Bio 1 Midterm Exam Review

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1. What structure is labeled A?

Explanation

The structure labeled A is the cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria. It provides support and protection to the cell, helping to maintain its shape and prevent it from bursting under pressure. The cell wall is made up of cellulose and other polysaccharides, and it acts as a barrier, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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About This Quiz
Bio 1 Midterm Exam Review - Quiz

This Bio 1 Midterm Exam Review assesses key biological concepts including active transport, concentration gradients, hypotheses testing, dependent variables, properties of water, and carbon-based molecules essential for life.

2. What structure is labeled A?

Explanation

The structure labeled A is the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the cell's genetic material, including DNA, and is responsible for controlling cellular activities such as gene expression and cell division. The nucleus is easily identifiable due to its distinct shape and location within the cell.

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3. What structure is labeled D?

Explanation

Structure D is labeled as mitochondrion. The mitochondrion is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. It has a double membrane structure and contains its own DNA. The presence of a double membrane and the function of energy production are characteristic features of mitochondria, making it the correct answer in this case.

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4. Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information?

Explanation

The nucleus is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which are located inside the nucleus. The nucleus also controls the cell's activities by regulating gene expression and directing the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, the nucleus plays a crucial role in storing and managing the cell's genetic information.

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5. What structure is labeled F?

Explanation

Centrioles are small cylindrical structures found in animal cells that play a crucial role in cell division. They are responsible for organizing the microtubules that form the spindle fibers during mitosis, which help in the separation of chromosomes. Centrioles are typically located near the nucleus and are involved in the formation of cilia and flagella as well. Therefore, they are correctly labeled as F in the given structure.

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6. Which of the following is a major principle upon which cell theory is based?

Explanation

The major principle upon which cell theory is based is that all organisms are made of cells. This principle states that cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living things. It emphasizes that all living organisms, from simple bacteria to complex multicellular organisms, are composed of cells. This principle was established by scientists Schleiden and Schwann in the 19th century and is a fundamental concept in biology.

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7. What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained insidethe cell membrane?

Explanation

Cytoplasm is the correct answer because it is the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane. It is a semi-fluid material that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus, and it contains various organelles and dissolved substances. The cytoplasm plays a crucial role in supporting the organelles and facilitating the movement of molecules within the cell.

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8. Which phrase best describes the property of selective permeability?

Explanation

Selective permeability refers to the property of a membrane or barrier to allow only certain molecules or ions to pass through while restricting the passage of others. In this case, the correct answer "some molecules pass" accurately describes selective permeability as it implies that only certain molecules are able to pass through the barrier, while others are not able to do so.

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9. What structure is labeled B?

Explanation

Structure B is labeled as chloroplast because chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight and converts it into energy for the cell. This organelle is not found in animal cells, making it a distinctive feature of plant cells.

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10. What structure is labeled B?

Explanation

Structure B is labeled as smooth E.R. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-bound tubules and sacs involved in various cellular functions. It lacks ribosomes on its surface, which gives it a smooth appearance. Smooth ER is responsible for lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium ion storage. It also plays a role in the production of hormones and lipids.

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11. Which of the following is not part of the Cell Theory?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Viruses are the smallest type of cell." This statement is not part of the Cell Theory because viruses are not considered cells. While they are microscopic and can replicate, viruses are not made up of cells and do not exhibit all the characteristics of living organisms. They are considered to be acellular entities that require a host cell to reproduce. Therefore, they are not included in the Cell Theory, which states that all living things are made of cells.

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12. ___ is the measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Explanation

pH is the measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. It indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being highly acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being highly alkaline. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each whole number change in pH represents a tenfold difference in acidity or alkalinity. A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, while a higher pH value indicates a lower concentration of hydrogen ions. Therefore, pH is the correct measure of hydrogen ions in a solution.

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13. Which phrase best describes rough ER?

Explanation

Rough ER is described as "studded with ribosomes" because it contains ribosomes on its surface. These ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, making rough ER involved in the production and processing of proteins. The rough appearance of the ER is due to the presence of ribosomes, which gives it a "studded" appearance.

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14. What is the term for the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane?

