Psych Practice Test #4
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Which of the following does the theory of parallel processing NOT support:
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We automatically identify primitive features of objects
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Different features are analyzed by separate systems
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All systems process simultaneously
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We can attend selectively to a single feature by blocking the other processes
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None of the Above
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About This Quiz
Psych Practice Test #4 assesses understanding of cognitive phenomena such as parallel processing, the cocktail party effect, change blindness, and memory models. This quiz evaluates key psychological concepts and memory mechanisms, essential for students studying cognitive psychology.
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- 2.
The ________ ______ phenomenon is an analogy to selective listening. It says that in the midst of a loud, chaotic party, you can focus on a single conversation but will respond to pertinent stimulus.
Explanation
The cocktail party phenomenon refers to the ability of individuals to selectively attend to a specific conversation or stimulus in a noisy environment. It is an analogy to selective listening, as it highlights the ability to filter out irrelevant information and focus on relevant cues. In a loud and chaotic party, individuals can tune in to a single conversation and respond to relevant stimuli, demonstrating their ability to focus their attention amidst distractions.Rate this question:
- 3.
Change Blindness is the phenomenon where we fail to notice large changes in the environment.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Change blindness refers to the human tendency to overlook significant changes in our surroundings. This phenomenon occurs when our attention is not focused on detecting alterations, leading us to miss even substantial modifications in the environment. As a result, we fail to notice these changes, which can range from the movement of objects to the addition or removal of elements in a scene. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the concept of change blindness.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The model of memory that compares memory to a computer has three phases of memory processing: ________, _______ and _________.
Correct Answer
encoding storage retrievalExplanation
The model of memory that compares memory to a computer has three phases of memory processing: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a format that can be stored in memory. Storage involves retaining the encoded information over time. Retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling the stored information when needed. These three phases work together to allow for the efficient functioning of memory, similar to how a computer processes and stores data.Rate this question:
- 5.
The three part system that involves sensory memory, short-term or working memory and long-term memory is known as:
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System Memory Model
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Modal Memory Model
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Cognitive Memory Model
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Serial Memory Model
Correct Answer
A. Modal Memory ModelExplanation
The correct answer is Modal Memory Model. This model refers to the three-part system of memory that includes sensory memory, short-term or working memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a very brief period, working memory temporarily stores and manipulates information, and long-term memory is the permanent storage of information. The term "modal" in this context refers to different modes or stages of memory processing.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge is known as:
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Chunking
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Change Blindness
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Change Awareness
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Memory
Correct Answer
A. MemoryExplanation
Memory refers to the ability to acquire, store, and retrieve information and skills. It involves the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, allowing individuals to retain and use knowledge and skills learned over time. Memory is essential for learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and overall cognitive functioning. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, allowing us to remember past experiences, recognize people and objects, and recall important information.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Approximately how long does sensory memory last (choose the best answer)?
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1 minute
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10 seconds
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5 seconds
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Less than 1 second
Correct Answer
A. Less than 1 secondExplanation
Sensory memory refers to the brief retention of sensory information after it is perceived. It acts as a buffer, allowing the brain to process and make sense of incoming stimuli. The correct answer, "Less than 1 second," accurately reflects the limited duration of sensory memory. This memory stage holds information for a very short time, typically less than a second, before it either decays or gets transferred to the next stage of memory processing.Rate this question:
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- 8.
How long does working memory last?
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20-30 minutes
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5-10 minutes
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20-30 seconds
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10-20 seconds
Correct Answer
A. 20-30 secondsExplanation
Working memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information in the mind. It is responsible for holding information that we are currently aware of and actively thinking about. Research suggests that the duration of working memory is limited to approximately 20-30 seconds. After this time, the information is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory for more permanent storage. This limited duration highlights the importance of actively rehearsing and manipulating information in order to retain it in working memory.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Short term memory is sometimes referred to as immediate memory.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Short term memory and immediate memory are often used interchangeably to refer to the same cognitive process. Both terms describe the ability to hold and manipulate a small amount of information for a brief period of time. This type of memory is responsible for temporarily storing information that is currently being used or processed, such as remembering a phone number long enough to dial it. Therefore, the statement that short term memory is sometimes referred to as immediate memory is true.Rate this question:
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- 10.
George Miller noted the memory span (limit of information that can be remembered) of working memory is generally around how many items?
