Philosophy Final Exam: MCQ Quiz!

________________________: says what would be best for someone is what would make his life happiest.

• Theories of Self-Interest

• Hedonistic Theories

• Desire-Fullfillment Theories

• Objective List Theories

________________________: says what would be best for someone is what, throughout his life, would best fulfill his desires.

• Theories of Self-Interest

• Hedonistic Theories

• Desire-Fulfillment Theories

• Objective List Theories

________________________: answer the question "What would be best for someone, or would be most in this person's interests, or what would make this person's life go, for him, as well as possible?"

• theories of the individual good

________________________: says what would be best for someone is what would make his life happiest.

________________________: says what would best for someone is what, throughout his life, would best fulfill his desires.

________________________: says certain things are good or bad for us, whether or not we want to have the good things, or avoid the bad things.

Robert Nozick's "The Experience Machine" challenges this theory by arguing there is more to life than just experiences.

________________________: according to Socrates, what gives a man this is his ability to admit he knows nothing.

________________________: says all human actions, when properly understood, can be seen to be motivated by selfish desires

• the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing is, ultimately, his own self-interest
• altruistic and benevolent actions are only a means to an individual's own happiness
• this is the case

• Psychological Egoism

• Ethical Egoism

• Cultural Relativism

• Negative Responsibility

________________________: says all men ought to pursue their own wellbeing.

• Psychological Egoism

• Ethical Egoism

• Cultural Relativism

• Negative Responsibility

________________________: a logical truth. A statement which is necessarily true because, by virtue of its logical form, it cannot be used to make a false assertion.

• Tautology

• Descriptive Claims

• Normative Claims

• Integrity

________________________: how things actually are; how people do ​act.

• Tautology

• Descriptive Claims

• Normative Claims

• Integrity

________________________: affirm how things should or ought to be; how people should act.

• Tautology

• Descriptive Claims

• Normative Claims

• Integrity

________________________: says the moral code of a society determines what is right or wrong within that society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a certain action is right, then that action is right, at least within that society example: there is a culture that deems it, not only morally acceptable but, morally right to eat the bodies of the deceased

________________________: presents the practical necessity of a possible action as a means to achieving something one desires

• if you want thing X, do action Y

________________________: presents an action, in itself, as objectively necessary, without making reference to any other purpose or end 

Immanuel Kant argues the only actions worth performing are those of the ________________________.

________________________: says the morality of an action is determined solely by the resulting consequences (consequences can be good or bad)

• Consequentialism

• Utilitarianism

• Non-Consequentialism

• Kantianism

________________________: a branch of the theory of Consequentialism that says the best consequences are those that maximize happiness and the worst are those that maximize the reverse of happiness

• Consequentialism

• Utilitarianism

• Non-Consequentialism

• Kantianism

________________________: a doctrine of Utilitarianism that says that if I am ever responsible for anything, then I must be just as much responsible for things that I allow or fail to prevent 

________________________: adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty 

What constitutes an action as being good, according to Kant, is if it has _______________________.

_______________________: the faculty or object which motivates a person to act in a heteronomous way. Following these is neither morally good nor morally bad, except when doing so directly prevents a person from acting from the motive of duty (i.e. leads an individual to disobey the moral law).

_______________________: says you should act in such a way that you're not just making exceptions for yourself, but in a way that could be applied universally. 

• Formula of Universal Law

• Formula of Humanity

• Formula of the Kingdom of Ends

_______________________: says you should act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, as an end and never as a means only 

• always treat people as rational/choosing beings

• Formula of Universal Law

• Formula of Humanity

• Formula of the Kingdom of Ends

_______________________: says you should always act as though you were passing laws for an ideal community whose members are all, in themselves, potential sources of value.

• Formula of Universal Law

• Formula of Humanity

• Formula of the Kingdom of Ends

_______________________: the rule or principle buy which an individual chooses to act (i.e. his or her motivation). This is the site of the moral evaluation of an action in Kantianism.

_______________________: the doctrine that the individual human will is or ought to be governed only by its own principles and laws.

_______________________: something that can be replaced by something else as its equivalent.

• Price

• Dignity

_______________________: something that is intrinsically good and cannot be replaced.

• Price

• Dignity

_______________________: follow the rules that nobody could reasonably reject as the basis for an informed, unforced, hypothetical agreement in order to live with others on mutually justifiable terms.

_______________________: when we have this, we must have some objection to a principle. This objection may begin with some direct harm I suffer as a result of the principle. The fact that a principle impacts negatively on me are not sufficient. To know whether I can reasonably reject the principle, I must also ask how it impacts others. 

_______________________: the mean between excess and deficiency 

• it produces a good state in it
• it enables it to perform its function well

_______________________: living well and flourishing.

_______________________: the balance between excess and deficiency that is virtue.

_______________________: says that everyone makes some choices and acts somehow or another in these spheres.

Each moral theory has its own idea of what can be considered to be a "virtuous" action.

• True

• False

_______________________: construes personality as an evaluatively integrated association of robust traits

• trait-relevant behavior should be exhibited consistently across different situations
• example: the honest person will be consistently honest, and will also exhibit consistent behavior indicative of traits related to honesty, such as loyalty and courage.

_______________________: holds that behavioral differences are due less to individual dispositional differences than to situational ones

• example: dime in the phone booth study proves that compassionate people don't always exhibit compassion.

________________________: says certain things are good or bad for us, whether or not we want to have the good things, or to avoid the bad things

• example: professional success, friendship, freedom from disease etc.

• Theories of Self-Interest

• Hedonistic Theories

• Desire-Fulfillment Theories

• Objective List Theories

What was Joel Feinberg's critique of the following argument supporting the existence of Psychological Egoism? "I am always pursuing something for myself or seeking my own satisfaction." If this description applies to all actions of all men, the it follows that all men in their actions are selfish.  

What was Joel Feinberg's critique of the following argument supporting the existence of Psychological Egoism? What we really want in every case is our own pleasure, and we pursue other things only as a means

What was Joel Feinberg's critique of the following argument supporting the existence of Psychological Egoism? Self-Deception: we deceive ourselves into thinking that we desire something fine or noble when what we really want is to be thought well of others or to congratulate ourselves, or to be able to enjoy the pleasures of a good conscience 

What are the problems with accepting Cultural Relativism? 

What are the key differences between the moral theory of Cultural Relativism and George Sher's concept of "But I Could Be Wrong"?

According to George Sher's concept of "But I Could Be Wrong", why might it be difficult to argue our own moral beliefs?

In regards to Higher Quality Pleasures, why is Utilitarianism so heavily criticized?

How does Utilitarianism relate to the concept of Egoism?