Explanation

Osmosis is the correct answer because it refers to the process of water molecules moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane. This movement of water helps to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane, resulting in the establishment of equilibrium. The other options, such as equilibrium, transport, and isotonic, do not specifically describe the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

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15. Which of the following is not found in a animal cell?

Explanation

The correct answer is cell wall. Animal cells do not have a cell wall, unlike plant cells. The cell wall is a rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to plant cells. Animal cells, on the other hand, have a flexible cell membrane that allows for movement and interaction with the environment. The presence of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and vacuoles are all characteristic features of animal cells.

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16. What type of cell is pictured here?

Explanation

The cell pictured here is a prokaryote. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are typically smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells. This can be inferred from the image, as prokaryotes usually have a simpler internal structure and lack a distinct nucleus, which is characteristic of eukaryotes.

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17. DNA and RNA are two types of ___.

Explanation

DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in the nucleus of cells and carries the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is involved in the process of protein synthesis and helps in translating the genetic information stored in DNA into functional proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is nucleic acids.

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18. When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis?

Explanation

In mitosis, sister chromatids separate during anaphase. During this phase, the microtubules attached to the centromeres shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart and towards opposite ends of the cell. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. In contrast, metaphase is the phase where the sister chromatids align at the center of the cell, prophase is the phase where the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down, and telophase is the phase where the nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes decondense.

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19. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell?

Explanation

The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that provides structural support and shape to a cell. It is responsible for maintaining cell shape, facilitating cell movement, and organizing cellular components. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of protein filaments: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. These filaments work together to give the cell its shape and allow for various cellular processes such as cell division and intracellular transport.

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20. Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Explanation

Ribosomes can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. This is because the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, and ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum provides a surface for ribosomes to attach and carry out protein synthesis, allowing for efficient production and transport of proteins within the cell.

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21. What structure is labeled C?

Explanation

The structure labeled C is the vacuole. Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in plant and fungal cells. They are responsible for storing various substances such as water, ions, and nutrients. Vacuoles also play a role in maintaining the turgor pressure of the cell and can contribute to cell growth and development.

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22. Scientists use observations and data to form and test ___.

Explanation

Scientists use observations and data to form and test hypotheses. Hypotheses are educated guesses or proposed explanations for a phenomenon based on existing knowledge and observations. Scientists formulate hypotheses to guide their research and experiments, and then collect data to either support or refute these hypotheses. This process helps scientists advance their understanding of the natural world and develop new theories or conclusions based on the evidence gathered.

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23. What gives water many properties that are important to living things?

Explanation

Hydrogen bonds give water many properties that are important to living things. Hydrogen bonds are formed between the positively charged hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the negatively charged oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules. These bonds give water a high boiling point, allowing it to exist as a liquid at room temperature. They also give water a high specific heat, meaning it can absorb and release large amounts of heat without significantly changing in temperature. Additionally, hydrogen bonds contribute to water's cohesion and surface tension, which are important for transporting nutrients and waste in living organisms.

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24. The four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and ___.

Explanation

Proteins are the fourth main type of carbon-based molecules in organisms. They are large, complex molecules made up of amino acids and are involved in various functions in the body, including structural support, enzymatic reactions, and transportation of molecules. Proteins are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of cells and tissues.

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25. Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make ___.

Explanation

Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make covalent bonds. In a covalent bond, atoms share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows both atoms to fill their outermost energy levels and become more stable. This type of bond is commonly found in molecules and compounds composed of nonmetals. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, hydrogen bonds are a type of intermolecular bond, and polymers are large molecules made up of repeating subunits.

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26. Which organelle is the storehouse for a cell's genetic information?

Explanation

The nucleus is the storehouse for a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. The DNA is organized into chromosomes and is protected within the nucleus. The nucleus also plays a role in regulating gene expression and controlling the cell's activities. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are involved in energy production and centrioles play a role in cell division, but they do not store genetic information like the nucleus does.

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27. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to the cell?

Explanation

The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that provides structural support to the cell and helps maintain its shape. It also plays a crucial role in cell movement, cell division, and the transport of materials within the cell. Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs involved in transport, while vacuoles are storage organelles. The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is cytoskeleton.

