This Is A Super Interesting Psychology Quiz!

Risk recognition programs are likely to increase the likelihood that a victim of sex crimes will be able to reduce subsequent sexual victimizations. These programs educate individuals on how to recognize and identify risky situations and behaviors, empowering them to take proactive measures to protect themselves. By increasing awareness and providing knowledge about potential dangers, victims are better equipped to avoid or escape dangerous situations, reducing the likelihood of further victimization.

Incapacitated rape refers to a type of rape where the victim is unable to give consent due to their level of intoxication from alcohol or drugs. In this situation, the victim may be unable to fully understand or resist the sexual act being forced upon them. This type of rape is considered a serious crime as it takes advantage of a person's vulnerability and lack of ability to consent. It is important to recognize and address the issue of incapacitated rape in order to protect and support victims.

Sampson and Lauritsen advanced the principle of homogamy. Homogamy refers to the tendency for individuals to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of characteristics such as age, education, and social background. Sampson and Lauritsen likely conducted research or developed theories that provided evidence or explanations for why homogamy occurs in relationships.

Robert Agnew developed the general strain theory. The general strain theory is a criminological theory that suggests that individuals engage in criminal behavior as a response to the strain or stress they experience in their lives. This strain can come from various sources, such as the failure to achieve goals, the removal of positive stimuli, or the presence of negative stimuli. Agnew's theory expands on previous strain theories by incorporating a wider range of strains and emphasizing the role of negative emotions in motivating criminal behavior.

The routine activities and lifestyles theory suggests that drug dealers who engage in illegal activities are more likely to experience property victimization because their involvement in the drug trade exposes them to higher levels of risk. This theory argues that the convergence of three elements - a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian - increases the likelihood of criminal victimization. In the context of drug dealers, their involvement in the drug trade makes them attractive targets for theft or robbery, and their illegal activities may also deter potential guardians from protecting them.

The population heterogeneity perspective states that both victimization and offending are related to either personality characteristics or environmental factors. This means that individuals who have certain personality traits or who are exposed to certain environmental factors are more likely to both be victims of crime and engage in criminal behavior themselves. This perspective suggests that there are underlying factors that contribute to both victimization and offending, rather than them being unrelated or stemming solely from risk lifestyles or biological factors.

Many victims choose not to report a crime to the police because they consider it a private or personal matter. They may feel that involving the police would bring unwanted attention or scrutiny to their personal lives. Additionally, they may believe that they can handle the situation on their own or that the police would not be able to help them effectively. This reluctance to involve the police is a common reason cited by victims for not reporting crimes.

The correct answer is "argument." This suggests that in most cases where the circumstances of a homicide were known, they were the result of a disagreement or conflict between individuals. This could involve heated discussions, physical altercations, or other forms of violence that escalated to the point of homicide.

Victimization is likely to be linked to low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. This is because individuals who have experienced victimization may internalize the negative beliefs and feelings associated with the traumatic event, leading to a decrease in self-esteem. Additionally, the trauma may trigger symptoms of depression and anxiety, as the individual may struggle with feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and fear. Therefore, all of these factors are interconnected and can contribute to the aftermath of victimization.

Risk heterogeneity suggests that recurring victimization occurs because of the quality or character of a victim. This means that certain individuals may be more likely to be victimized repeatedly due to their personal characteristics, behaviors, or circumstances. These factors may make them more vulnerable or attractive targets for victimization, increasing their risk of being victimized again in the future.

Robberies account for the greatest amount of homicides that occur at the workplace. This means that the majority of workplace homicides are the result of criminal acts where individuals attempt to steal from the business.

The correct answer is Asia, Mexico, and the former Soviet Bloc countries. This is because these regions are known to be the major source countries for human trafficking victims who end up in the United States.

Trafficking victims operating in the United States are allowed to be certified so they can receive certain benefits and services from the government. Certification is a process through which victims can access resources and support that are specifically tailored to their needs. It helps them to access healthcare, legal assistance, housing, and other essential services. Certification also ensures that victims are protected and supported during their recovery and rehabilitation process.

Sexual assault nurse examiner programs were developed to improve the treatment of rape/sexual assault victims by medical personnel. These programs provide specialized training for nurses to effectively and sensitively care for victims of sexual assault, including collecting evidence, providing medical treatment, and offering emotional support. By having nurses who are specifically trained in this area, it ensures that victims receive the best possible care and support during a traumatic time.

