Pharmacology Chapters 1 And 2

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  • 1/118 Questions

    LIver and kidney function can effect half-life.

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About This Quiz

This Pharmacology Chapters 1 and 2 quiz assesses crucial nursing responsibilities in medication administration, focusing on patient safety, and evaluating therapeutic outcomes. It tests knowledge on patient history, medication checks, and continuous monitoring.

Pharmacology Chapters 1 And 2 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The nursing process is important as a well-established, research-supported framework for professional nursing practice. Which is the correct order for the steps of the nursing process?

    • Evaluation, Planning, Diagnoses, Assessment, Implementation

    • Planning, Assessment, Diagnoses, Implementation, Evaluation

    • Diagnoses, Assessment, Planning, Evaluation, Implementation

    • Assessment, Diagnoses, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation

    Correct Answer
    A. Assessment, Diagnoses, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
    Explanation
    The correct order for the steps of the nursing process is assessment, diagnoses, planning, implementation, and evaluation. This order allows nurses to gather information about the patient's health status, identify any health problems or needs, create a plan of care, carry out interventions, and then evaluate the effectiveness of those interventions. This systematic approach ensures that nurses provide comprehensive and individualized care to their patients.

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  • 3. 

    A 77 year old has a diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. He tells the LPN that he is allergic to Penicillin. Which of the following is the most appropriate response?

    • "that's to be expected, lost of people are allergic to penicillin."

    • "what type of reaction did you have when you took penicillin?"

    • "Drug allergies don't usually occur in older individuals because they ahve built up resistance."

    • "The doctor saw on teh chart that you said you were allergic to penicillin, but he still wants you to have it."

    Correct Answer
    A. "what type of reaction did you have when you took penicillin?"
    Explanation
    Asking about the type of reaction the patient had when taking penicillin is the most appropriate response because it allows the LPN to gather more information about the patient's allergy. This information is crucial in determining the appropriate course of action and alternative medications that can be used for the upper respiratory tract infection. It also shows that the LPN is attentive to the patient's concerns and is taking their allergy seriously.

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  • 4. 

    To achieve the most rapid onset of action, the health care provider will prescribe the medication to be administered by which route?

    • Subcutaneously

    • Intravenously

    • Intramuscularly

    • Intrathecally

    Correct Answer
    A. Intravenously
    Explanation
    Intravenous administration allows for the most rapid onset of action because the medication is directly injected into the bloodstream. This bypasses the need for absorption through tissues or organs, allowing the medication to quickly reach its target site and exert its effects. Subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intrathecal routes may also be used depending on the medication and its intended effects, but they generally have slower onset times compared to intravenous administration.

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  • 5. 

    The nurse should check a medication how many times before administration of a medication under the “right drug” part of the Six Rights?

    • One time

    • Three times

    • Five times

    • Depends on the drug being administered

    Correct Answer
    A. Three times
    Explanation
    The nurse should check a medication three times before administration of a medication under the "right drug" part of the Six Rights. This ensures that the nurse verifies the medication label and compares it with the medication order or prescription. Checking the medication three times helps to minimize the risk of medication errors and ensures patient safety.

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  • 6. 

    While the nurse is taking an admission history, the patient reports having a previous allergic reaction to penicillins. What will the nurse document as part of the patient’s allergic reaction response to penicillins?

    • Hives

    • Dry eyes

    • Frequent urination

    • Constipation

    Correct Answer
    A. Hives
    Explanation
    The nurse will document hives as part of the patient's allergic reaction response to penicillins. Hives are a common symptom of an allergic reaction and are characterized by raised, itchy, and red welts on the skin. This response occurs when the immune system releases histamine, causing blood vessels to leak fluid into the skin. It is important for the nurse to document this information accurately to ensure that the patient is not prescribed penicillins in the future and is provided with appropriate alternative medications.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following must occur for a goal statement to be patient centered?

