Psychology Final Practice

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| By Desouzadavid70

Desouzadavid70

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Quizzes Created: 2 | Total Attempts: 2,938

Questions: 50 | Attempts: 2,657 | Updated: Aug 31, 2023

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Questions and Answers

1.

Three of the criteria that psychiatrists and psychologists use to label abnormal behavior are
- A.
  
  Aggressive, persistent, and intentional
- B.
  
  Selfish, habitual, and avoidable
- C.
  
  Deviance, distress, and dysfunction
- D.
  
  Biological influences, unconscious motivations, and difficult to change
Correct Answer
C. Deviance, distress, and dysfunction

Explanation
They use deviance, distress, and dysfunction to label abnormal behavior

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2.

_________ developed the Hierarchy of Needs, a model that states we must satisfy psychological needs as well as needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
- A.
  
  Rogers
- B.
  
  Freud
- C.
  
  Maslow
- D.
  
  Selye
Correct Answer
C. Maslow

Explanation
remember? Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

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3.

Suppose there is a strong correlation between being abused as a child and becoming an adult spousal abuser. The main reason why we cannot say that being abused causes someone to become an abuser is that
- A.
  
  There is no experimental group to compare with
- B.
  
  Correlations can not prove cause and effect
- C.
  
  Violence runs in families
- D.
  
  There is no control group
Correct Answer
B. Correlations can not prove cause and effect

Explanation
Correlations can not prove cause and effect because they only show a relationship between two variables, but they do not indicate which variable is causing the other. In this case, the correlation between being abused as a child and becoming an adult spousal abuser suggests a relationship between the two, but it does not prove that being abused causes someone to become an abuser. There could be other factors at play, such as violence running in families or the absence of a control group to compare with. Therefore, without further evidence, we cannot conclude that being abused causes someone to become an abuser based solely on the correlation.

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4.

The _________ perspective examines causes of mental processes and behavior in the functioning of genes, hormones, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system.
- A.
  
  Psychoanalytic
- B.
  
  Humanistic
- C.
  
  Cogitive
- D.
  
  Biological
Correct Answer
D. Biological

Explanation
The correct answer is Biological. The biological perspective focuses on understanding behavior and mental processes through the study of genetics, hormones, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system. This perspective believes that biological factors play a significant role in shaping human behavior and psychological processes.

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5.

Behjat is writing a science article for her psychology class. Writing a brief description if the entire article means that Behjat is writing the article's ______
- A.
  
  Abstract
- B.
  
  Introduction
- C.
  
  Discussion
- D.
  
  Results
Correct Answer
A. Abstract

Explanation
In scientific articles, the abstract is a concise summary that provides an overview of the entire article. It includes the main objectives, methods, results, and conclusions of the study. Therefore, if Behjat is writing a brief description of the entire article, it means she is writing the article's abstract.

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6.

A peer-reviewed (sometimes called refereed) journal article )________
- A.
  
  Has been written by someone with a Ph.D
- B.
  
  Is one that has found significant
- C.
  
  Is one for which the author has been paid
- D.
  
  Has been evaluated before publication by other researchers in the same field
Correct Answer
D. Has been evaluated before publication by other researchers in the same field

Explanation
A peer-reviewed (sometimes called refereed) journal article is one that has been evaluated before publication by other researchers in the same field. This evaluation process ensures that the article meets the standards of quality, accuracy, and relevance set by the research community. It involves a rigorous review by experts in the field who assess the methodology, findings, and conclusions of the article. This process helps to maintain the credibility and integrity of the research published in scholarly journals.

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7.

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by
- A.
  
  Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior
- B.
  
  A "split mind"
- C.
  
  Alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimisim
- D.
  
  Periodic intervals of uncontrollable violence
Correct Answer
A. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior

Explanation
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is most likely characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior. These symptoms are commonly observed in individuals with schizophrenia and are used as diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Delusions refer to false beliefs that are not based in reality, hallucinations involve perceiving things that are not actually present, disorganized speech is characterized by incoherent or illogical speech patterns, and abnormal psychomotor behavior includes unusual movements or behaviors. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function and interact with others.

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8.

A therapist who takes an electric approach is one who:
- A.
  
  Prescribes the use of drugs as part of psychoanalysis using biomedical therapy
- B.
  
  Emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies
- C.
  
  Prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting
- D.
  
  Uses a combination of psychological theories, methods and therapeutic approaches
Correct Answer
D. Uses a combination of psychological theories, methods and therapeutic approaches

Explanation
The therapist who uses a combination of psychological theories, methods, and therapeutic approaches is not limited to one specific approach or technique. Instead, they draw from various theories and methods in order to tailor their approach to the individual needs of their clients. This allows them to utilize a wide range of strategies and techniques to address different issues and help their clients achieve their therapeutic goals.