Homicide research has shown that a significant proportion of homicide victims, up to 50%, had previous offending records. This suggests that there is a strong correlation between previous criminal behavior and becoming a victim of homicide. It is important to consider the criminal history of homicide victims in order to better understand the dynamics and factors contributing to these violent crimes.

Learned helplessness refers to a psychological state in which individuals feel powerless and believe that their actions will not have any effect on their situation. In the context of the question, victims experiencing learned helplessness would feel that responding to victimizations is useless because they believe that their efforts will not make a difference. This can lead to a sense of resignation and passivity in the face of victimization.

Repeat victimization refers to a situation where a person has been a victim of the same crime multiple times. This can occur when an individual becomes a target for repeated criminal activity, such as being repeatedly burglarized or harassed. The term "repeat victimization" suggests that the person has experienced victimization more than once, indicating a pattern or trend of victimization.

Household-level risk factors that increase the likelihood of recurring victimization include low-income household, two or more adults in the home, and children. The presence of only one car in the household is not a risk factor for recurring victimization.

Victim compensation refers to a financial remedy that is coordinated by the state and does not require a court order to receive it. This means that individuals who have been victimized can receive compensation directly from the state without having to go through a lengthy court process. This type of compensation is typically provided to victims of crimes or accidents to help them recover from the financial losses or damages they have incurred.

Burglary is not an eligible crime for which victims can apply for victim compensation. Victim compensation programs typically provide financial assistance to victims of violent crimes such as rape, homicide, and drunk driving. Burglary, which is the unlawful entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime, is generally considered a property crime rather than a violent crime. Therefore, victims of burglary may not be eligible for compensation through these programs.

This scenario can be classified as second-degree murder because Ellen acted with malice aforethought when she grabbed the handgun and shot the boy. Although she may not have premeditated the murder, her intentional actions resulted in the boy's death. Second-degree murder typically involves an intentional killing without premeditation or planning.

In terms of race, homicide is an overwhelmingly intra-racial event. This means that the majority of homicides occur within the same racial group. This can be attributed to various factors such as social and economic disparities within communities, gang violence, and proximity. It is important to note that this does not imply that individuals of different races do not commit homicides against each other, but rather that the majority of homicides occur within the same racial group.

Successful responses to gun- and gang-related homicides have involved the court system. This suggests that effective measures have been taken to address these crimes through legal proceedings and the criminal justice system. The court system plays a crucial role in holding offenders accountable for their actions and ensuring that justice is served. By prosecuting individuals involved in gun- and gang-related homicides, it sends a strong message that such crimes will not be tolerated, which can potentially deter others from engaging in similar activities.

The correct answer is 5%. This means that out of all the reported rapes, only 5% of the victims reported that the rape fell under the categories of drug- or alcohol-facilitated or incapacitated rapes. This suggests that the majority of reported rapes do not involve the use of drugs or alcohol as a facilitator or the victim being incapacitated.

The correct answer is $87,000. This amount represents the average cost of a rape crime to a victim, taking into account not only direct financial costs but also the quality of life costs. These quality of life costs can include physical and emotional trauma, loss of productivity, and the need for ongoing medical and psychological support. This high cost emphasizes the significant impact that rape crimes have on victims and the importance of addressing and preventing such crimes.

Verbal abuse occurs when a perpetrator uses words or sounds that are intentionally condescending, sexual, or abusive. This form of abuse can include insults, name-calling, threats, or demeaning comments. It is a form of psychological abuse that aims to undermine the victim's self-esteem and manipulate or control them through verbal means. Verbal abuse can have long-lasting effects on the victim's mental and emotional well-being.

The correct answer is "involves hours of swabbing, combing, and examination." This answer is supported by the statement in the question that the collection of evidence for a rape kit involves "swabbing, combing, and examination" which suggests that it is a time-consuming process. The other options mentioned in the question do not align with the statement provided.

The correct answer suggests that Kelsey Belnap was allegedly raped by four football players whom she had just met. This information is based on the details provided in Krakauer's book.

Marvin Wolfgang's research on precipitated homicides revealed that these incidents commonly shared three characteristics: the victim and offender knew each other, alcohol was likely involved, and the homicides involved male victims and male offenders.

The correct answer is theft. This is because theft is the act of taking someone else's property without their consent, and it is the most common property crime according to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Theft includes various types of crimes such as shoplifting, pickpocketing, and stealing personal belongings. It is a widespread crime that affects individuals and businesses alike, making it the most prevalent property crime reported in the NCVS.

