Pharm 1- Hematology Drugs

Anticoagulants are medications that prevent blood clot formation. Thrombin is a key enzyme in the blood clotting process. By inhibiting thrombin formation, anticoagulants directly or indirectly prevent the formation of blood clots. Therefore, the statement "Anticoagulants directly or indirectly inhibit thrombin formation" is true.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is a medication that is used as a blood thinner to prevent blood clots. However, it is contraindicated during pregnancy because it can cross the placenta and potentially harm the developing fetus. Therefore, pregnant women should not take warfarin. Additionally, patients taking warfarin should have their PT (prothrombin time) and INR (international normalized ratio) values monitored regularly to ensure that their blood is clotting properly and to adjust the dosage if necessary. Therefore, the statement that warfarin is contraindicated during pregnancy and the PT and INR values should be monitored is true.

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to form framework for a clot

Parasitic protozoa such as Plasmodium Falciparum can cause Malaria by living in or on humans. This is a true statement as Malaria is primarily caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Malaria.

Hemophilia and Von Willebrand's disease are both genetic disorders that are passed down from parents to their children. These conditions are caused by mutations in specific genes that affect the body's ability to clot blood. Hemophilia is characterized by a deficiency in clotting factors, while Von Willebrand's disease is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of a protein called von Willebrand factor. Since these disorders are inherited, they can be traced through family histories and are more likely to occur in individuals who have family members with the same condition. Therefore, the statement that Hemophilia and Von Willebrand's disease are hereditary is true.

Anticoagulants are medications that prevent blood clot formation. They work by inhibiting specific clotting factors in the blood, which disrupts the normal steps involved in the formation of fibrin, a protein that helps in clot formation. By interfering with these steps, anticoagulants help to prevent the formation of blood clots and reduce the risk of conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. Therefore, the statement "Anticoagulants inhibit specific clotting factors and interfere with steps leading to fibrin formation" is true.

All of the above options would affect hemostasis. Vitamin K synthesis is important for the production of clotting factors, which are essential for the formation of blood clots. A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to impaired clotting. Liver disorder can also impact hemostasis as the liver is responsible for producing many clotting factors. If the liver is not functioning properly, it can result in decreased production of clotting factors and therefore affect hemostasis.

LMW (Low Molecular Weight) Heparin is indeed a better choice than UF (Unfractionated) Heparin during pregnancy. This is because LMW Heparin has a lower risk of causing adverse effects on the fetus compared to UF Heparin. LMW Heparin has a more predictable anticoagulant effect, lower risk of bleeding, and does not cross the placenta as easily as UF Heparin. Therefore, it is considered safer for use in pregnant women who require anticoagulation therapy.

Plasma is the correct answer because it is the non-living fluid matrix of blood. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume and contains various components such as water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products. Plasma plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintaining blood pressure, and regulating body temperature. The formed elements, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are suspended in the plasma. Connective tissue is a different type of tissue found in the body and is not specific to blood.

Platelets aid in the restriction of fluid losses at injury sites. When there is a cut or injury, platelets form clumps and release chemicals that help in the formation of blood clots. These clots prevent excessive bleeding and help in the healing process. Platelets also release substances that constrict blood vessels, further reducing blood flow and preventing fluid loss. Therefore, platelets play a crucial role in restricting fluid losses at injury sites.

The intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway are two separate pathways that lead to the formation of thrombin, a key enzyme in the blood clotting process. The intrinsic pathway is initiated by factors within the blood vessel, while the extrinsic pathway is initiated by factors outside the blood vessel. Both pathways eventually converge at the point of thrombin formation, indicating that they are interconnected and work together to promote blood clotting. Therefore, the statement is true.

ppd is for TB

Warfarin (Coumadin) interferes with hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Vitamin K is necessary for the production of clotting factors in the liver, and warfarin inhibits the enzyme that activates vitamin K. By inhibiting this enzyme, warfarin reduces the production of clotting factors, leading to anticoagulant effects. This makes warfarin an effective medication for preventing blood clots. Heparin Sodium, Urokinase, and Alteplase are not known to interfere with hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and therefore are not the correct answer.

Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting platelet synthesis of thromboxane A. Thromboxane A is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator, and its inhibition prevents platelets from sticking together and forming blood clots. Aspirin achieves this by irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is responsible for the production of thromboxane A. By inhibiting thromboxane A production, aspirin reduces the risk of clot formation and helps prevent conditions such as heart attacks and strokes.

The correct chronological order of the clotting cascade is as follows: Prothrombin activator activates Prothrombin, which then converts into Thrombin. Thrombin then acts on Fibrinogen to convert it into Fibrin. Finally, Fibrin forms the meshwork to create a blood clot.

Anticoagulants are medications that inhibit specific clotting factors and interfere with the clotting cascade and thrombin formation. They work by preventing the formation of blood clots and are commonly used to treat conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation. Unlike antiplatelet agents, which primarily prevent platelets from sticking together, anticoagulants target the coagulation factors involved in the clotting process. Thrombolytics, on the other hand, are used to dissolve existing blood clots rather than preventing their formation. Therefore, the correct answer is anticoagulants.