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9.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this is the part of our personality that is the principal decision maker, solves problems, and manipulates situations.
- A.
  
  Id
- B.
  
  Ego
- C.
  
  Superego
- D.
  
  Unconscious
Correct Answer
B. Ego

Explanation
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego is the part of our personality that acts as the principal decision maker, solves problems, and manipulates situations. It operates based on the reality principle, balancing the desires of the id with the moral standards of the superego. The ego helps us navigate the external world and make rational decisions by considering the consequences and finding realistic ways to satisfy our desires.

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10.

A number of psychologists have developed intelligence test containing abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language and are often believed to be assessments designed to minimize cultural factors and/or backgrounds. these have been called :
- A.
  
  Culture-neutral IQ tests
- B.
  
  Culturally balanced IQ tests
- C.
  
  Culture-fair IQ tests
- D.
  
  Abstract reasoning IQ tests
Correct Answer
C. Culture-fair IQ tests

Explanation
Culture-fair IQ tests are intelligence tests that are designed to minimize the influence of cultural factors and backgrounds. These tests typically contain abstract reasoning items that do not rely on language, making them accessible to individuals from different cultural backgrounds. The term "culture-fair" implies that these tests aim to provide a fair assessment of intelligence by reducing the impact of cultural biases.

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11.

The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes
- A.
  
  The human nature is positive and that people are inclined to grow
- B.
  
  The deterministic nature of human environments
- C.
  
  Unconscious motivations and biochemical processes
- D.
  
  Stimulus-response relationships in humans
Correct Answer
A. The human nature is positive and that people are inclined to grow

Explanation
The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes the belief that human nature is inherently positive and that people have a natural inclination to grow and reach their full potential. This approach focuses on the individual's subjective experiences, self-actualization, and personal growth rather than external factors or determinism. It emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, personal responsibility, and the pursuit of personal goals and fulfillment.

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12.

_______ can affect those who personally experience a catastrophe or traumatic event, those who witness the tragedy, and/or those who are involved with the tragic events afterward, such as first responders, emergency workers or law enforcement personnel.
- A.
  
  Schizophrenia
- B.
  
  Depression
- C.
  
  Panic attacks
- D.
  
  Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Correct Answer
D. Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Explanation
Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can affect those who personally experience a catastrophe or traumatic event, those who witness the tragedy, and/or those who are involved with the tragic events afterward, such as first responders, emergency workers or law enforcement personnel. PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Symptoms of PTSD may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and avoidance of reminders of the event. It is a common reaction to trauma and can significantly impact a person's daily life and well-being.

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13.

Which citation below is typed in the correct APA reference style
- A.
  
  Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, A.L. (2009). The Power of Situations: Jonestown and the Fundamental Attribution Error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. (Teaching of psychology in italics)
- B.
  
  Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, A.L. (2009). The power of Situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. (The Power of Situations: Jonestown and the Fundamental Attribution Error in italics)
- C.
  
  Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, Amber (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. ( Teaching of Psychology in italics)
- D.
  
  Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, A.L. (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. (Teaching of Psychology in italics)
Correct Answer
D. Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, A.L. (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. (Teaching of Psychology in italics)

Explanation
The correct answer is Riggio, H.R., & Garcia, A.L. (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 108-112. (Teaching of Psychology in italics). This is the correct APA reference style because it follows the proper capitalization, punctuation, and formatting guidelines. The title of the article is in sentence case with only the first word and proper nouns capitalized. The journal title is italicized and capitalized correctly. The volume number is included, and the page numbers are provided.

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14.

Which statement best expresses the relationship between cognition and thinking?
- A.
  
  Cognition and thinking are distinct processes
- B.
  
  Cognition is a type of thinking
- C.
  
  Cognition is the same thing as thinking
- D.
  
  Thinking is a type of cognition
Correct Answer
D. Thinking is a type of cognition

Explanation
Thinking is a type of cognition because cognition refers to the mental processes and activities related to acquiring, processing, and using information. Thinking is one of these mental processes, involving the manipulation of information, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. While cognition encompasses a broader range of mental activities, thinking is a specific subset of cognitive processes. Therefore, thinking can be considered as a type or component of cognition.

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15.