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the most common violent crime is simple assault. This refers to the act of physically attacking someone without the use of a weapon or causing serious injury. Simple assault includes acts such as punching, slapping, or pushing someone. This type of crime is more prevalent compared to other violent crimes like homicide, rape, or aggravated assault, which involve more severe forms of violence or injury.

The statement contradicts common knowledge and statistical data. In general, females are more likely to be victimized than males. Various studies and crime reports consistently show that women face higher rates of sexual assault, domestic violence, and other forms of victimization compared to men. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The statement claims that there are significant differences in victimization across racial groups, but the correct answer is False. This suggests that there is no significant variation in victimization rates among different racial groups.

The statement suggests that the more involved a person is in deviant lifestyles during adolescence, the higher their risk of victimization becomes over time. However, the correct answer is false. The statement does not provide any evidence or reasoning to support this claim. It is important to critically evaluate statements and consider the context and available information before accepting them as true.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the restorative justice movement emerged as a response to the recognition of the importance of victims' rights and the limitations of a crime-control model that solely prioritizes punishment. Restorative justice aims to address the needs of both victims and offenders, focusing on healing and repairing harm rather than solely punishing the offender. This approach emphasizes dialogue, accountability, and community involvement in the resolution of conflicts and crimes.

The principle of lex talionis, also known as "an eye for an eye," suggests that retribution is the key to justice. This principle advocates for punishment that is equal to the harm caused by the offender. It implies that the punishment should be proportional to the crime committed, ensuring that the offender experiences the same harm they inflicted upon others. This principle aligns with the concept of retributive justice, which emphasizes punishment as a means of restoring balance and providing closure to the victims.

The Uniform Crime Reports is the measure of crime that includes only crimes reported to the police. This system collects data from law enforcement agencies across the United States and provides statistics on various types of crimes, such as murder, robbery, and burglary. It does not include crimes that go unreported or unrecorded by the police. Therefore, the Uniform Crime Reports is a reliable source for understanding the extent and nature of reported crime in the country.

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) was created to address the flaws in the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). The UCR had limitations such as focusing only on the most serious offense in an incident, relying on summary data, and not capturing detailed information about individual incidents. NIBRS, on the other hand, provides more comprehensive and detailed data by collecting information on each individual crime occurrence, including data on victims, offenders, and other relevant factors. This allows for a more accurate and detailed understanding of crime patterns and trends.

The given answer suggests that according to the Uniform Crime Reports, the typical criminal is young, White, and male. This indicates that the majority of crimes reported and recorded involve individuals fitting this demographic profile. It is important to note that this answer is based on statistical data and should not be generalized to all individuals of this demographic.

Research consistently shows that biological parents are the most likely group of caretakers to perpetrate child maltreatment. This is likely due to the fact that biological parents have the most direct and constant contact with their children, making them more likely to engage in abusive behaviors. Additionally, biological parents may also face higher levels of stress and have fewer support systems in place compared to other caretaker groups, which can contribute to the risk of maltreatment.

Courts often assign maltreated children advocates from the guardian ad litem organization so they can provide protection and guidance in the case as needed. A guardian ad litem is a person appointed by the court to represent the best interests of a child in legal proceedings. They act as the child's advocate, ensuring their voice is heard and their needs are met. This organization specializes in providing support and guidance to maltreated children, making them the ideal choice for court-appointed advocates in such cases.

People with mental illness may choose not to report a crime because they are afraid that they will not be believed. This fear may stem from the stigma surrounding mental illness, as well as a lack of understanding and empathy from others. They may worry that their mental illness will be used against them or that their credibility will be questioned. This fear can prevent them from seeking justice and receiving the support they need.

The correct answer is the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003. This act requires that statistics be kept on incidents and effects of rape in prison.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because the question asks for the different types of widely used victimization surveys, and all three options listed - international victimization studies, national victimization studies, and local victimization studies - are types of surveys that are commonly used to study victimization. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of these options are included in the different types of widely used victimization surveys.

The correct answer is "none of the above" because the statement does not provide any information about the findings from the international victimization study. It does not indicate whether girls are more likely to be victimized than boys, whether people over 50 were more likely victims, or whether rural community residents experienced more crime than urban areas.