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28. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them by adding sugars and other molecules, and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations. This process ensures that proteins are properly folded, modified, and sorted before being sent to different parts of the cell or secreted outside. Therefore, the main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and deliver proteins.

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29. When graphing experimental results, you should place the ______ onto the y axis.

Explanation

When graphing experimental results, the dependent variables should be placed onto the y-axis. The dependent variables are the ones that are being measured or observed in the experiment and are expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variables. Placing the dependent variables on the y-axis allows for a clear representation of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, as the y-axis represents the variable that is being affected by the independent variable.

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30. Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of ___.

Explanation

Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of lipids. Lipids are a class of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They are an essential component of living cells and play important roles in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning of organs. Hormones, cell membranes, and fatty acids are all related to lipids, but they are not inclusive of all types of lipids.

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31. While on the nature trail, a student turns over a rotted log.  Fungi, termites, pill bugs, ants, slugs,  and earthworms are observed living in and around the log.  Altogether, these organisms represent a  ___.

Explanation

The student's observation of various organisms living in and around the rotted log suggests that they are all part of a community. A community refers to a group of different species that interact and coexist in a particular area. In this case, the fungi, termites, pill bugs, ants, slugs, and earthworms are all living together and interacting within the same habitat, forming a community.

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32. In a pond... 1) the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra, 2) the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia,         3) the secondary consumer is a small fish, the bluegill, and  4) the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the smallmouth bass.  What changes can be expected in the pond if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides?

Explanation

If the Daphnia are killed with pesticides, the primary consumer in the pond will be eliminated. As a result, the primary producer, Spirogyra, will not be consumed and its population will likely increase. With the increase in Spirogyra population, the primary consumer, Daphnia, will not be able to eat something else and its population will decline. Consequently, the secondary consumer, bluegill, will have less food available and its population will probably decrease. As the bluegill population decreases, the tertiary consumer, smallmouth bass, will also have less food and may not be able to survive, leading to the death of the smallmouth bass population.

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33. The carrying capacity of a population in an ecosystem is ___.

Explanation

The carrying capacity of a population in an ecosystem refers to the average maximum number of individuals that the ecosystem can support. It represents the point at which the available resources in the ecosystem can no longer sustain any additional individuals, resulting in a balance between births and deaths. It is not related to the rate at which individuals die off, the amount of animals in the entire biome, or how an ecosystem can carry a population to another ecosystem.

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34. What is the function of the entire structure shown in the diagram?

Explanation

The entire structure shown in the diagram is responsible for regulating what goes in and out of a cell. This suggests that it is involved in maintaining the cell's internal environment and controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane. It may include various components such as transport proteins, ion channels, and receptors that help in the selective transport of molecules and ions.

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35. Which of the following is not found in a plant cell?

Explanation

Flagella are not found in plant cells. Flagella are whip-like structures that are responsible for cell movement in many organisms, including some bacteria and single-celled eukaryotes. However, plant cells do not have flagella. Instead, plant cells have rigid cell walls and use other mechanisms, such as the growth and movement of specialized cells, to achieve movement and transport. Therefore, flagella are not present in plant cells.

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36. What structure is labeled C?

Explanation

The structure labeled C is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough E.R.). This can be determined because the rough E.R. is responsible for protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached to its surface, which are visible in the given diagram. The other options, such as the nucleus, mitochondrion, and smooth E.R., do not have these characteristics.

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37. What type of cell is this?

Explanation

The given correct answer is "animal cell." This is because the image or description provided in the question most likely depicts a cell that lacks a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, which are characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. Animal cells are a type of eukaryotic cell, while prokaryotes, such as bacteria, do not possess a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Additionally, the options of "bacterial" and "plant cell" can be eliminated based on the information provided.

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38. A(n) ___ is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

Explanation

An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances and retains its unique properties. Examples of elements include hydrogen, oxygen, and gold. Compounds, on the other hand, are made up of two or more different elements chemically combined. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, while ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge.

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39. A(n) ___ is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.

Explanation

A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.

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40. The difference in the concentration of dissolved particles from one location to another is called a ___.  