    • Family input must be considered in developing a goal

    • The patient must be involved in establishing the goal

    • The nurse must develop the goal

    • The doctor must be involved in establishing the goal

    Correct Answer
    A. The patient must be involved in establishing the goal
    Explanation
    For a goal statement to be patient-centered, it is essential that the patient is involved in establishing the goal. This means that the patient's input, preferences, and needs should be taken into consideration when developing the goal. By involving the patient in the goal-setting process, healthcare professionals can ensure that the goals align with the patient's values and desires, ultimately leading to a more personalized and patient-centered approach to care.

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  • 8. 

    When developing a plan of care, which nursing action ensures the goal statement is patient-centered?

    • Considering family input

    • Involving the patient

    • Developing the goal first, and then sharing it with the patient

    • Including the physician

    Correct Answer
    A. Involving the patient
    Explanation
    Involving the patient ensures that the goal statement in the plan of care is patient-centered. By actively involving the patient in the decision-making process, the nurse can gather the patient's preferences, values, and needs, which will help in developing a plan that is tailored to the patient's specific circumstances. This patient-centered approach promotes autonomy, collaboration, and patient satisfaction, ultimately leading to better outcomes and improved patient experience.

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  • 9. 

    The nurse recognizes that drugs given by which route will be altered by the first-pass effect?

    • Oral

    • Sublingual

    • Subcutaneously

    • Intravenous

    Correct Answer
    A. Oral
    Explanation
    Drugs given orally are subject to the first-pass effect, which refers to the metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. When a drug is taken orally, it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver through the portal vein. In the liver, the drug may be metabolized, partially or completely, before it enters the systemic circulation. This process can significantly alter the concentration and effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, drugs given orally are more likely to be affected by the first-pass effect compared to drugs given through other routes such as sublingual, subcutaneous, or intravenous.

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  • 10. 

    How many times do you check a medication before giving it?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    Correct Answer
    A. 3
    Explanation
    Before giving a medication, it is important to check it three times. This is to ensure accuracy and prevent medication errors. The first check is when retrieving the medication from the storage area, comparing it with the medication order or prescription. The second check is when preparing the medication, verifying the correct dosage and form. The final check is before administering the medication to the patient, confirming the medication, dosage, and patient identification. These three checks help to ensure patient safety and reduce the risk of medication errors.

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  • 11. 

    A drug given by which route is altered by the first-pass effect?

    • Sublingual

    • Subcutaneous

    • Oral

    • Intravenous

    Correct Answer
    A. Oral
    Explanation
    The drug given orally is altered by the first-pass effect. When a drug is taken orally, it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the portal circulation, which carries it to the liver. In the liver, the drug may undergo metabolism or be partially or completely inactivated before it reaches the systemic circulation. This first-pass metabolism can significantly reduce the bioavailability of the drug, meaning that a smaller amount of the drug is available to produce its desired effects. Therefore, the oral route of administration is particularly susceptible to the first-pass effect.

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  • 12. 

    Which organ is most responsible for the metabolism of drugs?

    • Spleen

    • Stomach

    • Liver

    • Kidney

    Correct Answer
    A. Liver
    Explanation
    The liver is the organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs. It contains enzymes that break down drugs into smaller molecules, which can then be eliminated from the body. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolizing drugs to ensure their effectiveness and prevent potential toxicity. It is responsible for metabolizing a wide range of drugs, including prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, and even substances like alcohol. The liver's high metabolic activity and its ability to detoxify and eliminate drugs make it the primary organ involved in drug metabolism.

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  • 13. 

    You prepare and administer an antibiotic injection the nurse practitioner in the clinic ordered. Which phase of the nursing process would this be?

    • Assessment

    • Nursing diagnosis

    • Plan (goals)

    • Implementation

    • Evaluation

    Correct Answer
    A. Implementation
    Explanation
    The administration of an antibiotic injection that has been ordered by a nurse practitioner in a clinic falls under the implementation phase of the nursing process. This phase involves carrying out the planned interventions and providing the necessary care to the patient. In this case, the nurse is implementing the treatment plan by administering the antibiotic injection as prescribed.

