DNA, Protein Synthesis & Mutations
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
The following diagram represents which of the following selections?
- A.
Purines
- B.
Pyrimidines
- C.
Nucleotide
- D.
Deoxyribose Sugars
Correct Answer
C. NucleotideExplanation
The diagram represents the selection of "Nucleotide". This is because the diagram includes all the components of a nucleotide, which are purines, pyrimidines, and deoxyribose sugars. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, and consist of a nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines), a sugar molecule (deoxyribose or ribose), and a phosphate group. Therefore, the diagram accurately represents the selection of nucleotide.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The dashed lines between the two bases represents...
- A.
Ionic bonding
- B.
Pyrimidial bonding
- C.
Phosphate-sugar bonds
- D.
Hydrogen bonds
Correct Answer
D. Hydrogen bondsExplanation
The dashed lines between the two bases represent hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. In DNA, hydrogen bonds form between the nitrogenous bases, specifically adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G). These hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in maintaining the double-stranded structure of DNA, as they hold the two strands together.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The backbone of the DNA structure is made up of...
- A.
Alternating phosphates and sugar molecules
- B.
Nucleotides
- C.
Alternating bases and sugars
- D.
Alternating phosphates and bases
Correct Answer
A. Alternating phosphates and sugar moleculesExplanation
The backbone of the DNA structure is made up of alternating phosphates and sugar molecules. These two components are connected by covalent bonds, forming a strong and stable structure. The phosphates provide a negative charge, while the sugar molecules (deoxyribose in DNA) provide a backbone for the DNA strands. This alternating pattern of phosphates and sugars creates a stable framework for the DNA double helix, with the bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) attached to the sugar molecules forming the rungs of the ladder-like structure.Rate this question:
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- 4.
TRUE or FALSE: DNA is found the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
- A.
TRUE
- B.
FALSE
Correct Answer
A. TRUEExplanation
DNA is indeed found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having a true nucleus, which houses the genetic material in the form of DNA. The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which are located within the nucleus. This is in contrast to prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, where the DNA is not contained within a nucleus but instead floats freely in the cytoplasm.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What is made during transcription?
- A.
MRNA will make a copy of the DNA
- B.
DNA makes a copy of itself
- C.
TRNA will copy the DNA
Correct Answer
A. MRNA will make a copy of the DNAExplanation
During transcription, the process by which genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA, mRNA (messenger RNA) is synthesized by copying the DNA sequence. This mRNA molecule carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is that mRNA makes a copy of the DNA during transcription.Rate this question:
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- 6.
If you have a strand of DNA with the bases C C C G G G T T T A T A, what would the mRNA look like?
- A.
G G G C C C A A A T A T
- B.
G G G G G G A A A T U T
- C.
G G G C C C A A A U A U
Correct Answer
C. G G G C C C A A A U A UExplanation
The given DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA using the rules of complementary base pairing. In DNA, the base pairs are C-G and A-T. In mRNA, the base pairs are C-G and A-U. Therefore, the mRNA sequence corresponding to the given DNA sequence is G G G C C C A A A U A U.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Where does transcription take place?
- A.
Ribosomes
- B.
Nucleus
- C.
Mitochondria
Correct Answer
B. NucleusExplanation
Transcription is the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied into RNA. This process takes place in the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus contains the DNA, which serves as the template for RNA synthesis. Inside the nucleus, the DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. This mRNA molecule will then be transported out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it will be translated by ribosomes to produce proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is nucleus.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The least dangerous type of point mutation would be?
- A.
Missense
- B.
Nonsense
- C.
Silent
- D.
Deletion
Correct Answer
C. SilentExplanation
Silent mutations are the least dangerous type of point mutation because they do not result in any change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. These mutations occur when a nucleotide is changed, but the new codon still codes for the same amino acid. Therefore, the protein's structure and function remain unaffected, making silent mutations generally harmless. On the other hand, missense mutations result in the substitution of one amino acid for another, nonsense mutations introduce a premature stop codon, and deletions remove a portion of the DNA sequence, all of which can have more significant effects on protein function.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Initiation of translation in eukaryotes requires which of the following?
- A.
Recognition of Shine Dalgarno sequence
- B.
5' Cap on mRNA
- C.
3' Poly A tail on mRNA
- D.