Correct Answer
7
seven
5-9
five to nineExplanation
Seven, give or take 2.Rate this question:
- 11.
UTpHDNYUMAUCLABAMIT -> UT pHD NYU MA UCLA BA MITThe above process is known as:
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Serial Position Effect
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Chunking
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Episodic Buffer
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
Correct Answer
A. ChunkingExplanation
Chunking is the correct answer because the given process involves breaking down a long string of letters into smaller, meaningful chunks. By grouping the letters into familiar units such as university names and academic degrees, it becomes easier for the brain to process and remember the information. Chunking is a cognitive strategy that helps in organizing and encoding information more effectively, enhancing memory and recall.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Check the four working memory components:
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Central Executive
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Episodic Buffer
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Implicit memory
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
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Explicit memory
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Phonological loop
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Retrieval cue
Correct Answer(s)
A. Central Executive
A. Episodic Buffer
A. Visuospatial Sketchpad
A. Phonological loopExplanation
The correct answer includes the four working memory components: Central Executive, Episodic Buffer, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Phonological loop. These components are responsible for different functions in the working memory system. The Central Executive is in charge of attention and coordinating information from the other components. The Episodic Buffer integrates information from different sources and maintains a sense of time. The Visuospatial Sketchpad handles visual and spatial information. The Phonological loop deals with auditory information and language processing. Together, these components work together to process and manipulate information in our working memory.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The serial position effect is the ability to recall items from a list depending on its presentation.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that the serial position effect refers to the tendency to better remember items that are presented at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list, compared to items presented in the middle. This effect occurs because items at the beginning are more likely to be encoded into long-term memory, while items at the end are still present in short-term memory. Therefore, it is true that the ability to recall items from a list depends on their presentation order.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The primacy effect is where:
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Rehearsing material many times will allow you to recall it better later
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Objects presented last are remembered better than those presented in the middle
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Objects presented first are better remembered than those presented in the middle
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People act like primates when presented with primary reinforcers
Correct Answer
A. Objects presented first are better remembered than those presented in the middleExplanation
The primacy effect refers to the phenomenon where objects or information presented at the beginning of a list or sequence are better remembered compared to those presented in the middle. This can be attributed to the fact that items presented first receive more attention and are more likely to be encoded into long-term memory. As the list progresses, earlier items have already been rehearsed and consolidated in memory, making them more easily retrievable. This effect is commonly observed in various memory tasks and is believed to be influenced by factors such as attention, rehearsal, and the serial position of items.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following temporarily holds information about one's self?
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Central Executive
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Visuospatial sketchpad
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Episodic Buffer
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Phonological loop
Correct Answer
A. Episodic BufferExplanation
The episodic buffer is responsible for temporarily holding information about one's self. It acts as a storage system that integrates information from different cognitive processes, such as perception, attention, and long-term memory, to create a coherent and unified representation of personal experiences. This allows individuals to have a sense of self and to recall past events and personal details. The other options, central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, and phonological loop, are all components of working memory but do not specifically hold information about one's self.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Check the types of memory that require conscious effort (some may be subsections of other types):
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Explicit
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Implicit
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Declarative
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Procedural
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Episodic
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Semantic
Correct Answer(s)
A. Explicit
A. Declarative
A. Episodic
A. SemanticExplanation
The correct answer includes the types of memory that require conscious effort. Explicit memory refers to the intentional recall of information, while declarative memory involves the ability to consciously remember facts and events. Episodic memory relates to the recollection of specific personal experiences, and semantic memory involves the conscious recall of general knowledge and concepts. These types of memory require conscious effort because they involve deliberate retrieval and retrieval cues. Implicit and procedural memory, on the other hand, do not require conscious effort as they involve automatic and unconscious recall of skills and habits.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Prospective memory:
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Is memory for knowledge about the world
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Is memory for ones past experiences
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Is memory for how to do things automatically
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Is memory for doing something at some future time
Correct Answer
A. Is memory for doing something at some future timeExplanation
Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to perform a planned action or intention in the future. It involves remembering to do something at a specific time or in a specific situation. This type of memory is important for tasks such as remembering to attend an appointment, take medication, or complete a task. It is different from other types of memory, such as episodic memory (memory for past experiences) or semantic memory (memory for knowledge about the world).Rate this question:
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- 18.
