ACE Your Biology Exam - Biology Mock Test About RNA And Protein Synthesis

Endonucleases are enzymes that can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA at those sites. Therefore, the correct answer is B because it implies that the DNA sequence in option B can be recognized and cleaved by endonucleases.

All tRNA molecules have the same general shape. This shape consists of a cloverleaf structure with several loops and stems. The loops and stems are formed by base pairing between complementary nucleotides within the tRNA molecule. This general shape allows tRNA molecules to interact with other molecules involved in protein synthesis, such as ribosomes and amino acids. While tRNA molecules may vary in their specific nucleotide sequences and anticodons, they all share this common general shape.

The least number of tRNA molecules needed to form a polypeptide chain that consists of 50 amino acids of 15 types is 15 molecules. Each tRNA molecule can only carry one specific amino acid, so for a polypeptide chain with 50 amino acids of 15 types, there needs to be at least one tRNA molecule for each type of amino acid. Therefore, 15 tRNA molecules are needed.

Glycine is the correct answer because it is the only amino acid that has a hydrogen atom as its side chain or (R) group. In all other amino acids listed, there is a specific functional group or side chain attached to the central carbon atom, while glycine lacks any side chain and only has a single hydrogen atom.

The anticodon on the tRNA determines the type of amino acid that binds with the tRNA molecule. The anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on the tRNA that is complementary to the codon on the mRNA during translation. This complementary base pairing ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Therefore, the anticodon plays a crucial role in the specificity and accuracy of protein synthesis.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for translating the genetic codons to proteins. tRNA molecules have specific anticodons that bind to the complementary codons on messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. This allows the correct amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The ribosome is the cellular machinery where protein synthesis occurs, but it is the tRNA molecules that actually carry out the translation process. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, but it is the tRNA that interprets this information and brings the corresponding amino acids. Peptidyl transferase is an enzyme found in the ribosome that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis.

The molecule B needs a higher denaturation temperature because it has a higher percentage of G-C base pairs, which are connected by three hydrogen bonds, compared to A, C, and D. The higher number of hydrogen bonds makes the molecule more stable and requires a higher temperature to break these bonds and separate the DNA strands.

The correct answer is G / C / A. This is determined by reading the figure from left to right and top to bottom. The first letter in each row represents the first number, the second letter represents the second number, and the third letter represents the third number. Therefore, the numbers (1), (2), and (3) respectively are G, C, and A.

When DNA is heated to 100°C, hydrogen bonds are disrupted. This is because hydrogen bonds are relatively weak compared to covalent or ionic bonds, and heat can break these bonds. Hydrogen bonds are important in maintaining the double helix structure of DNA, so when they are disrupted, the DNA molecule unravels and separates into single strands. This process is known as denaturation and is often used in laboratory techniques such as PCR to separate the DNA strands for further analysis.

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. In the context of joining a piece of human DNA with a plasmid, both the human DNA and the plasmid need to be treated with the same restriction endonuclease. This enzyme will cut the DNA at specific sites, creating compatible ends that can be ligated together. Polymerase is involved in DNA replication, reverse transcriptase is used in the synthesis of cDNA from RNA, and ligase is used to join DNA fragments together, but in this case, the correct enzyme is restriction endonuclease.

Histidine would be transferred next to Threonine because the question is asking for the amino acid that would come after Threonine in a sequence. Out of the given options, Histidine is the only one that follows Threonine alphabetically.

Reverse transcriptase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing DNA from an RNA template. This process is known as reverse transcription and is commonly found in retroviruses, such as HIV. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand using the RNA template as a guide. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the replication of retroviruses and is also used in laboratory techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the amplification and analysis of RNA molecules.

During protein synthesis, the ribosome moves along the mRNA in a process called translocation. The second movement of the ribosome is to bring the next codon to the "P" site. The "P" site is where the growing polypeptide chain is held and the next amino acid is added. This movement ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing chain based on the codon sequence of the mRNA.

The number of nucleotides on a gene responsible for manufacturing a protein can be determined by multiplying the number of amino acids by 3. This is because each amino acid is coded by a sequence of three nucleotides called a codon. In this case, since the protein consists of 81 amino acids, the number of nucleotides would be 81 * 3 = 243.

A polypeptide is formed through the process of translation, where the sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA molecule. Each amino acid is coded for by a specific sequence of three nucleotides called a codon. Since there are 21 amino acids in the polypeptide, there would need to be at least 63 nucleotides in the RNA molecule (21 amino acids x 3 nucleotides per codon) in order to code for each amino acid. Therefore, the correct answer is 63.