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  • 14. 

    The nurse is compiling a drug history for a patient. Which question from the nurse will obtain the most information from the patient?

    • "do you depend on sleeping pills to get to sleep?"

    • "do you have a family history of heart disease?"

    • "When you have pain, what do you do to relieve it?"

    • "What childhood diseases did you have."

    Correct Answer
    A. "When you have pain, what do you do to relieve it?"
    Explanation
    The question "When you have pain, what do you do to relieve it?" will obtain the most information from the patient because it directly addresses their pain management strategies. By asking this question, the nurse can gather information about the patient's use of analgesics or other methods they employ to alleviate pain, which can be crucial in developing an effective treatment plan. This question focuses specifically on the patient's pain management techniques, while the other options inquire about different aspects of the patient's medical history.

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  • 15. 

    For which activity is the nurse responsible during the evaluation phase of drug administration?

    • Preparing and administering prescribed medications safely

    • Planning measurable outcomes for the patient related to drug therapy

    • Monitoring the patient continuously for therapeutic as well as adverse effects

    • Gathering data in a drug and dietary history

    Correct Answer
    A. Monitoring the patient continuously for therapeutic as well as adverse effects
    Explanation
    During the evaluation phase of drug administration, the nurse is responsible for monitoring the patient continuously for therapeutic as well as adverse effects. This involves closely observing the patient's response to the medication, assessing for any positive or negative effects, and documenting any changes or concerns. By monitoring the patient, the nurse can ensure the effectiveness and safety of the drug therapy and make any necessary adjustments or interventions.

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  • 16. 

    When clients take two medications that have the same adverse effect, the risk of these effects ________.

    • Decrease

    • Increase

    • No change in risk

    Correct Answer
    A. Increase
    Explanation
    When clients take two medications that have the same adverse effect, the risk of these effects increases. This is because the medications may have a synergistic effect, meaning that their combined use can intensify the adverse effects. Additionally, taking multiple medications increases the likelihood of drug-drug interactions, which can further contribute to an increased risk of adverse effects. Therefore, when clients take two medications with the same adverse effect, the overall risk of experiencing these effects is higher.

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  • 17. 

    Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to

    • Be absorbed by the body

    • Exert a response

    • Be eliminated by the body

    • Reach a therapeutic level

    Correct Answer
    A. Be eliminated by the body
    Explanation
    Drug half-life is the time it takes for half of a drug to be eliminated from the body. This means that after one half-life, 50% of the drug is gone. The elimination of a drug from the body can occur through various processes such as metabolism, excretion, or both. Understanding the half-life of a drug is important for determining the dosing frequency and duration of therapy.

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  • 18. 

    The nurse monitors the fulfillment of goals, and may revise them, during which phase of the nursing process?

    • Assessment

    • Planning

    • Implementation

    • Evaluation

    Correct Answer
    A. Evaluation
    Explanation
    During the evaluation phase of the nursing process, the nurse monitors the fulfillment of goals and may revise them. This phase involves assessing whether the interventions and care plans have been effective in achieving the desired outcomes. The nurse evaluates the patient's response to the interventions and makes any necessary adjustments to the plan of care. This phase is crucial in ensuring that the patient's needs are being met and that the care provided is appropriate and effective.

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  • 19. 

    The nurse prepares and administers prescribed medications during which phase of the nursing process?

    • Assessment

    • Planning

    • Implementation

    • Evaluation

    Correct Answer
    A. Implementation
    Explanation
    The nurse prepares and administers prescribed medications during the implementation phase of the nursing process. This phase involves carrying out the planned interventions and providing the necessary care to the patient. In this case, the nurse is implementing the medication administration as prescribed by the healthcare provider. The implementation phase focuses on taking action to meet the patient's healthcare needs and follows the planning phase where the nurse develops a plan of care based on the assessment findings. The evaluation phase comes after implementation to assess the effectiveness of the interventions.