The correct answer is fibrin clot because the picture shows a cluster of thread-like structures, which is characteristic of a fibrin clot. Fibrin clots are formed during the blood clotting process and help in stopping bleeding by forming a mesh-like network that traps platelets and red blood cells. This picture does not represent an intracellular parasite or hemorrhage, as there are no indications of cellular structures or excessive bleeding.

INR (International Normalized Ratio) is used to standardize PT (Prothrombin Time) results due to variations in manufacturer's Thromboplastin Factor (TF). PT measures the time it takes for blood to clot, and variations in TF can lead to inconsistent results. INR is a calculation that compares a patient's PT result to a standardized reference value, allowing for accurate interpretation of clotting time across different laboratories and reagents. Therefore, INR is the correct answer as it addresses the need for standardization in PT results.

Hemostatics promote the formation of new clots. They are substances that help control bleeding by promoting the coagulation process. They work by activating clotting factors and enhancing the formation of fibrin, which is essential for clot formation. By promoting clot formation, hemostatics help stop bleeding and prevent excessive blood loss. This is in contrast to thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet medications, which have different mechanisms of action and do not promote clot formation.

Clopidogrel (Plavix) is the correct answer because it is an antiplatelet agent that is taken orally (PO). Eptifibatide (Integrilin), Abciximab (Reopro), and Tirfiban (Aggrastat) are all antiplatelet agents as well, but they are administered intravenously (IV) and not orally. Therefore, Clopidogrel (Plavix) is the only option that fits the given criteria.

For prophylaxis against malaria, antimalarial drugs should be started 2 weeks before potential exposure and continued for 8 weeks after leaving the area. This is because it takes time for the medication to build up in the body and provide protection against the malaria parasite, and it is important to continue taking the medication even after leaving the area to ensure complete protection. The other options of 8, 8; 2, 2; and 8, 2 are incorrect as they do not follow the recommended timeline for prophylaxis.

When megakaryocytes shed their cytoplasm into small membrane enclosed packets, these packets, known as platelets, leave the bone marrow and enter the blood. Platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing. They form clumps and release chemicals to help stop bleeding by forming a plug at the site of injury. Therefore, the correct answer is platelets.

The statement is explaining that PTT is the same as PT, but without TF added. This means that PTT does not have the TF component that PT has. Therefore, the correct answer is True, indicating that the statement is accurate and PTT does not include TF.

Alteplase (Activase) is a thrombolytic medication that works by converting plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin is an enzyme that breaks down fibrin, a protein involved in blood clot formation. By digesting fibrin, Alteplase helps to dissolve blood clots. Anticoagulants like Eptifibatide (integrilin) and Tirofiban (Aggrastat) work by preventing the formation of blood clots, but they do not directly dissolve existing clots like Alteplase does. Therefore, Alteplase is the correct answer in this context.

The given correct answer, "Idiopathic thrombocytopenia," is the most appropriate diagnosis based on the information provided. The lab studies show that the patient's platelets are being coated with IgG, which is causing them to not be recognized as self. This leads to macrophages destroying the platelets. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a low platelet count due to the destruction of platelets by the immune system.

When a blood vessel is broken, the exposure of collagen fibers triggers the platelets to become sticky and adhere to the damaged area of the vessel wall. This process is known as platelet plug formation. The platelets then release chemicals that attract more platelets, leading to the formation of a plug that helps to temporarily seal the broken blood vessel. This is an important initial stage of hemostasis, which is the body's process of stopping bleeding.

The correct answer is plasmodium falciparum. The picture likely represents this particular species of the Plasmodium parasite, which is responsible for causing the most severe form of malaria in humans. Plasmodium falciparum is known for its ability to cause life-threatening complications and is primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa. The other options, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium malaria, are also species of the Plasmodium parasite but are generally associated with milder forms of malaria.

thrombocytes are formed elements suspended in plasma

During the Vascular phase of Hemostasis, serotonin causes blood vessels to spasm. This is because serotonin is a vasoconstrictor, meaning it causes the smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls to contract, narrowing the blood vessels. This constriction helps to reduce blood flow and limit bleeding from the injured site. The spasm also helps to temporarily close off the injured blood vessel, allowing time for platelets to aggregate and form a platelet plug.

Anti-platelet agents interfere with the formation of the platelet plug. Platelet plug formation is one of the initial steps in the clotting cascade, where platelets aggregate at the site of injury to form a plug. By inhibiting this process, anti-platelet agents prevent the formation of the plug and reduce the risk of excessive clot formation. This is different from the formation of thrombin, which is involved in the later stages of the clotting cascade, and the steps leading to fibrin formation, which occur after thrombin is formed. Therefore, the correct answer is formation of the platelet plug.

Thrombolytics are medications that break down blood clots (thrombus). They do so by stimulating the plasmin system. Plasmin is an enzyme that breaks down fibrin, the protein that forms the structure of blood clots. By activating the plasmin system, thrombolytics promote the breakdown of the existing thrombus, helping to restore blood flow. Thrombin is a clotting factor that helps in the formation of blood clots, so it is not the correct answer. Complement is a part of the immune system and is not directly involved in breaking down blood clots.