The given percentages of nitrogenous bases (A, G, U, and C) indicate that this nucleic acid is RNA. RNA is a single-stranded molecule that contains the nitrogenous base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) found in DNA. The percentages of A, G, U, and C in the given nucleic acid match those commonly found in RNA, confirming that it is a single-stranded RNA molecule.

The diagram most likely represents the process of translation because it involves the conversion of genetic information from mRNA into a sequence of amino acids, which ultimately results in the synthesis of a protein. This process takes place in the ribosomes and involves the interaction between mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal subunits. Replication refers to the copying of DNA, transcription involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA, and hybridization is the process of combining two complementary strands of nucleic acids.

The anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides found on transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules that is complementary to a specific codon on messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. In this case, the codon AUC would pair with the anticodon TAG on the tRNA. However, the stop codon UAA does not have a complementary anticodon, as tRNAs do not carry corresponding anticodons for stop codons. Therefore, the triplet AUC cannot be an anticodon for a tRNA.

The triple code "ATT" represents a stop codon on the DNA strand. In the genetic code, stop codons signal the end of protein synthesis and do not code for any amino acids. Therefore, when the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it releases the newly synthesized protein and terminates translation.

The given mRNA sequence is 5'-AUG-CCA-GUA-UGA-3'. According to the table of codons, AUG codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met), CCA codes for Proline (Pro), GUA codes for Valine (Val), and UGA is a stop codon which does not code for any amino acid. Therefore, the correct amino acid sequence for the given mRNA sequence is Met - Pro - Val.

The genome refers to all of the DNA found in every single cell of the body. It includes both the coding and non-coding regions of the DNA, as well as any other genetic material present in the cell. This encompasses all the genetic information necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of an organism.

Haemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot. It is caused by a mutation in the genes that control clotting factors. The gene responsible for haemophilia is located on the X chromosome. Since humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and the X chromosome is the 23rd pair, it follows that the chromosome carrying the gene for haemophilia would be the 23rd chromosome in size.

DNA ligase plays a crucial role in forming recombinant DNA by joining the gaps in the sugar-phosphate backbones of combined DNA. It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, sealing the gaps and creating a continuous DNA strand. This process is essential for the creation of recombinant DNA molecules, which are formed by combining DNA fragments from different sources. The other options mentioned are not accurate explanations for the role of DNA ligase in forming recombinant DNA.

Before a gene can be produced using laboratory techniques in "gene machines," the sequence of nucleotide bases that code for the desired protein must be determined. This sequence is necessary to synthesize the gene accurately and ensure that the resulting protein is correctly produced. The other options mentioned are important factors in understanding the gene's function and regulation but are not directly related to the synthesis process.

An oligonucleotide is a synthetically produced short strand of DNA or RNA. It is created in the process used by gene machines. Oligonucleotides are used in various molecular biology techniques, such as DNA sequencing, PCR, and gene synthesis. They are typically around 10-50 nucleotides in length and can be designed to have specific sequences for various applications, such as gene expression analysis or gene editing.

Sticky ends are beneficial for restriction enzymes because fragments of DNA cut with the same restriction enzyme can be easily joined by their complementary bases. The sticky ends provide a single-stranded overhang that can easily pair up with another fragment of DNA with a complementary sequence. This allows for the creation of recombinant DNA molecules, where different DNA fragments can be combined to create new sequences. Sticky ends make the process of joining DNA fragments more efficient and precise.

Seedless grapes being sprayed with solutions containing the hormone gibberellin to increase their size is not an example of an organism modified by genetic engineering. Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA, such as inserting or modifying genes. In this case, the hormone gibberellin is being applied externally to the grapes, rather than modifying the genetic makeup of the grapes themselves.

Recombinant DNA technology is used to manipulate and combine DNA from different sources. It has various applications, such as producing therapeutic proteins (like insulin) using bacterial cells, creating safe vaccines by modifying bacterial genomes, and developing genetically modified crops. However, modifying human genomes before birth to assign specific characteristics, like eye color, is not a current use of recombinant DNA technology. This type of genetic modification is not yet possible and raises ethical concerns.

In PCR, the annealing step occurs when the DNA template and primer bind together. This step requires a specific temperature at which the primer can bind to the complementary DNA sequence. The correct answer is 54˚ because it is the temperature at which the primer and DNA template can form a stable and specific bond.

The mismatch in the given options is "Template - double stranded DNA". In DNA replication, the template strand is single-stranded, while the newly synthesized strand is complementary and forms a double-stranded DNA molecule. The template strand serves as a guide for the synthesis of the new DNA strand. Therefore, the correct answer is "Template - double stranded DNA".