Explanation

A concentration gradient refers to the difference in the concentration of dissolved particles between two locations. It represents how the concentration changes from one point to another, with higher concentration areas having a steeper gradient. This term is commonly used in various scientific fields, such as biology and chemistry, to describe the movement of substances or the distribution of solutes in a solution.

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41. In Fig. 3.3, identify the structure labeled C.

Explanation

The structure labeled C in Fig. 3.3 is the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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42. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within the cell. Proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus before being transported to their final destinations within or outside the cell. This organelle plays a crucial role in protein sorting, glycosylation, and the formation of vesicles for protein transport. Therefore, the main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and deliver proteins.

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43. A(n) ___ forms when atoms share a pair of electrons.

Explanation

A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of electrons. This type of bond occurs between nonmetal atoms, where the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. In a covalent bond, the atoms are held together by the attraction between the shared electrons and the positively charged nuclei of the atoms involved. This sharing of electrons allows the atoms to achieve a more stable electron configuration, resulting in a strong bond between the atoms.

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44. The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means is a(n) ___.

Explanation

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. It consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus. Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons, giving them unique properties. Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms to form compounds, but the atoms themselves remain unchanged. Therefore, an atom is the correct answer as it is the fundamental building block of all matter.

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45. The smallest basic unit of matter is the ___.

Explanation

An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter. It is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms combine to form molecules, which are the building blocks of all substances. Cells are the basic units of life, but they are not the smallest units of matter. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine chemically. Therefore, the correct answer is atom.

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46. What structure is labeled E?

Explanation

The structure labeled E is the Golgi body. The Golgi body is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport within the cell or for secretion outside of the cell. It consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae. The Golgi body plays a crucial role in the intracellular transport and processing of proteins and is involved in the synthesis of cell wall components, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles.

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47. An attraction between substances of the same kind is referred to as ___.

Explanation

Cohesion refers to the attraction between substances of the same kind. It is the force that holds molecules of the same substance together. This can be observed in the way water molecules stick to each other, forming droplets or creating surface tension. Cohesion is responsible for many properties of liquids, such as their ability to flow and form spherical shapes. It is an important concept in chemistry and physics.

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48. Which type of transport is shown in the diagram?  

Explanation

The correct answer is Active transport. Active transport is a type of cellular transport that requires energy to move molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. In the diagram, the transport process is shown to be moving molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which is characteristic of active transport.

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49. Which organelles contain enzymes that break down old cell parts?

Explanation

Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down old cell parts. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells. They are responsible for breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and old or damaged organelles through a process called autophagy. This process helps maintain the overall health and functioning of the cell by recycling and eliminating unnecessary or damaged components.

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50. Which organelles are found only in plant cells?

Explanation

Chloroplasts are organelles that are found only in plant cells. They are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that gives plants their green color and allows them to absorb sunlight. This organelle is not found in animal cells, making it unique to plant cells. Centrosomes, ribosomes, and vacuoles, on the other hand, can be found in both plant and animal cells.

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51. What pH would be considered a strong base?

Explanation

A pH of 12 would be considered a strong base. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 being acidic, 7 being neutral, and values above 7 being basic. As the pH scale is logarithmic, each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in alkalinity. Therefore, a pH of 12 indicates a high concentration of hydroxide ions and a strong base.

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52. A doctor prescribed leach therapy (purposefully allowing leaches to remove blood) for a person suffering from a blood disorder, resulting in the person being helped.  This would then be an example of

Explanation

In this scenario, the doctor prescribed leach therapy with the intention of helping the person suffering from a blood disorder. Leach therapy involves allowing leaches to remove blood, which in turn benefits the person by alleviating their condition. This demonstrates mutualism, as both parties involved (the person and the leaches) benefit from the interaction. The person's blood disorder is improved, while the leaches obtain a source of nutrition.

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53. Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was transformed into a meadow. During that time, several communities of organisms were replaced by different communities. Which of these best explains why new communities were able to replace older communities?

Explanation

The correct answer is that the abiotic characteristics of the habitat changed. This means that the non-living factors in the environment, such as temperature, moisture, and soil composition, underwent significant alterations over time. These changes likely created new conditions that were more suitable for different communities of organisms to thrive, leading to the replacement of the older communities. It is important to note that the other options, such as extinction of the original species or the disappearance of diseases, may have influenced the changes in communities, but they do not directly explain why new communities were able to replace the older ones.