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  • 20. 

    What is the most appropriate response to a patient who informs the nurse that he or she does not want to share information about the drugs he or she takes at home?

    • "This information will not become part of your medical record, but we need to know so that we can monitor your responses to therapy while you are here."

    • "The information about the drugs you take at home, including herbal products, is important for safe administration of drugs wile you are here and will be kept confidential."

    • "It sounds like you are taking something that you don't want us to know about."

    • "We are just asking to make sure you don't have any drug allergies."

    Correct Answer
    A. "The information about the drugs you take at home, including herbal products, is important for safe administration of drugs wile you are here and will be kept confidential."
    Explanation
    The correct answer emphasizes the importance of knowing the patient's home medications for safe administration of drugs while in the healthcare facility. It assures the patient that this information will be kept confidential, addressing any concerns about privacy. Additionally, it acknowledges the inclusion of herbal products, indicating a comprehensive understanding of the patient's medication regimen.

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  • 21. 

    Patients with renal failure would most likely have problems with drug

    • Excretion

    • Absorption

    • Metabolism

    • Distribution

    Correct Answer
    A. Excretion
    Explanation
    Patients with renal failure would most likely have problems with drug excretion. Renal failure refers to the inability of the kidneys to adequately filter waste products from the blood and eliminate them through urine. Since many drugs are eliminated from the body through the kidneys, impaired kidney function can result in a decreased ability to excrete drugs. This can lead to drug accumulation in the body, potentially causing toxicity or adverse effects. Therefore, patients with renal failure are more likely to experience problems with drug excretion.

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  • 22. 

    During the implementation phase of the nursing process, which action will the nurse perform when administering medications?

    • Switch the route of administration based on drug availability.

    • Call the patient by name when entering the room to verify the drug is for the right person.

    • Check the patient’s armband before administering the medication.

    • Prepare medications for all patients first, then administer by room to manage time

    Correct Answer
    A. Check the patient’s armband before administering the medication.
    Explanation
    The nurse will check the patient's armband before administering the medication to ensure that it is being given to the right person. This is an important safety measure to prevent medication errors and ensure that the patient receives the correct medication. By verifying the patient's identity before administering the medication, the nurse can ensure that the medication is appropriate for the patient and avoid any potential harm.

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  • 23. 

    A patient's chart includes an order that reads as follows: "Lanoxin 250mcg once daily at 0900." Which action by the nurse is correct?

    • The nurse give the drug via transdermal route

    • The nurse gives the drug orally

    • The nurse give the drug intravenously

    • The nurse contacts the provider to specify the dosage route

    Correct Answer
    A. The nurse contacts the provider to specify the dosage route
    Explanation
    The order for Lanoxin does not specify the route of administration. Therefore, the nurse should contact the provider to clarify whether the drug should be given orally, via transdermal route, or intravenously. This is important because different routes of administration can have different absorption rates and effects on the patient. It is crucial to ensure that the correct route is chosen to ensure the safe and effective administration of the medication.

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  • 24. 

    A nurse is reviewing a client's health record and nots a new prescription by the provider for lisinopril (Zestril) 10 mg PO every day. The nurse should recognize this a which of the following types of prescription?

    • Single prescription

    • Stat prescription

    • Routine prescription

    • PRN prescription

    Correct Answer
    A. Routine prescription
    Explanation
    The nurse should recognize this as a routine prescription because it is a medication that is prescribed to be taken every day without any specific timing or as-needed basis. A routine prescription is a medication order that is given on a regular basis to maintain a client's health or manage a chronic condition. In contrast, a single prescription is for a one-time dose, a stat prescription is for an immediate dose, and a PRN prescription is for medication to be taken as needed.

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  • 25. 

    A nurse is preparing to administer an IM dose of penicillin to a client who has a new prescription. The client states she took penicillin 3 years ago and developed a rash. Which of the following is an appropriate nursing action?