It is easier to remember something with personal meaning to us than something we repetitively memorize.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
This statement suggests that we are more likely to remember information that has personal relevance or significance to us compared to information that we repeatedly memorize without any personal connection. Personal meaning adds an emotional element to the information, making it more memorable. This is supported by research in psychology, which shows that personal relevance enhances memory retention and recall. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which type of encoding is the most effective?
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Visual
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Acoustic
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Semantic
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All are equal
Correct Answer
A. SemanticExplanation
Visual is what it looks like.
Acoustic is what it sounds like.
Semantic is what it means.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The encoding specificity principle says that not every stimulus encoded with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Any experience coded with it will work.Rate this question:
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- 21.
A group of divers learn a list of words underwater and are tested both on land and underwater for how many they can remember. They recall more words while in the water. This is an example of all but which of the following:
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Encoding specificity principle
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Context dependent memory
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Association memory
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State dependent memory
Correct Answer
A. Context dependent memoryExplanation
It's context because their improved memory results from their physical context. State dependent memory results from internal and mental states, not physical.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following brain regions is associated with working memory?
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Hippocampus
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Temporal Lobe
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Amygdala
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Cerebellum
Correct Answer
A. Prefrontal CortexExplanation
The prefrontal cortex is associated with working memory. Working memory is the cognitive ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information in the mind. The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, plays a crucial role in this process by coordinating and controlling the storage and manipulation of information. It is involved in tasks such as decision-making, problem-solving, and attention. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can impair working memory and lead to difficulties in tasks that require holding and manipulating information in the mind.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is associated with fear learning?
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Hippocampus
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Temporal Lobe
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Amygdala
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Cerebellum
Correct Answer
A. AmygdalaExplanation
The amygdala is associated with fear learning. It is a small, almond-shaped structure located deep within the brain. The amygdala plays a crucial role in processing and regulating emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. It is involved in the formation and storage of fear memories, as well as the physiological and behavioral responses to fear-inducing stimuli. Damage to the amygdala can result in impairments in fear learning and the ability to recognize and respond to threats.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of the following is associated with motor memory?
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Hippocampus
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Temporal Lobe
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Amygdala
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Cerebellum
Correct Answer
A. CerebellumExplanation
The cerebellum is associated with motor memory. It plays a crucial role in coordinating and fine-tuning movements, as well as in learning and storing motor skills. Damage to the cerebellum can result in motor coordination difficulties and impairments in motor memory, indicating its involvement in this process. The prefrontal cortex is more involved in executive functions, decision-making, and planning, while the hippocampus is associated with memory consolidation and spatial navigation. The temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and language, and the amygdala is associated with emotional processing.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following is responsible for spatial memory?
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Hippocampus
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Temporal Lobe
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Amygdala
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Cerebellum
Correct Answer
A. HippocampusExplanation
The hippocampus is responsible for spatial memory. It is a region in the brain that plays a crucial role in forming and storing memories, particularly those related to spatial navigation and location. Studies have shown that damage to the hippocampus can lead to severe impairment in spatial memory, such as the ability to remember routes or navigate in familiar environments. This suggests that the hippocampus is essential for encoding and retrieving spatial information.Rate this question:
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- 26.
The cells in the hippocampus that aid spatial memory are known as _____ cells.
Correct Answer
PlaceExplanation
The cells in the hippocampus that aid spatial memory are known as place cells. These cells are responsible for encoding and representing specific locations or places in an individual's environment. They play a crucial role in spatial navigation and memory formation by firing in response to the presence or movement within a specific place. This allows for the creation of a cognitive map that helps individuals navigate and remember different locations.Rate this question:
- 27.
Consolidation is a neural process involved when memories are recalled and stored again for later retrieval.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Trick question. REconsolidation is when they're recalled from memories and stored again. Consolidation takes contents from your immediate, working memory and puts them in long term memory. Thinkg of consolidation as learning and reconsolidation as studying.Rate this question:
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- 28.
A broad, pervasive theme or pattern that is deeply entrenched and central to the sense of ones self is called a...
Correct Answer
schemaExplanation
Examples of schemas:
Abandonment
Mistrust and Abuse
Emotional Deprivation
Dependence
Vulnerability
Defectiveness
Approval-Seeking
Self-Sacrifice
Unrelenting Standards
EntitlementRate this question:
- 29.