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54. In Fig. 3.3, identify the structure labeled F.

Explanation

The structure labeled F in Figure 3.3 is responsible for holding water.

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55. Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...

Explanation

A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have a well-defined nucleus that houses the genetic material (DNA), prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Instead, the DNA in prokaryotic cells is located in the cytoplasm, which is the gel-like substance that fills the cell. Prokaryotic cells do have DNA, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane, but the absence of a nucleus is a key characteristic that distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells.

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56. Many factors should remain unchanged during an experiment. These factors are referred to as  ___.

Explanation

Controlled variables are the factors in an experiment that are intentionally kept constant or unchanged. These variables are carefully controlled to ensure that they do not influence the outcome of the experiment. By keeping these variables constant, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable and determine its impact on the dependent variable. This helps to establish a cause-and-effect relationship and ensure that any observed changes are due to the independent variable and not other factors.

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57. Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and reform during ___.

Explanation

Chemical reactions involve the breaking and formation of bonds between atoms, resulting in the transformation of substances into different substances. During a chemical reaction, the original bonds are broken, and new bonds are formed, leading to the rearrangement of atoms and the creation of new compounds. This process is responsible for the conversion of reactants into products and is the fundamental concept behind chemical changes. Therefore, chemical reactions are the correct answer for substances changing into different substances.

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58. Protein polymers are made of a series of ___.

Explanation

Protein polymers are made of a series of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are linked together through peptide bonds to form long chains called polypeptides. These polypeptides then fold into specific 3D structures to become functional proteins. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates, histones are proteins that help in DNA packaging, and DNA strands are nucleic acids that carry genetic information. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids.

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59. Which organelles supply energy to the cell?

Explanation

Mitochondria are the organelles that supply energy to the cell. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce the majority of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through a process called cellular respiration. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are capable of self-replication. They are found in most eukaryotic cells and play a vital role in various cellular processes, including metabolism and the regulation of cell death. Ribosomes, centrosomes, and vacuoles do not directly supply energy to the cell.

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60. Which process requires no energy from the cell?

Explanation

Facilitated diffusion is the process by which molecules passively move across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins. Unlike active transport, which requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion does not require any energy from the cell. Therefore, facilitated diffusion is the correct answer as it is the only process listed that does not require energy.

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61. An atom, radical or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge is called a(n) ___.

Explanation

An atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge is called an ion. Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, resulting in an imbalance of positive or negative charges. This charge imbalance gives ions their unique properties and allows them to participate in chemical reactions.

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62. Which of the following is a feature found only in plant cells?

Explanation

The central vacuole is a feature found only in plant cells. It is a large, fluid-filled organelle that plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure and storing nutrients, water, and waste products. Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles or none at all, while plant cells typically have a single, large central vacuole that occupies a significant portion of the cell's volume. This organelle helps plants maintain turgor pressure, regulate osmotic balance, and store various substances, making it a unique feature of plant cells.

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63. What type of cell is this?

Explanation

The given cell is an eukaryote cell because it has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryote cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They are more complex than prokaryote cells, which lack a nucleus and organelles. Bacterial cells are a type of prokaryote cell.

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64. Which process divides the cytoplasm?

Explanation

Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm during cell division. It occurs after the chromosomes have separated and the nucleus has divided. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives the necessary organelles and cellular components to function independently. Anaphase, S phase, and telophase are all different stages of cell division but do not specifically involve the division of the cytoplasm.

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65. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both sites of ___.

Explanation

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both organelles involved in energy conversion. Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, where they convert nutrients into ATP, the cell's main energy source. Chloroplasts, on the other hand, are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, where they convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Therefore, both mitochondria and chloroplasts play a crucial role in energy conversion within cells.

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66. A(n) ___ is a substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more different elements.

Explanation

A compound is a substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more different elements. It is formed when atoms of different elements chemically bond together. Compounds have unique properties that are different from the properties of their individual elements. Examples of compounds include water (H2O), table salt (NaCl), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

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67. An attraction between different substances is called ___.

