behavior by providing a pleasant consequence. In this case, Sandra's mom allows her to have fun computer time as a reward for completing her homework, which increases the likelihood of Sandra continuing to complete her homework immediately after school.

Joe's behavior does not meet the criterion of subjective distress because he is totally unconcerned about his manipulative behavior and dismisses others' concerns as insignificant. This criterion refers to the individual experiencing personal distress or discomfort as a result of their behavior. In Joe's case, he does not feel any distress or discomfort, which is why he does not meet this criterion.

Random sampling is a procedure that ensures that all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in an experimental study. This means that each individual in the population has an equal probability of being chosen, which helps to reduce bias and increase the generalizability of the findings. Random sampling is commonly used in research to create a representative sample that can be used to make inferences about the larger population.

If the results of a study are statistically significant, it means that the observed effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. This suggests that there is a real and meaningful relationship between the variables being studied. Statistical significance is a measure of the probability that the observed results are not due to random variation, providing evidence to support the hypothesis being tested. Therefore, the correct answer is that the results probably did not happen by chance.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study on social roles has been used to explain the behavior of some of the prison guards at Abu Ghraib. The study demonstrated how individuals can be influenced by their assigned roles and the social environment in which they find themselves. In the case of Abu Ghraib, the guards may have been influenced by the power dynamics and dehumanizing conditions of the prison, leading to their abusive behavior towards the prisoners. The study highlights the potential for individuals to engage in cruel and degrading actions when placed in certain situations.

Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a particular group of people. Thinking that females are likely to be bad drivers is an example of prejudice because it involves making a negative assumption about a specific gender without any factual basis or individual assessment. This stereotype unfairly discriminates against women and perpetuates gender bias. It is important to recognize and challenge such prejudices in order to promote equality and fairness.

Delores's therapist is most likely a behavioral therapist because they are using techniques such as relaxation methods and gradual exposure to help her overcome her fear of heights. This approach is consistent with the principles of behavioral therapy, which focuses on changing behavior through conditioning and learning techniques.

Thinking is a type of cognition because cognition refers to the mental processes and activities related to acquiring, processing, and using information. Thinking is one of these mental processes, involving the manipulation of information, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. While cognition encompasses a broader range of mental activities, thinking is a specific subset of cognitive processes. Therefore, thinking can be considered as a type or component of cognition.

This research reflects the evolutionary perspective because it demonstrates how certain behaviors and traits can change over time through the process of natural selection. The psychologists in Russia selectively bred the foxes for specific traits, such as being more dog-like, which resulted in changes in their behavior and physical characteristics. This shows how evolution can shape the behavior and characteristics of animals over generations.

Invasion of privacy is a major ethical concern for psychological researchers because it involves intruding into the personal lives of individuals without their consent or knowledge. This violation of privacy can lead to potential harm, distress, and discomfort for the subjects, as their personal information and experiences may be exposed without their permission. Respecting and protecting the privacy of research participants is crucial to maintaining ethical standards and ensuring the well-being and rights of individuals involved in psychological research.

The correct answer is Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, A.L. (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. (Teaching of Psychology in italics). This is the correct APA reference style because it follows the proper capitalization, punctuation, and formatting guidelines. The title of the article is in sentence case with only the first word and proper nouns capitalized. The journal title is italicized and capitalized correctly. The volume number is included, and the page numbers are provided.

In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug to treat phobias, it is important to compare the experimental group, who receives the new medical drug and weekly counseling, to a control group that receives a placebo drug as well as weekly counseling. This is because the control group allows researchers to isolate the effects of the drug itself by comparing it to a group that receives a similar level of attention and support through counseling. By including the placebo drug, researchers can determine if the observed effects are due to the drug or simply the placebo effect.