Delores is afraid of heights and is seeing a therapist to overcome this fear since she would like to go skiing and is afraid of riding up a chairlift to the top of the ski slope. Her therapist started by teaching Delores relaxation methods that involve learning slow breathing and how to relax her muscle group then the therapist had Delores construct a hierarchy of fears regarding heights from the least scary (looking over a one story high balcony) to the most scary (riding up in a high ski chairlift). In their sessions together, Delores's therapists plan to gradually expose Delores to each of the fears on her hierarchy while having her use her relaxation technique to combat it, so that eventually Delores will be able to ride the chairlift without fear. Delores's therapist is most likely a ________ therapist.
- A.
  
  Psychodynamic
- B.
  
  Humanistic
- C.
  
  Cognitive
- D.
  
  Behavioral
Correct Answer
D. Behavioral

Explanation
Delores's therapist is most likely a behavioral therapist because they are using techniques such as relaxation methods and gradual exposure to help her overcome her fear of heights. This approach is consistent with the principles of behavioral therapy, which focuses on changing behavior through conditioning and learning techniques.

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16.

Which of the following would be an example of prejudice?
- A.
  
  Not hiring someone to work for you because they use a wheelchair
- B.
  
  Thinking that females are likely to be bad drivers
- C.
  
  Not awarding scholarships to students intending to go to a community college because you think community college students are not likely to finish their degrees
- D.
  
  Hiring someone only because she/he is in the same sorority/fraternity as you are
Correct Answer
B. Thinking that females are likely to be bad drivers

Explanation
Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a particular group of people. Thinking that females are likely to be bad drivers is an example of prejudice because it involves making a negative assumption about a specific gender without any factual basis or individual assessment. This stereotype unfairly discriminates against women and perpetuates gender bias. It is important to recognize and challenge such prejudices in order to promote equality and fairness.

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17.

In explaining juvenile delinquency, a psychodynamic or psychoanalytic therapist would most likely have emphasized:
- A.
  
  Inherited prepositions
- B.
  
  Faulty parental rewards and punishment
- C.
  
  Early childhood experiences and family relationship
- D.
  
  A lack of moral values in contemporary society
Correct Answer
C. Early childhood experiences and family relationship

Explanation
A psychodynamic or psychoanalytic therapist would most likely emphasize early childhood experiences and family relationships as the explanation for juvenile delinquency. This approach focuses on how a person's early experiences and relationships shape their behavior and development. It suggests that negative experiences or dysfunctional family dynamics during childhood can contribute to delinquent behavior later in life. By examining these early experiences and relationships, a therapist can help identify underlying issues and work towards resolving them to prevent future delinquency.

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18.

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons (i.e., communicate from neuron to neuron) are called:
- A.
  
  Neurotransmitters
- B.
  
  Transmission ions
- C.
  
  Receptor sites
- D.
  
  Pheromones
Correct Answer
A. Neurotransmitters

Explanation
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released into the spatial junctions between neurons to facilitate communication from neuron to neuron. They play a crucial role in transmitting signals across the synapse, allowing for the relay of information within the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are essential for various physiological processes, including motor control, cognition, and emotions. They bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a response and enabling the transmission of signals. Pheromones, on the other hand, are chemical substances that are used for communication between individuals of the same species but are not directly involved in neuron-to-neuron communication.

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19.

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with _____
- A.
  
  The use of a chronological versus a longitudinal approach
- B.
  
  The difference between developmental and chronological age
- C.
  
  The relative importance of heredity and environment
- D.
  
  The extent to which development is continuous or discontinuous
Correct Answer
C. The relative importance of heredity and environment

Explanation
The nature-nurture issue is concerned with understanding the influence of genetics (heredity) and environmental factors on human development. It explores the extent to which our traits, behaviors, and abilities are shaped by our genetic makeup versus the experiences and influences we encounter in our environment. This issue examines the interplay between nature (genes) and nurture (environment) and seeks to determine the relative importance of each in shaping who we are.

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20.

To prevent ethical abuse in psychological research, the APA has suggested that ______
- A.
  
  Psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for the subject's mental and physical health
- B.
  
  Psychologist must always avoid deception with using human subjects
- C.
  
  All data collected from a person must be made public
- D.
  
  All psychological harm to subjects must be corrected by counseling
Correct Answer
A. Psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for the subject's mental and physical health

Explanation
The APA suggests that psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for their mental and physical health in order to prevent ethical abuse in psychological research. This means that psychologists should prioritize the well-being of their subjects and ensure that they are not subjected to any harm or mistreatment during the research process. By treating subjects with respect and concern, psychologists can uphold ethical standards and protect the rights and welfare of the individuals involved in their studies.

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21.

Three major ethical concerns of psychological researchers are deception, lasting harm to subjects, and _____
- A.
  