Initiator tRNA
Correct Answer
B. 5' Cap on mRNAExplanation
The initiation of translation in eukaryotes requires the presence of a 5' Cap on mRNA. The 5' Cap is a modified guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5' end of mRNA during transcription. It plays a crucial role in the recognition and binding of the mRNA by the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. The 5' Cap also protects the mRNA from degradation and helps in the efficient translation of the mRNA into protein.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Translation occurs in the:
- A.
Nucleolus.
- B.
Golgi apparatus.
- C.
Cytoplasm.
- D.
Intercellular space.
- E.
Center of a black hole.
Correct Answer
C. Cytoplasm.Explanation
Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized from mRNA molecules. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, specifically on ribosomes. The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled region of the cell that surrounds the organelles. It provides a suitable environment for the synthesis of proteins, allowing the mRNA to be read by the ribosomes and translated into a specific sequence of amino acids. Therefore, the correct answer is cytoplasm.Rate this question:
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- 11.
All cells receive a copy of all genes.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Because of this, genes must be able to be turned on or off depending on the type of cell.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Deletions and Substitutions are two types of point mutation. Which type is more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins?
- A.
Substitution because they shift the reading frame and cause downstream amino acids to be changed.
- B.
Deletions, because they shift the reading frame and downstream amino acids to be changed.
- C.
Deletions because one protein is deleted.
- D.
None of the above is correct
Correct Answer
B. Deletions, because they shift the reading frame and downstream amino acids to be changed.Explanation
Deletions are more likely to cause mistranslations of proteins because they can shift the reading frame, resulting in a change in downstream amino acids. This alteration in the sequence of amino acids can disrupt the proper folding and functioning of the protein, leading to potential errors in its structure and function. Substitutions, on the other hand, involve the replacement of one nucleotide with another and may not necessarily result in a shift in the reading frame.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A gene is:
- A.
A piece of clothing that is placed upon the bipedal legs of human.
- B.
A chromosome carrier
- C.
A section of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule.
- D.
A regulatory sequence
- E.
An exon
Correct Answer
C. A section of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule.Explanation
Chromosome contain genes and are essentially gene-carriers (it's easier to think about them like that). Genes are basically sections of DNA, however exons are part of a gene but not what a gene is and a regulatory sequence is a non-gene portion of DNA.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA?
- A.
Messenger
- B.
Transcription
- C.
Transfer
- D.
Ribosomal
- E.
These are all types of RNA
Correct Answer
B. TranscriptionExplanation
Transcription is not a type of RNA. Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It is a step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA. The other options - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - are all types of RNA that play different roles in protein synthesis. mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, tRNA helps in translating the mRNA sequence into amino acids, and rRNA forms a part of the ribosomes.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Where in the cell would rRNA be found?
- A.
Nucleus
- B.
Ribosomes
- C.
Golgi Apparatus
- D.
Cholorplast
Correct Answer
B. RibosomesExplanation
rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, is a type of RNA that is a crucial component of ribosomes, the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and are also attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, rRNA would be found in ribosomes, making the correct answer "Ribosomes".Rate this question:
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- 16.
A radioactive isotope of which element would be useful in tagging a molecule of DNA to differentiate it from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
- A.
Sulfur
- B.
Carbon
- C.
Phosphorous
- D.
Nitrogen
Correct Answer
C. PhosphorousExplanation
Phosphorous is the correct answer because it is an essential element found in DNA molecules but not in carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins. By tagging a molecule of DNA with a radioactive isotope of phosphorous, it can be easily differentiated from other biomolecules during experiments or analysis.Rate this question:
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- 17.
According to Chargaff, if an organism’s DNA is 19% thymine, what are the other percentages that account for the other three DNA base pairs?Thymine: 19%Adenine: ________%
Correct Answer
19 - 18.
Several ribosomes can be translating a mRNA at the same time. When seen under the electron microscope, this cluster of ribosomes is called a _______.
Correct Answer
polyribosome, polysomeExplanation
When multiple ribosomes are simultaneously translating a single mRNA molecule, they form a cluster known as a polyribosome or polysome. This allows for efficient and rapid protein synthesis, as multiple ribosomes can work together to produce multiple copies of the same protein simultaneously. The term "polyribosome" and "polysome" are used interchangeably to describe this phenomenon.Rate this question:
- 19.