DNA hybridization is a process in which two single strands of DNA from different sources are allowed to form a double-stranded molecule by base pairing. The stability of this double-stranded DNA is measured by its melting temperature, which is the temperature at which the two strands separate. The more similar the DNA sequences are between two species, the more hydrogen bonds they will form, resulting in a higher melting temperature. Therefore, the statement "The more similar the DNA, the higher the DNA melting temperature" is true.

DNA hybridization is a technique used to determine the degree of genetic similarity between different species. By comparing the DNA sequences of different organisms, scientists can determine their evolutionary relationships and identify how closely related they are. This information can be used to study the evolutionary history of species, understand their genetic diversity, and track their evolutionary changes over time. Therefore, DNA hybridization is commonly used to look for species' relatedness.

mRNA (messenger RNA) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by providing a genetic map for the protein. It carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where the actual synthesis of proteins occurs. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein, thus acting as a blueprint or genetic map for protein synthesis. This process is known as translation, where the mRNA is "read" by ribosomes to assemble the correct amino acids in the correct order to form a protein.

The given protein sequence consists of 11 amino acids. Each amino acid is encoded by a codon on the mRNA. Since there are 11 amino acids, there must be more than 10 codons on the mRNA responsible for the synthesis of this protein.

If a CAUUUG sequence of bases mutated to CACUUG, only one base has changed (A to C) in the sequence. This change in the DNA sequence would lead to a change in the corresponding mRNA sequence during transcription. Since the genetic code is read in groups of three bases (codons), this single base change would result in a different codon being formed. As a result, the codon would specify a different amino acid, causing a change in the identity of one amino acid in the protein sequence. Therefore, the correct answer is that the identity of one amino acid would change.

The number of amino acids formed by translating an mRNA molecule into protein is determined by the number of codons, which are groups of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid. Since each codon consists of three nucleotides, the number of codons in an mRNA molecule can be calculated by dividing the total number of nucleotides by three. In this case, dividing 336 nucleotides by three gives us 112 codons, which means that 112 amino acids will be formed.

RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. It does this by creating an RNA strand that is complementary to the DNA template strand. The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand in a 3' to 5' direction, synthesizing the RNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction. This process is known as transcription. Therefore, the statement "RNA polymerase creates an RNA strand from 5' to 3' using the 3' to 5' DNA strand as a template" is correct.

A DNA molecule contains two complete turns when it forms a double helix structure. Each complete turn of the DNA helix consists of 10 nucleotide pairs. Since each nucleotide pair consists of two nucleotides, the total number of nucleotides in two complete turns of a DNA molecule is 20 nucleotides per turn. Therefore, the total number of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that contains two complete turns is 40.

This answer is correct because it correctly identifies the feature of the genetic code being described. The fact that alanine can be coded for by multiple codons (GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG) demonstrates degeneracy in the genetic code, where several code words have the same meaning. This allows for redundancy and provides a degree of error tolerance in the translation of the genetic code.

not-available-via-ai

The formation of a protein consisting of 300 amino acids requires the transcription of a DNA molecule. Each amino acid is encoded by a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA, known as a codon. Since there are 300 amino acids, there would be 300 codons on the DNA molecule that need to be transcribed. Each turn of the DNA molecule transcribes approximately 3.3 codons. Therefore, to transcribe 300 codons, approximately 90 turns of the DNA molecule would be required.

The AUG codon on the mRNA is not positioned as the start codon on the A-site of the ribosome.

The correct answer is 5' AGGUACU 3'. This is because the DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA by replacing T with U. Therefore, the mRNA sequence would be 5' AGGUACU 3'.

not-available-via-ai

The number of polymerase enzymes in the nucleus of your body cells is 4.

The sequence CCA is found at the 3' end of the tRNA molecule. This sequence is important for the binding of specific amino acids to the tRNA during protein synthesis. The 3' end of the tRNA molecule contains a CCA sequence that serves as a binding site for the amino acid. This allows the tRNA to carry the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation.

Progesterone is a hormone that is primarily involved in regulating the female reproductive system. It is produced by the ovaries and plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Unlike the other options, myosin, keratin, and collagen, which are structural proteins, progesterone is a regulatory protein that controls various physiological processes in the body. Therefore, it is the correct answer for this question.

The sequence 5'GUCUGGACCUAG3' is referred to as the "end sequence" of mRNA because it represents the portion of the mRNA molecule that is closest to the 3' end. In mRNA, the 3' end is where the poly-A tail is added, and it is also the end where translation begins. Therefore, the given sequence is considered to be the "end sequence" of mRNA.