  Morality of the question under investigation
- B.
  
  Loss of future research possibilities
- C.
  
  The need to keep the results of research from the participants
- D.
  
  Invasion of privacy
Correct Answer
D. Invasion of privacy

Explanation
Invasion of privacy is a major ethical concern for psychological researchers because it involves intruding into the personal lives of individuals without their consent or knowledge. This violation of privacy can lead to potential harm, distress, and discomfort for the subjects, as their personal information and experiences may be exposed without their permission. Respecting and protecting the privacy of research participants is crucial to maintaining ethical standards and ensuring the well-being and rights of individuals involved in psychological research.

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22.

Sandra starts her homework immediately after school because her mom allows her an hour of fun computer time every night that her homework is completed before dinner. In this instance, the fun computer time is _______.
- A.
  
  An unconditioned response
- B.
  
  A conditioned response
- C.
  
  Negative reinforcement
- D.
  
  Positive reinforcement
Correct Answer
D. Positive reinforcement

Explanation
In this instance, the fun computer time serves as a reward for completing homework before dinner. Positive reinforcement is a technique used to encourage desired behavior by providing a pleasant consequence. In this case, Sandra's mom allows her to have fun computer time as a reward for completing her homework, which increases the likelihood of Sandra continuing to complete her homework immediately after school.

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23.

A researcher wants to know to what extent economic status can be used to predict political preferences. What research method would She/he most likely employ?
- A.
  
  The case study approach
- B.
  
  Naturalistic observation
- C.
  
  Correlational method
- D.
  
  Experimental research
Correct Answer
C. Correlational method

Explanation
The researcher would most likely employ the correlational method to investigate the relationship between economic status and political preferences. This method allows for the examination of the extent to which these variables are related without manipulating any variables or conducting experiments. By collecting data on economic status and political preferences from a sample of individuals, the researcher can analyze the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables using statistical techniques. This method is suitable for studying the predictive power of economic status on political preferences without directly manipulating any variables.

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24.

A small general psychology class had a short quiz on chapter 11 last week. The class scores were 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10. The mean score on this quiz is _____.
- A.
  
  7.5
- B.
  
  8.6
- C.
  
  8.1
- D.
  
  9
Correct Answer
B. 8.6

Explanation
The mean score is calculated by summing up all the scores and dividing by the total number of scores. In this case, the sum of the scores is 7 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 9 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 86. Since there are 10 scores, the mean score is 86/10 = 8.6.

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25.

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem-solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together. Other participants were instructed to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were exposed to the _______ condition.
- A.
  
  Experimental
- B.
  
  Survey
- C.
  
  Control
- D.
  
  Correlational
Correct Answer
C. Control

Explanation
The participants who were instructed to solve problems working alone were exposed to the control condition. In experimental research, the control condition is used as a baseline to compare the effects of the experimental condition. In this case, the control condition allows researchers to compare the problem-solving abilities of individuals working alone to those who are working together in order to determine the potential effects of social interaction on problem-solving.

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26.

A child is stung by a bee and now fears all flying insects. This best illustrates:
- A.
  
  Stimulus generalization
- B.
  
  Secondary reinforcement
- C.
  
  Shaping
- D.
  
  Spontaneous recovery
Correct Answer
A. Stimulus generalization

Explanation
Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, the child's fear of all flying insects after being stung by a bee demonstrates stimulus generalization. The child has generalized their fear response to all flying insects, perceiving them as potentially dangerous stimuli similar to the bee that stung them. This is a common psychological phenomenon where a conditioned response extends to similar stimuli.

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27.

Which of the following is best known for his interest in and work with the cognitive development of children?
- A.
  
  Freud
- B.
  
  Piaget
- C.
  
  Darwin
- D.
  
  Skinner
Correct Answer
B. Piaget

Explanation
Piaget is best known for his interest in and work with the cognitive development of children. He developed a theory of cognitive development that emphasizes the role of schemas, assimilation, and accommodation in the learning process. Piaget believed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions and experiences. His work has had a significant impact on the field of developmental psychology and has greatly influenced our understanding of how children think and learn.

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28.

Which of the following is known for his work in classical conditioning?
- A.
  
  Skinner
- B.
  
  Piaget
- C.
  
  Pavlov
- D.
  
  Maslow
Correct Answer
C. Pavlov

Explanation
Pavlov is known for his work in classical conditioning. He conducted experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, demonstrating a learned response. This research laid the foundation for understanding how behaviors can be learned and conditioned through associations between stimuli and responses. Skinner, Piaget, and Maslow are known for their work in other areas of psychology, not specifically classical conditioning.

