PSY3041- Quiz 2

Test items that contain alternatives with five points ranging from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree' are characterized as using the approach to scaling called Likert scaling. Likert scaling is a commonly used method in survey research where respondents are asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements. The responses are then assigned numerical values and analyzed to measure attitudes or opinions. This type of scaling allows for a quantitative analysis of subjective data.

The friend's complaint suggests that they studied a specific subject, "Shampoo," for the final examination, but there were no questions on that topic. This indicates a problem with the test's content validity, as the test did not adequately cover the material that was supposed to be assessed.

Ideally, the first draft of a test should include about twice the number of items as compared with the final version. This is because the first draft allows for the inclusion of extra items that can be reviewed, revised, and potentially eliminated during the editing process. Including more items in the first draft provides flexibility and ensures that the final version of the test is well-curated and accurately assesses the intended content or skills.

An item bank refers to a collection or set of items that can be used to construct a test. It includes a variety of test items, such as multiple-choice questions, true/false statements, or open-ended questions, that cover different topics or skills. These items are stored in the item bank and can be selected and combined to create different versions of a test. The purpose of an item bank is to provide a pool of items that can be used to assess knowledge or skills in a standardized and reliable manner.

The use of Likert scales typically yields ordinal-level data. This is because Likert scales measure the degree of agreement or disagreement with a statement or the frequency of a behavior on a scale with multiple response options. These response options are typically ordered from least to most agreement or from least to most frequency. However, Likert scales do not have equal intervals between the response options, which is a characteristic of interval or ratio-level data. Therefore, the data obtained from Likert scales is considered ordinal, where responses can be ranked but not measured on a continuous scale.

The idea for a new test may come from a variety of sources. It can be driven by a social need, where there is a demand for a test to address a specific problem or issue. It can also be inspired by a review of the available literature, where researchers identify gaps or areas that need further investigation. Additionally, common sense appeal can play a role, where individuals may intuitively recognize the need for a new test based on their own observations or experiences. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to the generation of a new test idea.

Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify underlying factors or dimensions in a set of variables. By analyzing the relationships between variables, factor analysis can help the test developer in two ways. Firstly, it can identify items that do not load on the predicted factor, meaning they are not measuring the intended construct and may need to be eliminated or revised. Secondly, it can determine whether the test items appear to be measuring the same construct, ensuring the test's validity and reliability. Therefore, both options a and b are correct.

A test revision may entail re-wording, deletion, or development of new items, as well as the development of a new edition of a test. This means that when revising a test, changes can be made to the wording of existing questions, removing questions that are no longer relevant or effective, and creating new questions. Additionally, a new edition of the test may be developed, which could involve significant changes to the content, structure, or format of the test. Therefore, both options a and b are correct.

The given correct answer, "b. the pilot work stage," is the best description for the stage the person is in. In this stage, the person is conducting interviews with individuals who have graduated from college after being a member of a fraternity or sorority for at least 2 years. This is a preliminary phase where the test is being tried out or piloted to gather information and feedback before further development. It helps in identifying any issues or areas of improvement in the test before it is finalized and used on a larger scale.

Smiley face scales are a visual representation of a person's feelings or experiences, using a series of smiley faces with different expressions. These scales are often used as a tool for assessing and measuring emotions or pain levels. They are particularly useful for individuals who may have limited language skills, such as young children or adults with communication difficulties. Therefore, smiley face scales can be used with young children, adolescents who have limited language skills, and adults who have limited language skills. Hence, the correct answer is d. all of these.

Psychological or educational tests are ideally revised when they are no longer useful. This means that when the test no longer accurately measures what it is intended to measure or fails to provide relevant and reliable information, it should be revised. Regular revisions are necessary to ensure that the test remains valid and effective in assessing the targeted psychological or educational constructs. This helps to maintain the quality and usefulness of the test over time.

The test developer's first step in creating a test designed to measure personality constructs would be to define the construct or constructs being measured. This is important because it provides a clear understanding of what aspects of personality the test is intended to assess. Defining the construct or constructs helps the test developer in creating relevant and valid test items that accurately measure the intended personality traits. Without a clear definition of the constructs being measured, it would be difficult to create an effective and reliable personality test.

The question asks which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of a test item written in a multiple choice format. The options provided are "foil," "stem," "leaf," and "correct option." The correct answer is "c. leaf" because "leaf" is not one of the elements typically found in a multiple choice question. The elements of a multiple choice question usually include the "foil" (distractor), "stem" (question or problem), and "correct option" (the correct answer).

The correct answer is b. The test revision process includes all of the steps that the initial test development includes. This means that when revising a test, all the necessary steps such as item writing, item review, pilot testing, and standard setting are repeated to ensure the validity and reliability of the revised test. This ensures that the revised test is as rigorous and accurate as the original test.

To increase the precision of a test, test developers may increase the number of items and/or increase the number of response options. By increasing the number of items, the test can cover a wider range of content and provide more opportunities for accurate assessment. Increasing the number of response options can help differentiate between different levels of knowledge or skill, leading to more precise measurement. Therefore, both options A and B can contribute to increasing the precision of a test.

Pilot work refers to the preliminary research conducted prior to the stage of test construction. This means that before designing and creating a test, researchers conduct preliminary research to gather information, identify variables, and test the feasibility of the test design. This pilot work helps researchers refine and improve the test design before it is finalized and administered to participants. It allows them to identify potential issues or limitations and make necessary adjustments to ensure the validity and reliability of the test.