    • Administer the prescribed dose

    • Withhold the medication

    • Ask the provider to change the prescription to an oral form

    • Administer an oral antihistamine at the same time.

    Correct Answer
    A. Withhold the medication
    Explanation
    Based on the client's history of developing a rash after taking penicillin, it is appropriate for the nurse to withhold the medication. This is because the client may have developed an allergic reaction to penicillin, and administering the medication again could potentially lead to a more severe reaction. It is important for the nurse to inform the healthcare provider about the client's history so that an alternative medication can be prescribed if necessary.

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  • 26. 

    Which phase of the nursing process requires the nurse to establish a comprehensive baseline of data concerning a particular patient?

    • Assessment

    • Planning

    • Implementation

    • Evaluation

    Correct Answer
    A. Assessment
    Explanation
    The phase of the nursing process that requires the nurse to establish a comprehensive baseline of data concerning a particular patient is assessment. During the assessment phase, the nurse collects information about the patient's physical, psychological, social, and environmental status. This includes gathering data through interviews, observations, and physical examinations. By establishing a comprehensive baseline of data, the nurse is able to identify the patient's needs, problems, and strengths, which will then guide the planning and implementation of nursing care. Evaluation, on the other hand, involves determining the effectiveness of the nursing interventions implemented.

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  • 27. 

    A patient who has advanced cancer is receiving opioid medications around the clock to "keep him comfortable" as he nears the end of his life. Which term best describes this type of therapy?

    • Palliative therapy

    • Maintenance therapy

    • Supportive therapy

    • Supplemental therapy

    Correct Answer
    A. Palliative therapy
    Explanation
    Palliative therapy is the best term to describe the type of therapy the patient is receiving. Palliative therapy focuses on providing relief from symptoms, pain, and stress associated with a serious illness, with the goal of improving the patient's quality of life. In this case, the opioids are being used to keep the patient comfortable as he nears the end of his life, which aligns with the principles of palliative care. Maintenance therapy typically refers to ongoing treatment to manage a chronic condition, supportive therapy provides emotional and psychological support, and supplemental therapy implies an additional treatment used alongside the primary therapy.

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  • 28. 

    Which information is of highest priority when obtaining a pharmacologic history from a patient?

    • Allergies

    • Use of over-the-counter medications

    • Home remedy use

    • Alcohol intake

    Correct Answer
    A. Allergies
    Explanation
    When obtaining a pharmacologic history from a patient, the highest priority information is allergies. This is because allergies can have serious and potentially life-threatening reactions when exposed to certain medications. Knowing about a patient's allergies allows healthcare providers to avoid prescribing or administering medications that could cause an allergic reaction. It helps ensure patient safety and prevents adverse drug reactions. Therefore, allergies are crucial information that healthcare providers need to prioritize when obtaining a pharmacologic history.

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  • 29. 

    What is the primary organ responsible for elimination?

    • LIver

    • Kidney

    • Large Intestine

    • Lungs

    Correct Answer
    A. Kidney
    Explanation
    The kidney is the primary organ responsible for elimination. It plays a crucial role in filtering waste products, toxins, and excess water from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys also help regulate the body's electrolyte balance and maintain proper blood pressure. The liver, large intestine, and lungs also have elimination functions, but the kidney is specifically designed for this purpose.

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  • 30. 

    Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of a drug to:

    • Be absorbed by the body

    • Reach therapeutic level

    • Exert a response

    • Be removed by the body

    Correct Answer
    A. Be removed by the body
    Explanation
    Drug half-life refers to the time it takes for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body. This means that after one half-life, half of the drug has been removed. The half-life is an important pharmacokinetic parameter as it helps determine dosing intervals and the duration of drug action. It is unrelated to the drug's absorption, therapeutic level, or response.

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  • 31. 

    A doctor orders a medication to be given one time every day. You would write this as:

    • QD

    • QID

    • Once a day

    • Every A.M.