In the figure, part D is important for the stability of the molecule. This is because part D is a functional group called a hydroxyl group (-OH), which is a characteristic feature of alcohols and plays a crucial role in determining the chemical properties and reactivity of the molecule. The presence of a hydroxyl group can influence the molecule's solubility, acidity/basicity, and ability to undergo various chemical reactions. Therefore, part D is important for the stability of the molecule.

Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, these ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus, a region within the nucleus of the cell. The nucleolus is involved in the assembly of ribosomal subunits, which then migrate to the cytoplasm where they function in protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is nucleolus.

The determination of the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is important for the determination of the sequence of amino acids in the corresponding protein. mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein. The nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is read in groups of three, called codons, and each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid. Therefore, by determining the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA, we can determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Each amino acid is coded for by a specific tRNA molecule. Since there are 10 types of amino acids, we would need at least 10 different tRNA molecules to form a polypeptide chain consisting of 100 amino acids. Therefore, the correct answer is 10.

Ligases enzymes are responsible for repairing DNA by joining the broken ends of DNA strands. They also play a role in DNA replication by joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. However, ligases do not have a role in binding mRNA with ribosomes. This task is performed by ribosomes themselves, which are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is "Binding the mRNA with ribosome."

The structure (X) was made in the nucleus. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains the genetic material, DNA. It is responsible for regulating all the activities of the cell, including the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, it is likely that the structure (X) was made in the nucleus as it plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

The number of amino acids produced by mRNA is determined by the number of codons, which are three-base sequences that code for a specific amino acid. Since each codon corresponds to one amino acid, the number of codons is equal to the number of amino acids. In this case, the nucleic acid consists of 1800 base pairs, which can be divided by 3 to give 600 codons. However, the start codon (AUG) is not counted as an amino acid, so the correct answer is 599.

This sentence suggests that scientists begin with cells that have the gene of interest already active. This is a crucial step in the production of a recombinant DNA, as it allows scientists to isolate and manipulate the gene of interest in order to create a new DNA molecule with desired characteristics. Therefore, the correct answer is "Production of a recombinant DNA".

Regulatory proteins that promote the transcription process bind to specific sequences in the DNA. These sequences, known as regulatory elements or transcription factor binding sites, are typically located in the promoter region of a gene. When a regulatory protein binds to these specific sequences, it can enhance or inhibit the transcription of the gene, thereby controlling gene expression. This binding is an essential step in regulating the transcription process and ultimately determining which genes are expressed in a cell.

The figure illustrates a technique of DNA hybridization, which is used to detect the presence of a specific gene in a DNA molecule and determine its amount. This technique involves the use of labeled DNA probes that bind to complementary sequences in the target DNA. By measuring the intensity of the signal produced by the bound probes, scientists can determine the presence and quantity of the target gene. This technique is commonly used in molecular biology research and genetic testing.

There are 61 different types of tRNA that participate in protein synthesis in living organisms. tRNA molecules are responsible for carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation. Each type of tRNA has a specific anticodon sequence that matches with a codon on the mRNA, allowing the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain. With 61 different types of tRNA, each representing a different amino acid, the genetic code can be properly translated into proteins.

In DNA, the process of translation occurs when mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template and then used to produce proteins. Thymine is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, and it pairs with adenine. In order to stop the translation process, a stop codon needs to be inserted into the mRNA sequence. In this diagram, the thymine base should be inserted at place number (2) because it would create a stop codon when paired with adenine, signaling the end of translation.

A polypeptide chain consists of 12 amino acids, and each amino acid is coded by a sequence of three nucleotides called a codon. Therefore, to determine the number of nucleotide pairs in the gene that codes for this polypeptide chain, we need to multiply the number of amino acids by the number of nucleotides per codon. Since there are 3 nucleotides per codon, the gene should be consisted of 12 x 3 = 36 nucleotides. However, since nucleotide pairs are formed by base pairing (A-T and G-C), we need to consider both strands of the DNA double helix. Therefore, the correct answer is 36 x 2 = 72 nucleotide pairs, which is not listed as an option. Thus, the closest option to the correct answer is 39 nucleotide pairs.

The correct order for manufacturing genes using a gene machine is as follows: first, the bioinformatic techniques are used to design the gene sequence (3). Then, the laboratory techniques are employed to synthesize the gene (1). Next, the synthesized gene is inserted into a vector or host organism (2). After that, the gene is expressed and the desired protein is produced (5). Finally, the protein is purified and characterized (4).