The Matthew Shephard and James Byrd, Jr. Crime Prevention Act added gender as a category to the list of hate crimes classifications. This means that crimes committed against individuals based on their gender can now be classified as hate crimes under this act. This addition recognizes the importance of addressing and preventing hate crimes motivated by gender-based bias and discrimination.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that the prosecutor in Kelsey Belnap's case refused to prosecute despite having evidence from the rape kit, the bruises and abrasions on the victim, and the lack of and failure to give consent. This suggests that the prosecutor had multiple pieces of evidence to support the case but still chose not to pursue it.

The given answer states that Keely Williams was allegedly raped by an acquaintance after a party. This suggests that the incident did occur, but the use of the word "allegedly" indicates that it has not been proven in a court of law. The information provided in Krakauer's book likely presents this account as a claim or accusation made by Keely Williams, but without conclusive evidence or legal proceedings, it remains an alleged incident.

In Kerry Barrett's case, the interrogating officer assured the accused that she believed him. This means that the officer expressed confidence in the alleged rapist's statement, possibly to build trust and encourage him to provide more information. This assurance could have been given to create a more conducive environment for the suspect to open up and reveal additional details about the incident.

The correct answer is that a majority of the unidentified rapists in their study were serial rapists. This is supported by the studies conducted by Lisak and Miller and separately by McWhorter, as mentioned in Krakauer's book. These studies found that a significant number of rapists who remained unidentified were repeat offenders, indicating a pattern of serial rape.

Using fighting words refers to the act of provoking or instigating someone to engage in a physical altercation. This can be seen as an example of victim precipitation, where the victim's actions or behavior contribute to the occurrence of a harmful event. In this case, by using provocative language or engaging in aggressive behavior, the person becomes a contributing factor to their own victimization.

Leaving a purse or wallet in plain view and then having it stolen is an example of victim facilitation. This term refers to actions or behaviors by the victim that make it easier for the crime to occur. In this case, the victim's decision to leave their valuable items in plain sight makes it more likely for someone to steal them. The victim's actions unintentionally facilitate the crime and make them more vulnerable to becoming a target.

This scenario exemplifies victim provocation because the man's response of pulling out a gun and shooting the mugger can be seen as an action that provoked or incited the aggression from the mugger. The man's actions escalated the situation and contributed to the violence that occurred.

The term "revictimization" refers to the experience of being victimized multiple times. In this scenario, the person was first abused as a child and then later raped as an adult, which constitutes multiple instances of victimization. The term "revictimization" accurately captures the ongoing pattern of victimization that the person has experienced throughout their life.

The correct answer is "the jury found him innocent." This means that after the trial, the jury reviewed the evidence and determined that Jordan Johnson was not guilty of raping Cecelia Washburn. It is important to note that being found innocent does not necessarily mean that the person is proven to be innocent, but rather that there was not enough evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

The correct answer suggests that the university regent who criticized the football players' misconduct was removed from the board of regents. This implies that the regent faced consequences for speaking out against the players' actions.

The correct answer is "all of the above". This means that all of the statements mentioned in the options are true based on Dr. Lisak's summary of the research on rape. According to the research, most rapes are committed by non-strangers, victims of non-stranger rape suffer as much as victims of stranger rape, and there is no specific profile that can identify a rapist.

The given answer suggests that Beau pled guilty of raping Allison. This means that he admitted to committing the crime and accepted responsibility for it. This is the correct answer because it directly states the outcome of the case, indicating that Beau confessed to the rape.

The correct answer is that the prosecutors kept the victims informed of the charges to be filed and sought their input. This means that the Department of Justice investigation did not find any evidence of the prosecutors disrespecting female victims or making statements that diminished the seriousness of sexual violence. The prosecutors were found to have actively involved the victims in the legal process by keeping them informed and seeking their input.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This suggests that all three entities, the University of Montana, the Missoula Police Department, and the Missoula County Attorney's Office, could be blamed for the rape scandal. Without further context or information, it is unclear what specific actions or failures led to this conclusion.

According to Krakauer, the real scandal is that the rate of rape in Missoula, although high, is actually lower than the average rate for a town its size. This suggests that rape is a pervasive issue in college towns, and Missoula is no exception. Krakauer's statement implies that the prevalence of rape in Missoula is alarming and should not be overlooked, even though it may be lower than the average rate for similar towns.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This is because the sentence states that in the aftermath of the rape scandal and its investigation by the DOJ, multiple actions have taken place. The Prosecutor lost his job to one of the accused rapist's defense attorneys, a cadre of cops, prosecutors, and academics developed a set of best practices for dealing with sexual assault cases, and a few colleges and universities have established effective systems for investigating and resolving rape allegations. Therefore, all of these actions are a result of the mentioned events.