Deep encoding tasks will more likely lead to frontal activation of the brain than will shallow encoding tasks.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Pg 308 in text.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Ryan experiences frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts and flashbacks to his time in World War II. Ryan likely has...
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Schizophrenia
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Shellshock
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Retrograde Amnesia
Correct Answer
A. Posttraumatic Stress DisorderExplanation
Ryan's symptoms of frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks are indicative of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as combat in war. These symptoms are often triggered by reminders of the traumatic event and can significantly impact a person's daily life. Schizophrenia is a different mental disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Shellshock is an outdated term for PTSD specifically related to war trauma. Retrograde amnesia is a memory disorder and does not encompass the range of symptoms described by Ryan.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Forgetting is defined as...
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The removal of memory from long term storage.
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The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage
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I can't remember the definition...
Correct Answer
A. The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storageExplanation
The correct answer is "The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage." This means that forgetting refers to the difficulty or inability to recall or retrieve information that has been stored in long-term memory. It does not involve the actual removal of memory from long-term storage, but rather the inability to access or bring it back into conscious awareness.Rate this question:
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- 32.
One difference in gender between females' and males' underlying brain mechanisms for memory is found in...
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Motor Memory
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Emotional Memory
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Childhood Memory
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Explicit Memory
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There are no differences in memory.
Correct Answer
A. Emotional MemoryExplanation
Females and males have different underlying brain mechanisms for emotional memory. This means that the way they process and remember emotional experiences may differ. This could be due to various factors, such as hormonal differences or societal influences. However, it is important to note that this does not mean that one gender has a better or worse memory than the other. It simply means that there are variations in how emotional memories are processed and stored in the brain.Rate this question:
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- 33.
What changes occur at the synapses when people learn and remember? Check all that apply.
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Neural connections are strengthened
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Reuptake is enhanced
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Neurons make more synaptic connections
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Brain regions associated with learning and remembering become more sensitive to glucose
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The amygdala grows larger
Correct Answer(s)
A. Neural connections are strengthened
A. Neurons make more synaptic connectionsExplanation
When people learn and remember, changes occur at the synapses. Neural connections are strengthened, meaning that the connections between neurons become more efficient and effective. Additionally, neurons make more synaptic connections, increasing the overall connectivity in the brain. These changes help to facilitate the storage and retrieval of information, enhancing the learning and memory processes.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Transcience is the pattern of forgetting over time.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Transcience refers to the phenomenon of forgetting information over time. This means that as time passes, memories and knowledge tend to fade and become less accessible. Therefore, the statement "Transcience is the pattern of forgetting over time" is true.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The temporary inability to remember something that is known is called:
Correct Answer
blockingExplanation
Blocking refers to the temporary inability to retrieve or recall information that is known or stored in memory. It occurs when one experiences a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where they are aware of knowing the information but are unable to access it at that moment. This can happen due to interference from similar or competing information, or simply due to a temporary lapse in memory retrieval. Blocking is a common occurrence and is often resolved with time or the use of memory cues.Rate this question:
- 36.
Mike knows a man named Fred. He then meets a man named George that looks just like him and keeps calling him Fred. This is an example of retroactive interference.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
RETROACTIVE interference is NEW information inhibiting the ability to remember old information.
PROACTIVE interference is the inability to remember new information because of old information interfering.
Page 314 in the textbook.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The inattentive or shallow encoding of events is known as:
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Misattribution
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Suggestibility
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Bias
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Absentmindedness
Correct Answer
A. AbsentmindednessExplanation
Absentmindedness refers to the inattentive or shallow encoding of events. It is a state of mind where one is not fully present or focused on the task at hand, leading to a lack of proper encoding and subsequent difficulty in recalling or remembering information. This can happen when someone is preoccupied, distracted, or not paying enough attention to the details of an event or experience. Absentmindedness can result in forgetfulness and errors in memory retrieval.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Epinephrine enhances memory
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone that plays a significant role in the body's "fight or flight" response to stress. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, preparing the body for quick action. Research has shown that epinephrine also has an impact on memory formation and retrieval. It enhances the consolidation of memories, making them more vivid and easier to recall. Therefore, the statement "Epinephrine enhances memory" is true.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Retrograde amnesia is a condition where you lose the ability to make future memories and anterograde amnesia is where you forget past memories.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Vice versa. Page 315-316Rate this question:
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- 40.