According to Chargaff, if an organism’s DNA is 19% thymine, what are the other percentages that account for the other three DNA base pairs?Thymine: 19%Guanine: ________%
Correct Answer
31Explanation
According to Chargaff's rules, the amount of adenine in DNA is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of guanine. Since the DNA is 19% thymine, the amount of adenine will also be 19%. This means that the total percentage of thymine and adenine is 38%. Since the total percentage of DNA base pairs must add up to 100%, the remaining percentage for guanine and cytosine is 62%. Therefore, the percentage for guanine is 31%.Rate this question:
- 20.
According to Chargaff, if an organism’s DNA is 19% thymine, what are the other percentages that account for the other three DNA base pairs?Thymine: 19%Cytosine: ________%
Correct Answer
31Explanation
Chargaff's rule states that in DNA, the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine. Therefore, if thymine accounts for 19% of the DNA, then adenine must also account for 19% since they pair together. This leaves 62% for guanine and cytosine, and since they pair together as well, each must account for half of the remaining percentage. Therefore, cytosine accounts for 31% of the DNA.Rate this question:
- 21.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Single loop of DNA
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
A. ProkaryotesExplanation
A single loop of DNA occurs in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They have a simple structure and their genetic material, DNA, is organized in a single circular loop. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, are multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes. Therefore, a single loop of DNA is specific to prokaryotes and not found in eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Chromosomes wound around histones
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
B. EukaryotesExplanation
Chromosomes wound around histones occur in eukaryotes. This is because eukaryotes have a nucleus, where the DNA is organized into chromosomes that are tightly wound around proteins called histones. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, lack a nucleus and their DNA is typically found in a circular form and not associated with histones. Therefore, this characteristic is exclusive to eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Multiple sites of origin in DNA replication
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
B. EukaryotesExplanation
In eukaryotes, DNA replication occurs at multiple sites of origin. This is because eukaryotic genomes are larger and more complex compared to prokaryotic genomes. Eukaryotes have multiple replication origins spread throughout their chromosomes to ensure efficient and timely replication. In prokaryotes, on the other hand, DNA replication typically occurs at a single origin site. Therefore, the occurrence of multiple sites of origin in DNA replication is specific to eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. RNA is processed after transcription
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
B. EukaryotesExplanation
RNA processing refers to the modifications that occur to RNA molecules after they have been transcribed from DNA. This includes processes such as splicing, capping, and polyadenylation. In prokaryotes, RNA is typically transcribed and immediately ready for translation without further processing. In contrast, eukaryotes undergo extensive RNA processing, where the newly transcribed RNA is modified before it can be used to produce proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Uses DNA polymerase
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
C. BothExplanation
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that is responsible for the replication and repair of DNA molecules. It is essential for the synthesis of new DNA strands during cell division. While there are different types of DNA polymerase, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess this enzyme in order to carry out DNA replication and maintain genetic integrity. Therefore, the occurrence of DNA polymerase is observed in both types of organisms.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both Single origin site for DNA Replication
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
A. ProkaryotesExplanation
Prokaryotes have a single origin site for DNA replication, meaning that DNA replication starts at a specific point on the DNA molecule. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, have multiple origin sites for DNA replication. Therefore, the occurrence of a single origin site for DNA replication is specific to prokaryotes and not eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Uses codons and anticodons
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
C. BothExplanation
This statement is classified as "Both" because both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use codons and anticodons. Codons are sequences of three nucleotides on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. Anticodons are complementary sequences found on tRNA that pair with the codons on mRNA. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use these codons and anticodons to translate genetic information and synthesize proteins.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Translation occurs at the ribosome
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
C. BothExplanation
Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized from mRNA molecules. It occurs at the ribosome, which is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm since they lack a nucleus, while in eukaryotes, it occurs in the cytoplasm as well as in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Therefore, translation occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Classify these things as occurring in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Transcription/translation can be coupled
- A.
Prokaryotes
- B.
Eukaryotes
- C.
Both
Correct Answer
A. ProkaryotesExplanation
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously since they lack a nucleus. This is known as coupled transcription/translation. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm, and they are not coupled. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry out transcription and translation, but the coupling of these processes is specific to prokaryotes.Rate this question:
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