Phintern 1 Online Exam Number 1 V2.0

Bisacodyl is the generic name of the product. The other options mentioned, Senna concentrate, Loperamide, and Hyoscine, are not the generic names of the product. Therefore, Bisacodyl is the correct answer.

The given preparation, Solmux Broncho®, is classified as a prescription drug (P) rather than an over-the-counter (OTC) drug (O).

The given answer is "O" which stands for OTC Drug. This suggests that Simeco® is classified as an over-the-counter drug, meaning it can be purchased without a prescription.

Valium is classified as a prescription drug (P) because it contains diazepam, which is a controlled substance used to treat anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and muscle spasms. It is not available over the counter and can only be obtained with a valid prescription from a healthcare professional.

The given answer "O" indicates that Glydolax® is classified as an OTC drug. OTC stands for over-the-counter, which means that this medication can be purchased without a prescription.

The given preparation, Tetavax®, is classified as a Prescription drug (P) based on the information provided.

The given preparation, Rexidol®, is classified as an OTC (Over-the-Counter) drug. This means that it can be purchased without a prescription from a healthcare professional.

The given answer "P" indicates that the preparation Erceflora® is classified as a Prescription drug.

The given answer "O" indicates that the preparation "Buscopan" is classified as an OTC (Over-the-Counter) drug. OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription and are considered safe for self-medication.

The given preparation, Dalacin-C, is classified as a prescription drug (P).

The given preparation, Mucosolvan®, is classified as an OTC drug.

The given preparation, Myrin P®, is classified as a Prescription drug (P).

The therapeutic category of Ventolin®, Asmalin®, Ansimar®, and Budecort® is antiasthma. This means that these medications are specifically used to treat asthma, a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. They work by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, allowing for easier breathing and reducing symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.

Xylocaine is a brand name for a medication that contains the active ingredient lidocaine, which is a local anesthetic. Local anesthetics are used to numb a specific area of the body to prevent pain during medical procedures or surgeries. Therefore, the therapeutic category of Xylocaine is anesthetic.

Loperamide is classified as an antimotility agent. It works by slowing down the movement of the intestines, which helps to reduce diarrhea and relieve symptoms such as frequent bowel movements and loose stools. Loperamide is commonly used to treat acute and chronic diarrhea caused by various conditions, including gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome. It is available over-the-counter and by prescription, and it is generally considered safe and effective when used as directed.

Colchicine is the correct answer because it is an antigout preparation. Methotrexate, Azathioprine, and Chloroquine are not typically used for the treatment of gout.

The generic name of Diane-35 pill is Ethinylestradiol+Cyproterone. This combination of Ethinylestradiol and Cyproterone is commonly used in oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy. Ethinylestradiol is a synthetic form of estrogen, while Cyproterone is an antiandrogen that inhibits the effects of male hormones. Together, these two components help regulate the menstrual cycle, reduce acne, and treat conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome.

Motilium® is the correct answer because it is a well-known brand name for the drug Domperidone. Domperidone is a medication used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea and vomiting. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce nausea and improve digestion. Motilium® is widely recognized and prescribed by healthcare professionals for its effectiveness in managing these symptoms. Plasil®, Lomotil®, and Senokot® are not brand names for Domperidone and are used for different medications or purposes.

The therapeutic category of these drugs is antidiabetic because all of the drugs listed (Diamicron, Januvia, Glucobay, and Euglocon) are used to treat diabetes. They work by either increasing insulin production or improving the body's response to insulin, helping to control blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.

The generic name of the product is Gemfibrozil.

Emla® is available in cream form in the Philippines. Creams are a common dosage form used for topical application. They are easy to apply and spread on the skin, making them suitable for numbing or anesthetizing the skin before certain medical procedures. Creams typically contain a mixture of water and oil, along with other ingredients that help deliver the active ingredients to the skin. In the case of Emla®, the cream formulation allows for the effective delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine, which are local anesthetics used to numb the skin.

Acetylcysteine is the correct answer as it is the specific antidote for paracetamol poisoning. Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a common over-the-counter pain reliever that can cause liver damage if taken in excessive amounts. Acetylcysteine helps to prevent or reduce liver damage by replenishing the depleted levels of glutathione, a natural antioxidant in the body. It is administered orally or intravenously and is most effective when given within 8-10 hours after paracetamol ingestion. Atropine, calcium salt, and diphenhydramine are not used as antidotes for paracetamol poisoning.

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which means it is a medication that affects the heart by increasing the force of contractions and slowing down the heart rate. This makes it useful in treating heart failure and certain heart rhythm problems. Dobutamine and dopamine are both medications that stimulate the heart to increase cardiac output, while atenolol is a beta-blocker that slows down the heart rate. Therefore, the correct answer is Digoxin, as it is the only option listed that is a cardiac glycoside.

Tegretol® is classified as an anticonvulsant medication. Anticonvulsants are drugs that are primarily used to treat and prevent seizures or convulsions. Tegretol® works by stabilizing the electrical activity in the brain, which helps to prevent abnormal brain signals that can lead to seizures. It is commonly prescribed for epilepsy and other seizure disorders.