    Correct Answer
    A. Once a day
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Once a day" because it accurately represents the doctor's order for the medication to be given once daily. The other options, QD and QID, are abbreviations that stand for different frequencies of medication administration. "Every A.M." does not specify the frequency, but only the time of day when the medication should be given.

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  • 32. 

    A patient has a new prescription for a blood pressure medication that may cause him to feel dizzy during the first few days of therapy. Which is the best nursing diagnosis for this situation?

    • Activity intolerance

    • Risk for injury

    • Disturbed body image

    • Self-care deficit

    Correct Answer
    A. Risk for injury
    Explanation
    The best nursing diagnosis for this situation is "risk for injury." This is because the patient is at risk of getting injured due to feeling dizzy as a side effect of the new blood pressure medication. The dizziness may affect the patient's balance and coordination, increasing the chances of falls or accidents. Therefore, the nursing priority should be to assess the patient's risk for injury and implement measures to prevent any potential harm.

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  • 33. 

    A patient has just received a prescription for an enteric-coated stool softener. When teaching the patient, the nurse should include which statement?

    • "take the tablet with 2 to 3 ounces of orange juice

    • "avoid taking all other medications with any enteric coated tablet"

    • "Crush the tablet before swallowing if you have problems with swallowing."

    • "Be sure to swallow the tablet whole without chewing it."

    Correct Answer
    A. "Be sure to swallow the tablet whole without chewing it."
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Be sure to swallow the tablet whole without chewing it." This is because enteric-coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the small intestine rather than the stomach. Chewing or crushing the tablet can interfere with the enteric coating and may cause the medication to be released too early, potentially causing stomach irritation or reducing its effectiveness.

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  • 34. 

    The nurse notes that a medication was scheduled to be administered at 0900. A medication error has occurred if the medication was administered at which time?

    • 0800

    • 0830

    • 0900

    • 0930

    Correct Answer
    A. 0800
    Explanation
    If the medication was scheduled to be administered at 0900 and it was actually administered at 0800, a medication error has occurred. This is because the medication was given earlier than the scheduled time, which could potentially affect the effectiveness and safety of the medication.

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  • 35. 

    A pain medication is ordered to be given every 4 hours prn. What does prn mean?

    Correct Answer
    as needed
    when needed
    Explanation
    The term "prn" stands for "pro re nata," which means "as needed" or "when needed." It indicates that the pain medication should be administered whenever the patient requires it, based on their pain levels or discomfort. This allows for flexibility in dosing, ensuring that the medication is given only when necessary and not on a fixed schedule.

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  • 36. 

    Which part of the nursing process should be realistic, timed, and measurable? 

    • Assessment

    • Nursing diagnosis

    • Plan (goals)

    • Implementation

    • Evaluation

    Correct Answer
    A. Plan (goals)
    Explanation
    The part of the nursing process that should be realistic, timed, and measurable is the plan (goals). This is because the goals set in the plan should be achievable and specific, with a clear timeline for completion. They should also be measurable, meaning that progress towards the goals can be objectively assessed and evaluated. This ensures that the plan is effective and allows for adjustments to be made if necessary.

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  • 37. 

    The nurse is preparing to administer morning doses of medications to a patient and has just checked the patient's name on the identification band. The patient has stated his name. Which is the nurse's next appropriate action?

    • Administer the medications

    • Ask the patient's wife to verify the patient's identity

    • Ask the patient to verify his date of birth

    • Check the chart for the patient's date of birth

    Correct Answer
    A. Ask the patient to verify his date of birth
    Explanation
    The nurse's next appropriate action would be to ask the patient to verify his date of birth. This is an important step to ensure that the nurse is administering the medications to the correct patient. Verifying the patient's date of birth adds an extra layer of confirmation and helps prevent medication errors.

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  • 38. 

    The LPN is assigned to a patient who is newly diagnosed with type 1 mellitus. Which of the following best illustrates an outcome critierion for this patient?