In his book, Krakauer argues that victims/survivors of rape should report the crimes against them because speaking out will have multiple positive effects. Firstly, it will encourage other victims to come forward, creating a supportive community and increasing the chances of justice being served. Secondly, speaking out will deal a powerful blow to their assailants by exposing their actions and holding them accountable. Lastly, reporting the crime will help reduce the shame associated with rape, as victims/survivors will no longer have to suffer in silence and can receive the support they need.

The correct answer suggests that in response to the media revelations about the rape culture at the University of Montana, the football program and the community tended to blame the victims and the media. This implies that instead of taking responsibility for their actions and addressing the issue, they shifted blame onto the victims and the media, which is a common response in rape culture. This explanation highlights the negative and problematic response of the football program and the community towards the situation.

The correct answer is "all of the above". According to LaViolette and Barnett's book, the battering control pattern, as defined by Adams, includes intimidation and pressure, the withholding of financial or emotional support, and the issuance of ultimatums and accusations. Therefore, all of these behaviors are part of the battering control pattern.

The correct answer is physical abuse. The definition of battering used in the LaViolette and Barnett book includes six elements, and one of those elements is physical abuse.

The correct answer is the women's movement. LaViolette and Barnett state that in the early 1970s, the women's movement played a significant role in raising awareness about woman battering and advocating for the development of shelters for victims. This movement brought attention to the issue and contributed to the recognition of the need for support and protection for women experiencing domestic violence.

The Violence Against Women Act of 1994, according to LaViolette and Barnett, resulted in a criminal justice and societal response in five major areas, which are referred to as Titles. One of these Titles focused on creating safe streets for women. This means that the act aimed to address and prevent violence against women by implementing measures to ensure their safety in public spaces.

The correct answer is "all of the above." The cycle of violence, as described by Lenore Walker, includes three phases: tension building, acute battering, and honeymoon. During the tension building phase, there is a gradual increase in tension and conflict in the relationship. This is followed by the acute battering phase, where the violence occurs. Finally, the honeymoon phase occurs, where the abuser may show remorse, apologize, and try to make amends. All three phases are part of the cycle of violence.

Walker's "Cycle of Violence" has been modified over the years because research found that the honeymoon period may be more a cessation of violence rather than an actual honeymoon. This suggests that the period of calm and peace in the cycle may not be a true reflection of a positive phase in the relationship, but rather a temporary pause in the violence. This finding highlights the need to reevaluate and adjust the cycle to better understand and address the dynamics of domestic violence.

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The "disease to please" refers to the tendency of women to prioritize being nice and avoiding conflict in order to maintain their relationships. This behavior stems from societal expectations and the fear of harming their relationships. LaViolette and Barnett, along with Oprah Winfrey, have discussed this phenomenon.

According to LaViolette and Barnett, women are more likely to be below the poverty line.

According to the research in the LaViolette and Barnett book, women are less likely to leave an abusive relationship when they are bound to their marriage by religious beliefs. This suggests that religious beliefs can act as a barrier for women in abusive relationships, preventing them from seeking help or leaving the relationship. Economic independence and clergy support were not mentioned as factors influencing women's decision to leave an abusive relationship in the given research.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because according to the LaViolette and Barnett book, it has been found that American Indians/Alaskan Natives reported the most male partner violence, Black female survivors have a higher rate than White female survivors, and Hispanic (Latinx) women had the highest rate of sexual abuse.

According to research presented in the LaViolette and Barnett book, being poor is the variable most associated with IPV (Intimate Partner Violence). This means that individuals who are living in poverty are more likely to experience IPV compared to those who are not. However, it is worth noting that some researchers question this finding, suggesting that other factors may also contribute to IPV.

The research presented in the LaViolette and Barnett book suggests that older women are more likely to be abused by other family members, rather than their husbands/partners or caregivers. This implies that the abuse is not limited to intimate relationships or professional caregivers, but can also occur within the broader family context.

The research presented in the LaViolette and Barnett book suggests that LGBTQ+ persons find it difficult to leave abusive partners due to the lack of support in the larger community. This lack of support can make it challenging for them to seek help and resources, making it harder to leave the abusive relationship.

Immigrant women face special challenges when trying to leave their partners, including language barriers, racism, and low paying or barriers to employment. These factors can make it difficult for them to access resources and support systems, making it harder to leave an abusive relationship.