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29.

In his studies where he pretended to use electroshock, Stanley Milgram was really studying ______
- A.
  
  Aggresion
- B.
  
  Memory and learning
- C.
  
  Morality
- D.
  
  Obedience to authority
Correct Answer
D. Obedience to authority

Explanation
Stanley Milgram's studies involving the use of electroshock were not actually about aggression, memory and learning, or morality. Instead, his experiments were focused on understanding obedience to authority. Through his famous obedience experiments, Milgram sought to investigate how individuals would respond to authority figures, even when instructed to harm others. The shocking results demonstrated the extent to which people would comply with orders, highlighting the power of authority in influencing human behavior.

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30.

____________ developed the model of the GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome), which describes how our bodies react to stress.
- A.
  
  Bandura
- B.
  
  Milgram
- C.
  
  Maslow
- D.
  
  Selye
Correct Answer
D. Selye

Explanation
Hans Selye developed the model of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which explains how our bodies respond to stress. This model suggests that when we experience stress, our bodies go through three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Selye's work on GAS has been influential in understanding the physiological and psychological effects of stress on the body.

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31.

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher changes or manipulates is known as the _______ variable; the researcher measures or observes the ________ variable.
- A.
  
  Dependent; Dependent
- B.
  
  Dependent; Independent
- C.
  
  Independent; Dependent
- D.
  
  Independent; Independent
Correct Answer
C. Independent; Dependent

Explanation
In an experiment, the independent variable is the factor that the researcher changes or manipulates. It is independent because it is not influenced by any other variables. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the variable that the researcher measures or observes. It is dependent because it is influenced by the independent variable and changes as a result of it.

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32.

If the results of a study are statistically significant, _________.
- A.
  
  The results probably did not happen by chance
- B.
  
  A perfect correlation exists between the variables
- C.
  
  The study has been replicated using statistics
- D.
  
  The research was done ethically
Correct Answer
A. The results probably did not happen by chance

Explanation
If the results of a study are statistically significant, it means that the observed effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. This suggests that there is a real and meaningful relationship between the variables being studied. Statistical significance is a measure of the probability that the observed results are not due to random variation, providing evidence to support the hypothesis being tested. Therefore, the correct answer is that the results probably did not happen by chance.

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33.

The capacity of our long-term memory is ________.
- A.
  
  Seven items
- B.
  
  Nine items
- C.
  
  Unlimited
- D.
  
  One million items
Correct Answer
C. Unlimited

Explanation
Long-term memory refers to the part of our memory system where information is stored for a longer duration, potentially for a lifetime. The capacity of long-term memory is considered to be unlimited, meaning there is no known upper limit to the amount of information that can be stored. This is because long-term memory is believed to have a vast storage capacity and can hold a vast amount of knowledge, experiences, and skills accumulated throughout a person's life.

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34.

The mode of distribution of scores is the _________.
- A.
  
  Arithmetic average of all the scores
- B.
  
  Most frequently occurring score
- C.
  
  Middle score in a data set
- D.
  
  Standard deviation of the distribution
Correct Answer
B. Most frequently occurring score

Explanation
The mode of distribution of scores refers to the most frequently occurring score. In other words, it is the value that appears most often in a given set of scores. Unlike the arithmetic average, which calculates the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores, the mode focuses on identifying the score that occurs with the highest frequency. It is a useful measure to determine the central tendency of a dataset and can provide insights into the most common or typical value in the distribution.

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35.

The mean of a distribution of scores is the _______.
- A.
  
  Most frequently occurring score
- B.
  
  Arithmetic average of all the scores
- C.
  
  Least frequently occurring score
- D.
  
  Score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores
Correct Answer
B. Arithmetic average of all the scores

Explanation
The mean of a distribution of scores refers to the arithmetic average of all the scores. It is calculated by summing up all the scores and dividing it by the total number of scores. This measure provides a representative value that reflects the central tendency of the distribution, taking into account all the scores rather than just the most or least frequent ones.

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36.

If a culture is community-oriented and emphasizes group harmony and obedience to authority, it is most likely a(n) __________ culture.
- A.
  
  Interdependent
- B.
  
  Collectivist
- C.
  
  Individualist
- D.
  
  Naturalist
Correct Answer
B. Collectivist

Explanation
A culture that is community-oriented and emphasizes group harmony and obedience to authority is most likely a collectivist culture. In collectivist cultures, the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over individual needs and goals. People in collectivist cultures tend to value cooperation, loyalty, and maintaining social harmony. They are more likely to conform to societal norms and expectations and place importance on the well-being and success of the community as a whole.