    • The patient will follow instructions

    • The patient will not experience complications

    • The patient adheres to the new insulin treatment regimen

    • The patient demonstrates safe insulin self-administration techniques after 3 lessons

    Correct Answer
    A. The patient demonstrates safe insulin self-administration techniques after 3 lessons
    Explanation
    The correct answer illustrates an outcome criterion for a patient newly diagnosed with type 1 mellitus. It focuses on the patient's ability to demonstrate safe insulin self-administration techniques after receiving three lessons. This outcome criterion is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), as it sets a clear expectation for the patient's skill development within a specific timeframe. It also reflects a desired outcome for the patient's successful management of their condition.

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  • 39. 

    You receive an order to give Benadryl (diphenhydramine). Benadryl would be the

    • Chemical name

    • Generic name

    • Trade name

    Correct Answer
    A. Trade name
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Trade name." In this context, Benadryl refers to the trade name of the medication rather than its chemical or generic name. Trade names are brand names given to medications by the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture them. They are used for marketing and identification purposes, while chemical names and generic names are more standardized and used in scientific and medical contexts.

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  • 40. 

    A nurse is reviewing a client's health record and notes that the previous medication caused permanent extrapyramidal effects. The nurse recognizes that the medication affected the client's

    • Cardiovascular system

    • Immune system

    • Central nervous system

    • Gastrointestinal system

    Correct Answer
    A. Central nervous system
    Explanation
    The nurse recognizes that the medication affected the client's central nervous system. This is because extrapyramidal effects refer to a group of movement disorders that are caused by certain medications, particularly antipsychotic drugs. These effects include symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and involuntary movements, which are all related to the central nervous system. The cardiovascular system, immune system, and gastrointestinal system are not typically affected by medications causing extrapyramidal effects.

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  • 41. 

    What is an alternate name for biotransformation of a drug?

    • Absorption

    • Dilution

    • Excretion

    • Metabolism

    Correct Answer
    A. Metabolism
    Explanation
    Biotransformation of a drug refers to the process by which a drug is metabolized or broken down in the body. Metabolism is the correct answer because it accurately describes the alternate name for this process. Absorption refers to the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream, dilution refers to the process of reducing the concentration of a drug, and excretion refers to the process of eliminating a drug from the body. None of these terms accurately describe the biotransformation of a drug.

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  • 42. 

    When a patient asks the nurse why a lower dose of intravenous pain medication is being given than the previous oral dose, what knowledge will the nurse draw on to respond to the patient?

    • Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect.

    • Medications given orally bypass the portal circulatory system

    • A large percentage of an intravenously administered drug is metabolized into inactive metabolites in the liver.

    • Drugs administered intravenously enter the portal system prior to systemic distribution.

    Correct Answer
    A. Medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect.
    Explanation
    The nurse will draw on their knowledge of pharmacokinetics to explain to the patient that medications given intravenously are not affected by the first-pass effect. The first-pass effect refers to the metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. When a medication is given orally, it must pass through the liver first, where it may be partially metabolized before reaching the bloodstream. However, when a medication is given intravenously, it bypasses the liver and goes directly into the bloodstream, avoiding the first-pass effect and resulting in a higher bioavailability and potentially requiring a lower dose.

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  • 43. 

    When considering the various routes of drug elimination, the nurse is aware that elimination occurs mainly by which routes?

    • Renal tubules and skin

    • Skin and lungs

    • Bowel and renal tubules

    • Lungs and gastrointestinal tract

    Correct Answer
    A. Bowel and renal tubules
    Explanation
    The correct answer is bowel and renal tubules. Drug elimination refers to the process by which drugs are removed from the body. The two main routes of drug elimination are through the bowel (via feces) and the renal tubules (via urine). The bowel eliminates drugs that are not absorbed into the bloodstream and are excreted in the feces. The renal tubules eliminate drugs that are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine.

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  • 44. 