Explanation

Adhesion refers to the attraction between different substances. It is the force that causes molecules of different substances to stick together. This can occur between molecules of the same type or different types. Adhesion is responsible for phenomena such as capillary action, where liquids are able to move against gravity in narrow tubes. It is an important property in various biological and physical processes, such as the movement of water through plant roots and the ability of insects to walk on walls.

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68. A mixture that is consistent throughout is called a(n) ___.

Explanation

A mixture that is consistent throughout is called a solution. In a solution, the solute (the substance being dissolved) is evenly distributed and mixed with the solvent (the substance doing the dissolving). This results in a homogeneous mixture where the components are not easily distinguishable. Therefore, solution is the correct answer in this case.

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69. Which word best describes the structure of the cell membrane?

Explanation

The word "layered" best describes the structure of the cell membrane because it is composed of a double layer of phospholipids. These phospholipids form a bilayer, with their hydrophilic heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails facing inward. This layered structure provides stability and allows the cell membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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70. Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons?

Explanation

An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. This process causes the atom to become electrically charged, either positively or negatively. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion, called an anion. Conversely, when an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion, called a cation. Therefore, an ion is the correct answer in this case.

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71. Transport proteins play a role in both ___.

Explanation

Transport proteins are responsible for facilitating the movement of molecules across cell membranes. They can transport molecules through both passive and active mechanisms. Passive transport refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, without the need for energy. Active transport, on the other hand, involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring the input of energy. Therefore, the correct answer is "passive and active transport."

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72. Which of the following is a feature found only in animal cells?

Explanation

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found only in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules that form the spindle apparatus. This helps in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a central vacuole, which is a large, fluid-filled organelle. However, animal cells do have mitochondria, which are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP. The nucleus, which contains the genetic material, is present in both animal and plant cells.

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73. Identify the type of cell shown in Figure 3.1.

Explanation

The correct answer is eukaryotic. This is because eukaryotic cells are characterized by having a true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and a more complex structure compared to prokaryotic cells. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, meaning they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Animal cells are a type of eukaryotic cell, but the given figure does not provide enough information to specifically identify it as an animal cell. Therefore, the most accurate answer is eukaryotic.

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74. A(n) ___ forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions.

Explanation

An ionic bond forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions. In this type of bond, one atom transfers electrons to another atom, resulting in the formation of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). The attraction between these opposite charges creates a strong bond between the ions, holding the compound together. This type of bonding is commonly found in compounds made up of metals and nonmetals.

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75. The positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule in a(n) ___.

Explanation

Water molecules are polar, meaning they have a positive region (the hydrogen atoms) and a negative region (the oxygen atom). In a hydrogen bond, the positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative region of another water molecule. This attraction is due to the electrostatic forces between the partially positive hydrogen atoms and the partially negative oxygen atoms. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrogen bond.

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76. Which of the following molecules found in the food we eat is most commonly broken down to make ATP (providing us with the most readily available energy)?

Explanation

Carbohydrates are the molecules found in food that are most commonly broken down to make ATP, providing us with readily available energy. This is because carbohydrates are easily converted into glucose, which is then used by cells to produce ATP through cellular respiration. Lipids, proteins, and vitamins can also be broken down for energy, but carbohydrates are the preferred source due to their efficiency in ATP production.

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77. A(n) ___ is a substance in which a solute dissolves and is in greatest concentration in a solution.

Explanation

A solvent is a substance in which a solute dissolves and is in greatest concentration in a solution. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved, while the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. The solvent is typically present in a larger amount compared to the solute and determines the physical properties of the solution.

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78. During an experiment, which factors are observed and measured?

Explanation

During an experiment, the factors that are observed and measured are known as dependent variables. These variables are directly influenced by the independent variables, which are manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variables are the outcomes or results that are measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variables. Constants are factors that are kept consistent throughout the experiment to ensure that only the independent variables are affecting the dependent variables. Hypotheses, on the other hand, are proposed explanations or predictions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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79. In the lock-and-key model of enzyme function shown in Figure 2.2, what is happening in step 2?