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37.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the conditioned response was _________.
- A.
  
  A tone
- B.
  
  Salivation to the sound of a metronome/bell
- C.
  
  The presentation of food in the dog's mouth
- D.
  
  Salivation to the food in the mouth
Correct Answer
B. Salivation to the sound of a metronome/bell

Explanation
In Pavlov's experiments, the conditioned response refers to the response that is learned or acquired through association with a previously neutral stimulus. In this case, the conditioned response was salivation, which was elicited by the sound of a metronome or bell. This means that the dogs learned to associate the sound of the metronome or bell with the presentation of food, causing them to salivate even when food was not present.

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38.

In order to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist has conducted a detailed examination of an individual, by carefully investigating the client's current life situation as well as the client's physical, socio-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist employed?
- A.
  
  The survey method
- B.
  
  The case study method
- C.
  
  Experimentation
- D.
  
  Naturalistic observation
Correct Answer
B. The case study method

Explanation
The psychologist has employed the case study method. This involves conducting a detailed examination of an individual by investigating their current life situation, physical, socio-cultural, and educational history. The case study method allows for a comprehensive understanding of the individual's behavior and can provide valuable insights into their unique circumstances.

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39.

Hakeem has taken 15 credits this semester and also works 30 hours a week. Now that finals are here, he has developed a bad cold. One could say his cold is a result of _________.
- A.
  
  Being in the exhaustion stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome
- B.
  
  Post-traumatic stress disorder
- C.
  
  Traumatic stressors
- D.
  
  Emotional stress overload
Correct Answer
A. Being in the exhaustion stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome
40.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study on social roles has been used by some to explain ______.
- A.
  
  The importance of obedience in the military environment.
- B.
  
  Bystander Apathy
- C.
  
  The behavior of some of the prison guards at Abu Ghraib
- D.
  
  Cultural differences in the care of prisoners
Correct Answer
C. The behavior of some of the prison guards at Abu Ghraib

Explanation
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study on social roles has been used to explain the behavior of some of the prison guards at Abu Ghraib. The study demonstrated how individuals can be influenced by their assigned roles and the social environment in which they find themselves. In the case of Abu Ghraib, the guards may have been influenced by the power dynamics and dehumanizing conditions of the prison, leading to their abusive behavior towards the prisoners. The study highlights the potential for individuals to engage in cruel and degrading actions when placed in certain situations.

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41.

While doing research for a paper on "teenage rebellion," you discover that there are some places in the world where young adults experience very little turmoil and other places where teenagers seem prone to violent outbursts. Psychological studies of such differences are most likely to be done by psychologists who favor the ____________ perspective.
- A.
  
  Evolutionary
- B.
  
  Behaviorist
- C.
  
  Socio-cultural
- D.
  
  Cognitive
Correct Answer
C. Socio-cultural

Explanation
Psychologists who favor the socio-cultural perspective are most likely to conduct psychological studies on the differences in teenage rebellion across different places in the world. The socio-cultural perspective focuses on how social and cultural factors influence behavior and development. By studying the variations in teenage rebellion in different societies, these psychologists aim to understand how cultural norms, values, and socialization practices contribute to the differences in behavior observed among young adults.

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42.

Joe has anti-personality disorder. Initially, he makes a good first impression on people, and he possesses good social skills. However, he uses these skills in a very manipulative fashion and has gotten in trouble several times and cannot hold a job because of his "con artist" schemes. Though others around him are concerned about how he has manipulated them (especially those he has cheated out of money), Joe is totally unconcerned about his behavior and says his detractors are "sweating the small stuff." Of the criteria for determining whether joe's behavior is abnormal, one that he does not meet is ________.
- A.
  
  Statistical rarity
- B.
  
  Subjective distress
- C.
  
  Societal disapproval
- D.
  
  Impairment/dysfunction
Correct Answer
B. Subjective distress

Explanation
Joe's behavior does not meet the criterion of subjective distress because he is totally unconcerned about his manipulative behavior and dismisses others' concerns as insignificant. This criterion refers to the individual experiencing personal distress or discomfort as a result of their behavior. In Joe's case, he does not feel any distress or discomfort, which is why he does not meet this criterion.

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43.

Psychologists in Russia have worked for 40 years breeding forces together who exhibited behaviors closest to dogs. After 40 years, the Russian psychologists have a group of foxes who no longer smell like foxes, who wag their tails like dogs, and who are rather tame. This research reflects the _________ perspective.
- A.
  