The extrinsic pathway is a part of the blood clotting process. It is activated when there is tissue injury. This pathway is not activated by an abnormal vessel wall in the absence of injury. Therefore, the correct answer is tissue injury.

Antimalaria medications primarily have gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. This means that these medications can commonly cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Other side effects such as cardiac or respiratory effects are not typically associated with antimalaria medications.

Coagulation is the correct answer because it is the final phase of hemostasis. Coagulation involves the formation of a blood clot to seal off the damaged blood vessel and prevent further bleeding. This process is initiated by a cascade of chemical reactions that result in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a mesh-like network that traps blood cells and platelets to form a stable clot. Vascular spasms and platelet plug formation occur earlier in the hemostasis process to constrict the blood vessel and temporarily block the flow of blood, respectively.

Ticlopidine is an anti-platelet drug

platelets are suspended in plasma

Warfarin (Coumadin) is the correct answer because it has multiple drug/drug interactions and may cause tissue necrosis. Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that works by interfering with the body's blood clotting process. However, it can interact with many other drugs, including prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal supplements, leading to potentially dangerous interactions. Additionally, warfarin can cause a rare but serious side effect called tissue necrosis, which is the death of cells in a specific area of the body. This occurs when blood flow to the area is blocked, often due to a clot formation.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is the correct answer because it is a rare blood disorder characterized by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. These blood clots can lead to a decrease in platelet count, causing thrombocytopenia. The "eating" of platelets mentioned in the question refers to the formation of these blood clots that can consume platelets. Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, and Idiopathic thrombocytopenia is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets.

prevents thrombi

The correct answer is "none of the above" because all the options listed (anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics) are drugs used for coagulation disorders. Therefore, none of the options are not drugs for coagulation disorders.

The efficacy of the extrinsic pathway is evaluated by measuring PT (prothrombin time) and INR (international normalized ratio). PT measures the time it takes for blood to clot, specifically measuring the activity of factors involved in the extrinsic pathway. INR is a standardized method of reporting PT results, allowing for comparison across different laboratories. PTT (partial thromboplastin time) is not used to evaluate the efficacy of the extrinsic pathway, as it primarily assesses the intrinsic pathway. Therefore, the correct answer is A & C, which includes PT and INR.

The correct answer is PTT because it is a test that evaluates the efficacy of the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting. The intrinsic pathway is one of the two main pathways involved in the formation of blood clots. The PT test evaluates the efficacy of the extrinsic pathway, while the INR is a calculation that standardizes the PT test results. Option A & C is incorrect because it only includes the PT and INR tests, while "all of the above" is incorrect because it includes the PT and INR tests, which do not evaluate the efficacy of both intrinsic and common pathways.

decreased synthesis of vit. K with liver disorders leads to decreased activation of clotting factors

Heparin inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrinogen is a protein that is converted into fibrin during the process of blood clotting. By inhibiting this conversion, heparin prevents the formation of blood clots. Alteplase (Activase) is a thrombolytic medication that dissolves blood clots, while Tirofiban (Aggrastat) is an antiplatelet medication that prevents platelets from sticking together and forming clots. Therefore, the correct answer is Heparin.

Warfarin is not a Sub Q anticoagulant because it is administered orally rather than subcutaneously. Sub Q anticoagulants are medications that are injected into the fatty tissue under the skin. Dalteparin, Fondapirinux, Heparin Sodium, and Enoxaparin are all examples of Sub Q anticoagulants.

Virchow's triad contains factors contributing to thrombosis

Anticoagulants are medications that prevent the formation of new blood clots or the enlargement of existing ones. They do not directly inhibit thrombin formation or dissolve existing clots. Instead, they work by inhibiting specific clotting factors that are involved in the formation of fibrin, a protein that forms the structure of blood clots. By inhibiting these clotting factors, anticoagulants help to prevent the formation of new clots or the enlargement of existing ones, reducing the risk of complications such as strokes or deep vein thrombosis. Therefore, the correct answer is "prevent formation of new clots or enlargement of existing ones."

Falciparum is the most widespread plasmodium worldwide. This is because it is responsible for the majority of malaria cases and is found in many regions across the globe. Falciparum malaria is also known to be the most severe and life-threatening form of the disease, causing the highest number of deaths. It is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito and can result in severe symptoms such as high fever, anemia, organ failure, and neurological complications. Therefore, Falciparum is the correct answer as it accurately reflects its global prevalence and impact.

Normal clotting occurs in approximately 6 minutes.

Dalteparin (Fragmin) is the correct answer because it is a low molecular weight heparin. Heparin is a type of anticoagulant medication that prevents blood clotting. Low molecular weight heparin refers to a specific form of heparin that has been modified to have a smaller molecular size, allowing for more predictable and consistent dosing. Warfarin and Heparin Sodium are not low molecular weight heparins, and Alteplase is a different type of medication used to dissolve blood clots. Therefore, the correct answer is Dalteparin (Fragmin).