Explanation

In step 2 of the lock-and-key model of enzyme function, the enzyme is causing new bonds to form between the substrates. This means that the enzyme is facilitating the reaction by bringing the substrates together in the correct orientation, allowing them to interact and form new chemical bonds. This step is crucial for the catalysis of the reaction and the formation of the desired product.

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80. A(n) ___ is the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance.It can consist of one element or two or more elements bonded together.

Explanation

A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance. It can be composed of a single element or multiple elements that are bonded together. This means that a molecule can exist as an individual entity or as part of a larger compound.

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81. Which of the following statements about succession is correct?

Explanation

Secondary succession refers to the process of ecological succession that occurs in an area where a previous community has been disrupted or destroyed, but the soil remains intact. This can happen after events such as wildfires, hurricanes, or logging. In these cases, the soil already contains nutrients and a seed bank, allowing for the establishment of new plant species. Primary succession, on the other hand, occurs in areas where soil is not present or has been completely removed, such as on bare rock or sand dunes. Therefore, the statement "Secondary succession can occur where a disturbance has left soil intact" is correct.

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82. If an organic molecule model contains carbon atoms arranged in a long chain, it is probably a model of ___.

Explanation

If an organic molecule model contains carbon atoms arranged in a long chain, it is probably a model of a lipid. Lipids are organic molecules that are characterized by their long hydrocarbon chains. These chains are made up of carbon atoms bonded together, and they are a defining feature of lipids. Starch, polar molecules, and proteins do not typically have long carbon chains, so they can be ruled out as options.

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83. During the last part of M phase in an animal cell, the ___ would begin developing.  

Explanation

During the last part of M phase in an animal cell, a cleavage furrow would begin developing. This is because during cytokinesis, which is the final stage of M phase, the cell membrane starts to pinch inwards at the equator of the cell. This furrow eventually deepens and separates the parent cell into two daughter cells. The development of a cleavage furrow is a crucial step in cell division and ensures the proper distribution of genetic material to the daughter cells.

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84. The structures labeled B would be made of ___.

Explanation

The structures labeled B would be made of protein. This is because proteins are a class of macromolecules that are composed of amino acids. They play a crucial role in the structure and function of cells, and are involved in various biological processes. Therefore, it is likely that the structures labeled B are composed of protein.

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85. The activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by a ___.

Explanation

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. It achieves this by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction that has a lower energy barrier. Therefore, the presence of a catalyst decreases the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed, making it easier for the reactants to overcome the energy barrier and form the products.

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86. Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?

Explanation

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thus increasing the rate at which reactants are converted into products. Therefore, the aspect of a chemical reaction that is affected by enzymes is the rate at which the reaction occurs.

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87. A solution that is hypotonic to a cell has ___.

Explanation

A solution that is hypotonic to a cell has fewer solutes than the cell. This means that the concentration of solutes in the solution is lower compared to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. As a result, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to swell or potentially burst if the influx of water is excessive.

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88. A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...

Explanation

A lysosome is a membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes. These enzymes help break down waste materials and cellular debris, allowing the cell to recycle and reuse components. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and are responsible for the digestion of foreign substances, cellular organelles, and even pathogens. They are often referred to as the "garbage disposal" of the cell due to their ability to break down and recycle cellular waste.

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89. A membrane-bound sac used to transport substances into and out of cells is a ...

Explanation

A vesicle is a membrane-bound sac that is used to transport substances into and out of cells. It acts as a small transport vehicle within the cell, allowing molecules to be moved from one location to another. Vesicles are involved in processes such as endocytosis (bringing substances into the cell) and exocytosis (releasing substances out of the cell). They play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of molecules and nutrients within the cell and are essential for cellular functioning.

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90. A substance that removes protons (H+ ions) from a solution is a(n) ___.

Explanation

A substance that removes protons (H+ ions) from a solution is a base. Bases are substances that can accept protons, or donate pairs of electrons, to other substances. In this case, the base would remove the H+ ions from the solution, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of H+ ions and an increase in the concentration of OH- ions. This process is known as deprotonation and is characteristic of bases.

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91. A substance that releases protons (H+ ions) in solution is a(n) ___.