  Biological
- B.
  
  Behavioral
- C.
  
  Veterinary
- D.
  
  Evolutionary
Correct Answer
D. Evolutionary

Explanation
This research reflects the evolutionary perspective because it demonstrates how certain behaviors and traits can change over time through the process of natural selection. The psychologists in Russia selectively bred the foxes for specific traits, such as being more dog-like, which resulted in changes in their behavior and physical characteristics. This shows how evolution can shape the behavior and characteristics of animals over generations.

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44.

Aaron was trying to take a screw out of his dorm room door yesterday so he could repair the doorknob, but he didn't have a screwdriver. In his pocket was a pair of scissors that could have gotten the job done; however, Aaron did not think about the scissors as a substitute for a screwdriver. Aaron probably had difficulty solving this particular problem due to _______.
- A.
  
  Mental set
- B.
  
  Functional fixedness
- C.
  
  Confirmation bias
- D.
  
  An availability heuristic
Correct Answer
B. Functional fixedness

Explanation
Aaron probably had difficulty solving this particular problem due to functional fixedness. Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to see an object's potential uses beyond its typical or intended function. In this case, Aaron was unable to consider using the scissors as a substitute for a screwdriver because he was fixated on their typical function as cutting tools. This narrow mindset prevented him from finding a solution to his problem.

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45.

During periods of REM sleep people ___________.
- A.
  
  Exhibit darting of the eyes underneath the closed eye lids.
- B.
  
  Report vivid dreams if awakened at this time
- C.
  
  Show the brain wave patterns of an awake
- D.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above

Explanation
During periods of REM sleep, people exhibit darting of the eyes underneath the closed eye lids, report vivid dreams if awakened at this time, and show the brain wave patterns of being awake. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, which can be observed through the darting of the eyes. It is also the stage of sleep where most dreaming occurs, and individuals are more likely to remember their dreams if awakened during this period. Additionally, brain wave patterns during REM sleep resemble those of wakefulness, indicating increased brain activity. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations of what happens during REM sleep.

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46.

A subset of a population is chosen for inclusion in an experiment by using a procedure that ensures that all members of said population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the experimental study. This procedure involves the use of ________.
- A.
  
  Correlational design
- B.
  
  Naturalistic observation
- C.
  
  Random sampling
- D.
  
  Replication
Correct Answer
C. Random sampling

Explanation
Random sampling is a procedure that ensures that all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in an experimental study. This means that each individual in the population has an equal probability of being chosen, which helps to reduce bias and increase the generalizability of the findings. Random sampling is commonly used in research to create a representative sample that can be used to make inferences about the larger population.

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47.

In an experiment to test the effectiveness if a new drug to treat phobias, the experimental group, who gets the new medical drug and weekly counseling, should be compared to a control group who __________.
- A.
  
  Gets no treatment at all
- B.
  
  Gets a placebo drug, but no counseling
- C.
  
  Gets counseling instead of any drugs
- D.
  
  Gets a placebo drug as well as weekly counseling
Correct Answer
D. Gets a placebo drug as well as weekly counseling

Explanation
In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug to treat phobias, it is important to compare the experimental group, who receives the new medical drug and weekly counseling, to a control group that receives a placebo drug as well as weekly counseling. This is because the control group allows researchers to isolate the effects of the drug itself by comparing it to a group that receives a similar level of attention and support through counseling. By including the placebo drug, researchers can determine if the observed effects are due to the drug or simply the placebo effect.

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48.

Alexia recently had a lot of painful dental work done. Now when she is at the dentist and hears the sound of the dentist's drill, she tenses up and her heart beats faster. Which of the following explains what Alexia is experiencing?
- A.
  
  Negative reinforcement
- B.
  
  Classical conditioning
- C.
  
  Spontaneous recovery
- D.
  
  Operant conditioning
Correct Answer
B. Classical conditioning

Explanation
Alexia is experiencing classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus that initially does not evoke a response becomes associated with a stimulus that already evokes a response. In this case, the sound of the dentist's drill has become associated with the painful dental work, causing Alexia to tense up and her heart to beat faster when she hears the sound. This is a learned response that has been conditioned over time.

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49.

On the first day of class Professor Walton tells her psychology students that chapter quizzes will be given every Friday throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Walton's weekly quizzes will be reinforced on a __________ schedule.
- A.
  
  Variable-ratio
- B.
  
  Vaiable-interval
- C.
  
  Fixed-interval
- D.
  
  Fixed-ratio
Correct Answer
C. Fixed-interval

Explanation
In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. In this case, the quizzes are given every Friday, which is a fixed time interval. Therefore, studying for Professor Walton's weekly quizzes will be reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule.