Long term alcohol abuse can lead to amnesia.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Long-term alcohol abuse can lead to vitamin deficiency that results in thalamic damage and subsequently amnesia. This is known as Korsakoff's syndrome.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following is an example of a Flashbulb Memory?
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The first time you rode a two wheel bike
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Last Tuesday's homework
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What you had for dinner on Thursday
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What time the exam is at on Wednesday
Correct Answer
A. The first time you rode a two wheel bikeExplanation
Flashbulb memory: Vivid memory for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, consequential and emotionally arousing event.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The Von Restoroff effect is the phenomenon where:
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Vivid memories tend to be more accurate than trivial ones
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Vivid memories are easier recalled than trivial ones, even if not accurate
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Vivid memories are harder to recall than trivial ones, even if they are more accurate
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Vivid memories are less accurately recalled than trivial ones.
Correct Answer
A. Vivid memories are easier recalled than trivial ones, even if not accurateExplanation
The Von Restoroff effect refers to the phenomenon where vivid memories are easier to recall than trivial ones, even if they are not accurate. This means that our brains tend to prioritize and remember vivid or salient information more readily, even if it may not be entirely accurate. This effect highlights the impact of attention and emotional significance on memory retrieval.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Cryptomnesia is an example of which type of memory problem
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Suggestibility
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Bias
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Persistence
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Source Misattribution
Correct Answer
A. Source MisattributionExplanation
Cryptomnesia is where a person thinks they come up with a new idea but really just forget the source. While it is similar to suggestibility the correct answer would be misattribution.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information is known as...
Correct Answer
suggestibility
suggestability
suggestionExplanation
The development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information is known as suggestibility. This refers to the tendency of individuals to incorporate false details into their memories based on suggestions or misinformation. Suggestibility can occur when people are exposed to leading questions, misleading information, or suggestive cues, leading them to remember events or details that did not actually happen.Rate this question:
- 45.
Jenny tells Billy a rumor. Billy tells the rumor to Joe, and Joe asks where he heard it from. Billy can't remember. What is this an example of?
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Source Amnesia
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Rumor Conundrum
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Confabulation
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Rumor Memory Effect
Correct Answer
A. Source AmnesiaExplanation
This scenario is an example of source amnesia. Source amnesia refers to the inability to remember the origin or source of a piece of information. In this case, Billy heard a rumor from Jenny but cannot recall where he heard it from when Joe asks. This demonstrates the phenomenon of source amnesia, where the memory of the source of information is lost or forgotten.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Confabulation is the false recollection of episodic memory.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Confabulation refers to the phenomenon where individuals unknowingly create false memories or fabricate details to fill in gaps in their memory. It is a form of memory distortion where the person genuinely believes in the accuracy of their recollection, despite it being false. This false recollection is specifically associated with episodic memory, which involves recalling specific events or experiences. Therefore, the statement "Confabulation is the false recollection of episodic memory" is true, as it accurately describes the nature of confabulation.Rate this question:
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- 47.
The changing of memories over time to be consistent with prior beliefs is known as memory bias.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Memory bias refers to the tendency of our memories to be influenced by our prior beliefs and expectations. It is a cognitive phenomenon where our memories can change or be distorted over time to align with our existing beliefs. This bias can affect our recollection of events, leading to inaccuracies or alterations in our memory. Therefore, the statement that the changing of memories over time to be consistent with prior beliefs is known as memory bias is true.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Saying ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow is known as what:
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Visual Imagery
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Mnemonics
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Overlearning
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Phonics
Correct Answer
A. MnemonicsExplanation
Mnemonics are memory aids that help individuals remember information or concepts. In this case, saying "ROY G. BIV" is a mnemonic device used to remember the colors of the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Mnemonics are commonly used to simplify complex or lengthy information into a more memorable format, making it easier for individuals to recall.Rate this question:
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- 49.
A picture of a violin is an example of a(n):
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Analogical Representation
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Symbolic Representation
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Defining Attribute Model
Correct Answer
A. Analogical RepresentationExplanation
Analogical is a representation sharing actual characteristics to an object.
Symbolic representations do not share characteristics are are abstract to the object (ie. the word "Violin")Rate this question:
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