Releasing factors are proteins that bind to the stop codon on the mRNA during translation in eukaryotes. This binding triggers the release of the newly synthesized protein from the ribosome and prevents further translation. Therefore, releasing factors act as suppressors that block translation in eukaryotes.

r-RNA plays a catalytic role in protein synthesis. It is a component of the ribosome, the cellular machinery responsible for translating mRNA into proteins. Within the ribosome, r-RNA helps to position the mRNA and t-RNA molecules, allowing for the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. This catalytic activity of r-RNA facilitates the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain, ultimately leading to protein synthesis.

The peptidyl transferase enzyme, which is responsible for forming peptide bonds, is located in the larger subunit of the ribosome. The ribosome is composed of two subunits, the smaller subunit and the larger subunit. The larger subunit contains the active site for peptidyl transferase, where the actual peptide bond formation occurs. Therefore, the correct answer is the larger subunit of the ribosome.

A polysome refers to a complex of multiple ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA molecule. This means that the ribosomes in a polysome are all synthesizing the same polypeptide chain. Therefore, the correct answer is "Active site of synthesizing the same polypeptide."

The DNA template reads "ATA," and in mRNA, the base pairs are complementary. In DNA, A pairs with T, so in mRNA, T would pair with A. Therefore, the corresponding sequence on the mRNA would be "UAU."

The correct answer is "All the previous". The pores in the nuclear membrane allow the transfer of ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA to the cytoplasm. This means that all of these components can pass through the nuclear membrane and move into the cytoplasm, where they can carry out their respective functions in protein synthesis.

Peptidyl transfrase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids of a growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. It is found in the ribosome and plays a crucial role in the elongation phase of translation. Peptidyl transfrase transfers the amino acid from the tRNA in the A site of the ribosome to the growing polypeptide chain in the P site, forming a peptide bond. This process allows the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing chain, ultimately leading to the synthesis of a functional protein.

The 5' end of tRNA molecule is the site for attachment of amino acid. This is where the amino acid is covalently attached to the tRNA molecule through an ester bond. The 3' end of tRNA molecule contains the CCA sequence which is important for amino acid attachment, but the actual attachment site is the 5' end. The anti-codon loop is responsible for base-pairing with the codon on mRNA during protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is 5' end.

The mRNA sequence is complementary to the DNA sequence and replaces the T nucleotides with U nucleotides. Therefore, the correct mRNA sequence for the given DNA sequence 5'CAAGGT 3' would be CAAGGU.

The anticodon of tRNA for methionine amino acid is UAC. The anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on the tRNA molecule that is complementary to the codon on the mRNA during translation. In this case, the codon for methionine is AUG, so the anticodon on the tRNA would be UAC, as it is the complementary sequence.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules have base pairing at different areas of the molecule. tRNA molecules have a specific three-dimensional structure, with regions that can form complementary base pairs with other regions within the same molecule. This base pairing allows tRNA to fold into a cloverleaf-like shape, with the anticodon region positioned correctly to interact with the codon on mRNA during protein synthesis. In contrast, messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do not typically have base pairing at different areas of the molecule. mRNA is a linear molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, while rRNA is a component of the ribosome and plays a structural role in protein synthesis.

This statement is not true because at the end of eukaryotic genes, there is not always a poly-thymine sequence to transcribe a poly-adenine tail on the mRNA. The addition of the poly-A tail occurs after transcription, not during transcription. The poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule and is composed of multiple adenine bases.

When a recombinant DNA molecule is introduced into a bacterial cell, the cell needs to be exposed to a "heat shock" or "chemical ions" in order to increase the DNA permeability. This means that the heat shock or chemical ions help to make the bacterial cell membrane more permeable, allowing the recombinant DNA molecule to enter the cell more easily. This increased permeability facilitates the binding of the gene (DNA) and the plasmid together, which is necessary for the successful incorporation of the recombinant DNA into the bacterial cell.

To form a protein composed of 50 amino acids, each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of three nucleotides called a codon. Therefore, the number of nucleotides needed would be 50 amino acids multiplied by 3 nucleotides per codon, which equals 150 nucleotides. However, in addition to the coding sequence, there are also start and stop codons present in the mRNA molecule. These additional nucleotides bring the total number of nucleotides required to 153.

During mRNA transcription, the first triple code that follows the promoter on the DNA is called the start codon. The start codon is responsible for initiating the process of protein synthesis. In this case, the start codon is TAC.

In step 3, a computer is used to generate a sequence of oligonucleotides that will match the DNA sequence. This process involves bioinformatic techniques to analyze the DNA sequence and determine the corresponding oligonucleotide sequence. The computer then uses this information to generate the desired oligonucleotide sequence. This step is crucial in the manufacturing of genes using gene machines, as it ensures that the synthesized oligonucleotides accurately represent the desired DNA sequence.