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50.

Reynaldo likes to use the gymnasium facilities to shower after working out. During a shower, he hears a toilet flushing nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the showerhead, causing Reynaldo serious discomfort. Later on in the shower, he hears another toilet flush, and he immediately flinches and jerks away from the showerhead. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?
- A.
  
  Sound in the toilet flushing
- B.
  
  Flinching and jerking away
- C.
  
  Pain repetition
- D.
  
  Taking a shower
Correct Answer
B. Flinching and jerking away

Explanation
The conditioned response (CR) in this scenario is flinching and jerking away. This is because Reynaldo has associated the sound of a toilet flushing with the painful experience of boiling hot water coming out of the showerhead. As a result, whenever he hears a toilet flush, he automatically flinches and jerks away from the showerhead to avoid the discomfort.

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Psychology Final Practice

Three of the criteria that psychiatrists and psychologists use to label abnormal behavior are

_________ developed the Hierarchy of Needs, a model that states we must satisfy psychological needs as well as needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

Suppose there is a strong correlation between being abused as a child and becoming an adult spousal abuser. The main reason why we cannot say that being abused causes someone to become an abuser is that

The _________ perspective examines causes of mental processes and behavior in the functioning of genes, hormones, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system.

Behjat is writing a science article for her psychology class. Writing a brief description if the entire article means that Behjat is writing the article's ______

A peer-reviewed (sometimes called refereed) journal article )________

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by

A therapist who takes an electric approach is one who:

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this is the part of our personality that is the principal decision maker, solves problems, and manipulates situations.

A number of psychologists have developed intelligence test containing abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language and are often believed to be assessments designed to minimize cultural factors and/or backgrounds. these have been called :

The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes

_______ can affect those who personally experience a catastrophe or traumatic event, those who witness the tragedy, and/or those who are involved with the tragic events afterward, such as first responders, emergency workers or law enforcement personnel.

Which citation below is typed in the correct APA reference style

Which statement best expresses the relationship between cognition and thinking?

Which of the following would be an example of prejudice?

In explaining juvenile delinquency, a psychodynamic or psychoanalytic therapist would most likely have emphasized:

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons (i.e., communicate from neuron to neuron) are called:

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with _____

To prevent ethical abuse in psychological research, the APA has suggested that ______

Three major ethical concerns of psychological researchers are deception, lasting harm to subjects, and _____

Sandra starts her homework immediately after school because her mom allows her an hour of fun computer time every night that her homework is completed before dinner. In this instance, the fun computer time is _______.

A researcher wants to know to what extent economic status can be used to predict political preferences. What research method would She/he most likely employ?

A small general psychology class had a short quiz on chapter 11 last week. The class scores were 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10. The mean score on this quiz is _____.

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem-solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together. Other participants were instructed to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were exposed to the _______ condition.

A child is stung by a bee and now fears all flying insects. This best illustrates:

Which of the following is best known for his interest in and work with the cognitive development of children?

Which of the following is known for his work in classical conditioning?

In his studies where he pretended to use electroshock, Stanley Milgram was really studying ______

____________ developed the model of the GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome), which describes how our bodies react to stress.

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher changes or manipulates is known as the _______ variable; the researcher measures or observes the ________ variable.

If the results of a study are statistically significant, _________.

The capacity of our long-term memory is ________.

The mode of distribution of scores is the _________.

The mean of a distribution of scores is the _______.

If a culture is community-oriented and emphasizes group harmony and obedience to authority, it is most likely a(n) __________ culture.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the conditioned response was _________.

Hakeem has taken 15 credits this semester and also works 30 hours a week. Now that finals are here, he has developed a bad cold. One could say his cold is a result of _________.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study on social roles has been used by some to explain ______.

During periods of REM sleep people ___________.

A subset of a population is chosen for inclusion in an experiment by using a procedure that ensures that all members of said population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the experimental study. This procedure involves the use of ________.

In an experiment to test the effectiveness if a new drug to treat phobias, the experimental group, who gets the new medical drug and weekly counseling, should be compared to a control group who __________.

Alexia recently had a lot of painful dental work done. Now when she is at the dentist and hears the sound of the dentist's drill, she tenses up and her heart beats faster. Which of the following explains what Alexia is experiencing?

On the first day of class Professor Walton tells her psychology students that chapter quizzes will be given every Friday throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Walton's weekly quizzes will be reinforced on a __________ schedule.

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher changes or manipulates is known as the _ variable; the researcher measures or observes the __ variable.