The correct answer is that battered women have no distinct personality traits. This means that there is no specific personality type that makes a woman more likely to become a victim of domestic violence. This contradicts the common misconception that only certain types of women are at risk of abuse. Research by LaViolette and Barnett supports this finding, suggesting that domestic violence can happen to women of all backgrounds and personality types.

Psychological abuse in intimate partner violence (IPV) is most effective in creating fear. This is because psychological abuse involves tactics such as intimidation, threats, and manipulation, which are aimed at controlling and dominating the victim. By instilling fear in the victim, the abuser gains power and control over them, making it more difficult for the victim to leave the abusive relationship. Fear can also lead to a range of emotional and psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.

The correct answer is "all of the above". This means that all of the given options are correct explanations for why the gender equivalence argument is flawed. The argument is flawed because it makes false assumptions about the context of abuse, there are flaws in the self-report data that supported it, and some of the survey questions were flawed.

The correct answer is shock and disorientation. LaViolette and Barnett discuss how posttraumatic stress related to battering can result in individuals experiencing shock and disorientation. This can occur due to the traumatic nature of the experiences they have endured, leading to feelings of confusion, disorientation, and a sense of being overwhelmed.

Battered women are most like soldiers who have experienced wars in terms of their experience with and reactions to PTSD because both groups have been exposed to traumatic and life-threatening situations. Both may develop symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and avoidance of triggers. They may also experience difficulties in relationships and have a heightened startle response. The intensity and duration of the trauma experienced by both battered women and soldiers in wars can have a profound impact on their mental health and well-being.

LaViolette and Barnett suggest that effective prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) involves changing the prevailing model of masculinity. This means challenging traditional ideas of what it means to be a man and promoting healthier, non-violent forms of masculinity. By addressing the root causes of IPV, such as harmful gender norms and expectations, it is possible to create a society where violence is less tolerated and relationships are based on respect and equality. This approach focuses on changing societal attitudes and behaviors, rather than placing the burden on women to accept or overlook violence.

The correct answer is "provide housing for victims of IPV and their children." This is because shelters are specifically designed to provide a safe and secure living environment for individuals who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and their children. Shelters offer temporary housing, counseling, support services, and resources to help survivors rebuild their lives and escape the cycle of violence.

LaViolette and Barnett suggest that stopping abuse requires counseling for the victims/survivor. This implies that providing support and therapy to those who have experienced abuse is crucial in addressing and preventing further abuse. By offering counseling, individuals can receive the necessary guidance and support to heal from the trauma and break the cycle of abuse. This approach focuses on empowering the survivors and helping them regain control of their lives.

The explanation for the correct answer is that according to LaViolette and Barnett, the most successful response to batterers that stops the abuse is through the criminal justice system. This means that holding batterers accountable for their actions and involving the legal system in addressing the abuse is the most effective approach. Counseling may be helpful as well, but it is not sufficient on its own. Similarly, a coordinated response by clergy to reunite the family may not address the root causes of the abuse and may not prioritize the safety of the victim. Therefore, the criminal justice system is the most effective response.

The explanation for the correct answer, retraining, is that LaViolette and Barnett suggest that the medical, child protective, and criminal justice systems need to undergo retraining in order to change their attitudes and perceptions towards women and their abuse. This implies that by providing education and training to professionals in these systems, they can better understand and address the issue of abuse against women. Counseling and referral to religious counseling are not mentioned as effective solutions in changing these attitudes and perceptions.

The correct answer is "all of the above". According to LaViolette and Barnett, the voices of survivors of domestic violence suggest that doing something to end the violence sometimes helps, staying in the abusive relationship never helps, and there is danger associated with trying to end an abusive relationship.

According to LaViolette and Barnett and the researchers they highlight in their book, police training should include sensitization to the research on domestic violence. This means that police officers should be educated and made aware of the existing research on domestic violence, including its causes, effects, and patterns. This knowledge will help them better understand and respond to domestic violence cases, and ultimately improve their ability to support and protect victims.

LaViolette and Barnett suggest that in order for a victim to leave an abusive situation and become a survivor, two key steps are necessary. The first step is breaking the isolation of abuse, which means the victim needs to find a way to reach out and connect with others for support. The second step is having a supportive and encouraging person in their life who can provide guidance and help them through the process. This person can offer emotional support, resources, and assistance in making a plan to leave the abuser. By taking these two steps, the victim can begin to break free from the cycle of abuse and move towards a healthier and safer future.