    What is the ratio between a drug’s therapeutic effects and toxic effects called?

    • Tolerance

    • Cumulative effect

    • Therapeutic index

    • Affinity

    Correct Answer
    A. Therapeutic index
    Explanation
    The ratio between a drug's therapeutic effects and toxic effects is called the therapeutic index. This index is used to measure the safety and effectiveness of a drug by comparing the amount needed to produce therapeutic effects with the amount that could cause toxic effects. A higher therapeutic index indicates a safer drug, as the therapeutic effects are more pronounced compared to the toxic effects.

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  • 45. 

    The nurse should include which information when evaluating the outcome after a patient’s medication has been administered?

    • Dose of medication administered

    • Time medication administered

    • Patient allergies to medications

    • Therapeutic effect of patient

    Correct Answer
    A. Therapeutic effect of patient
    Explanation
    When evaluating the outcome after a patient's medication has been administered, it is important for the nurse to include the information about the therapeutic effect of the patient. This information helps the nurse determine whether the medication is achieving the desired effect and if it is helping the patient's condition improve. By evaluating the therapeutic effect, the nurse can assess the effectiveness of the medication and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan. The dose of medication administered, time of administration, and patient allergies are also important factors to consider, but they do not directly provide information about the medication's effectiveness in achieving the desired therapeutic effect.

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  • 46. 

    Examples of Parenteral dosage routes

    • Transdermal

    • Intradermal

    • Tablets

    • Inhaled

    • Rectal

    Correct Answer
    A. Intradermal
    Explanation
    The given answer, "Intradermal," is correct because it is a parenteral dosage route. Parenteral refers to any route of administration that does not involve the digestive tract, such as injections. Intradermal administration involves injecting a substance into the dermis layer of the skin, just below the epidermis. This route is commonly used for skin testing, such as tuberculin tests or allergy tests, where a small amount of the substance is injected into the skin and observed for a reaction.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following questions is most helpful in compiling a drug history for a patient?

    • "Do you have a family history of heart disease?"

    • "What medication relieves your pain?"

    • "What childhood diseases have you had?"

    • "What surgeries have you had?"

    Correct Answer
    A. "What medication relieves your pain?"
    Explanation
    The question "What medication relieves your pain?" is the most helpful in compiling a drug history for a patient because it directly asks about the medications the patient is taking to manage their pain. This information is important for understanding the patient's current drug regimen and any potential interactions or contraindications with other medications that may be prescribed. It provides insight into the patient's pain management strategy and helps the healthcare provider make informed decisions about their treatment plan.

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  • 48. 

    While caring for a patient with cirrhosis or hepatitis, the nurse knows that abnormalities in which phase of pharmacokinetics may occur?

    • Absorption

    • Distribution

    • Metabolism

    • Excretion

    Correct Answer
    A. Metabolism
    Explanation
    Abnormalities in metabolism may occur in patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis. Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver is scarred and cannot function properly, while hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The liver plays a crucial role in drug metabolism, where drugs are broken down into metabolites that can be eliminated from the body. In patients with liver disease, the liver's ability to metabolize drugs may be impaired, leading to an accumulation of drugs in the body or altered drug effects. Therefore, abnormalities in metabolism are likely to occur in patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis.

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  • 49. 

    A client is prescribed phenobarbital sodium (Luminal) for a seizure disorder. The medication has a long half-life of 4 days. Based on this half-life, the medication will most likely be prescribed:

    • Once a day

    • Twice a day

    • Three times a day

    • Four times a day

    Correct Answer
    A. Once a day
    Explanation
    Phenobarbital sodium has a long half-life of 4 days, meaning it takes 4 days for the concentration of the drug in the body to decrease by half. Because of this long half-life, the medication can be prescribed once a day. This is because the drug remains in the body for an extended period of time, providing a sustained therapeutic effect. Taking the medication once a day ensures that the drug concentration remains at a therapeutic level throughout the day, reducing the need for multiple daily doses.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
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