Explanation

A substance that releases protons (H+ ions) in solution is known as an acid. Acids are characterized by their ability to donate protons, which results in the formation of hydronium ions (H3O+). This release of protons leads to an increase in the concentration of H+ ions in the solution, making it acidic. Acids typically have a sour taste and can react with metals, bases, and carbonates. Examples of common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid (CH3COOH).

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92. Which of the following is responsible for breaking down toxins and drugs in liver cells?

Explanation

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for breaking down toxins and drugs in liver cells. It contains enzymes that help in the detoxification process by metabolizing and eliminating harmful substances. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the liver.

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93. Which of the following is responsible for making membrane and protein?

Explanation

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for making both membranes and proteins. It is called "rough" because it is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in the production, folding, and transportation of proteins within the cell. Additionally, it is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, the main components of cell membranes. Therefore, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for both membrane and protein synthesis in the cell.

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What structure is labeled A?
What structure is labeled A?
What structure is labeled D?
Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic...
What structure is labeled F?
Which of the following is a major principle upon which cell theory is...
What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained...
Which phrase best describes the property of selective permeability?
What structure is labeled B?
What structure is labeled B?
Which of the following is not part of the Cell Theory?
___ is the measure of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
Which phrase best describes rough ER?
What is the term for the diffusion of water across a semipermeable...
Which of the following is not found in a animal cell?
What type of cell is pictured here?
DNA and RNA are two types of ___.
When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis?
Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and...
Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the...
What structure is labeled C?
Scientists use observations and data to form and test ___.
What gives water many properties that are important to living things?
The four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms are...
Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make ___.
Which organelle is the storehouse for a cell's genetic...
Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and...
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
When graphing experimental results, you should place the ______ onto...
Fats, oils, and cholesterol are all types of ___.
While on the nature trail, a student turns over a rotted log. ...
In a pond... ...
The carrying capacity of a population in an ecosystem is ___.
What is the function of the entire structure shown in the diagram?
Which of the following is not found in a plant cell?
What structure is labeled C?
What type of cell is this?
A(n) ___ is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
A(n) ___ is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
The difference in the concentration of dissolved particles from one...
In Fig. 3.3, identify the structure labeled C.
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
A(n) ___ forms when atoms share a pair of electrons.
The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical...
The smallest basic unit of matter is the ___.
What structure is labeled E?
An attraction between substances of the same kind is referred to as...
Which type of transport is shown in the diagram?  
Which organelles contain enzymes that break down old cell parts?
Which organelles are found only in plant cells?
What pH would be considered a strong base?
A doctor prescribed leach therapy (purposefully allowing leaches to...
Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was...
In Fig. 3.3, identify the structure labeled F.
Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...
Many factors should remain unchanged during an experiment. These...
Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and...
Protein polymers are made of a series of ___.
Which organelles supply energy to the cell?
Which process requires no energy from the cell?
An atom, radical or molecule that has gained or lost one or more...
Which of the following is a feature found only in plant cells?
What type of cell is this?
Which process divides the cytoplasm?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both sites of ___.
A(n) ___ is a substance made up of the joined atoms of two or more...
An attraction between different substances is called ___.
A mixture that is consistent throughout is called a(n) ___.
Which word best describes the structure of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses...
Transport proteins play a role in both ___.
Which of the following is a feature found only in animal cells?
Identify the type of cell shown in Figure 3.1.
A(n) ___ forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged...
The positive region of one water molecule is attracted to the negative...
Which of the following molecules found in the food we eat is most...
A(n) ___ is a substance in which a solute dissolves and is in greatest...
During an experiment, which factors are observed and measured?
In the lock-and-key model of enzyme function shown in Figure 2.2, what...
A(n) ___ is the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the...
Which of the following statements about succession is correct?
If an organic molecule model contains carbon atoms arranged in a long...
During the last part of M phase in an animal cell, the ___ would begin...
The structures labeled B would be made of ___.
The activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by a...
Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?
A solution that is hypotonic to a cell has ___.
A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...
A membrane-bound sac used to transport substances into and out of...
A substance that removes protons (H+ ions) from a solution is a(n)...
A substance that releases protons (H+ ions) in solution is a(n) ___.
Which of the following is responsible for breaking down toxins and...
Which of the following is responsible for making membrane and protein?
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