The correct answer is Budesonide + Formoterol. Symbicort is a combination medication that contains budesonide, a corticosteroid, and formoterol, a long-acting beta agonist. Fluticasone and hydrocortisone are other corticosteroids used in different medications, while salbutamol and guaifenesin are not components of Symbicort.

The therapeutic category of Kwell® is scabicide and pediculicide. This means that Kwell® is used to treat scabies and lice infestations. It is not an antihelminthic, antiviral, or antifungal medication.

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medication commonly used to treat seizures and epilepsy. It works by stabilizing the electrical activity in the brain, preventing the spread of abnormal electrical activity that can cause seizures. Phenytoin is effective in controlling various types of seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures and partial seizures. It is often prescribed as a first-line treatment for epilepsy and is also used to prevent seizures after brain surgery. Phenytoin may have side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, and coordination problems, but it is generally well-tolerated and has been widely used for many years.

Neobloc® is classified as a beta blocker. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the body, specifically by blocking the beta receptors in the heart and blood vessels. This helps to lower blood pressure, reduce heart rate, and decrease the workload on the heart. Neobloc® is commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure.

Vagifem® is the correct answer because it is a vaginal tablet that contains estradiol, which is indicated for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Atrophic vaginitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and thinning of the vaginal walls due to decreased estrogen levels, commonly occurring during menopause. Estradiol helps to relieve symptoms such as vaginal dryness, itching, and discomfort by restoring the estrogen levels in the vaginal tissues. Therefore, Vagifem® is the appropriate choice for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis.

Coumadin® is a medication commonly used to prevent blood clots. It works by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood, thereby acting as an anticoagulant. This means that it helps to prevent the formation of blood clots, reducing the risk of conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. Therefore, the therapeutic category of Coumadin® is anticoagulant.

Dextromethorphan is a centrally acting antitussive, meaning it works in the central nervous system to suppress coughing. It does not directly act on the cough reflex, but instead affects the brain's cough center. This makes it an effective treatment for coughing caused by various conditions, such as the common cold or respiratory infections. Phenylephrine, carbocisteine, and phenylpropanolamine are not centrally acting antitussives, and therefore do not have the same mechanism of action as dextromethorphan in treating cough.

Valium, Xanor, and Xanax are all brand names for the drug diazepam, which belongs to the benzodiazepine class of medications. Benzodiazepines are primarily used as anxiolytics, meaning they are prescribed to treat anxiety and related disorders. They work by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. Therefore, the therapeutic category of these drugs is anxiolytic.

The Rotahaler is a device used for inhaling medication in powder form. It consists of a mouthpiece and a rotating chamber that holds the medication. When the patient inhales through the mouthpiece, the rotation of the chamber disperses the medication, allowing it to be inhaled into the lungs. The Rotahaler is commonly used for the delivery of bronchodilators and other medications for respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Omeprazole is a medication commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn and acid reflux. Omeprazole belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors, which work by reducing the production of stomach acid. By decreasing the amount of acid in the stomach, omeprazole helps to relieve the symptoms of GERD and promote healing of the esophagus. Therefore, omeprazole may be used for GERD treatment.

Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor, which means it reduces the production of stomach acid by blocking the enzyme in the stomach wall that produces acid. This medication is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine are all H2 blockers, which work by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach, but they are not proton pump inhibitors like lansoprazole. Therefore, lansoprazole is the correct answer in this case.

Minoxidil is a medication commonly used to treat alopecia, which is a condition characterized by hair loss. It works by promoting hair growth and preventing further hair loss. Minoxidil is applied topically to the scalp and is believed to stimulate hair follicles, leading to increased hair growth. It is available over-the-counter and is considered a safe and effective treatment for alopecia.

Blumea balsamifera is used to treat kidney stones. This herb has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its diuretic properties, which can help in the elimination of kidney stones. It is believed to promote urine production and facilitate the passage of stones from the kidneys. However, it is important to note that scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of Blumea balsamifera in treating kidney stones is limited, and it is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.

Ciprofloxacin is the correct answer because it is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is commonly used to treat various types of infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and skin infections. It works by inhibiting the enzymes that are necessary for bacterial DNA replication and repair, thus preventing the bacteria from multiplying and causing further infection.

Fleet® is the correct answer because it is a rectal enema that contains monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate. It is specifically designed for relieving occasional constipation or fecal impaction. Dulcolax®, Faktu®, and Rowatanal® are not rectal enemas and may have different active ingredients or indications.

Cimetidine is a type of H2 receptor antagonist. H2 receptor antagonists are medications that block the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Cimetidine specifically inhibits the secretion of gastric acid and is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Clemastine, Loratadine, and Diphenhydramine are antihistamines used to treat allergies and have different mechanisms of action.

Pyrantel is an antihelminthic preparation used to treat infections caused by certain types of worms. It works by paralyzing the worms, causing them to be expelled from the body through bowel movements. Metronidazole is an antibiotic used to treat various infections, but it is not specifically indicated for helminthic infections. Quinine is primarily used to treat malaria, and diloxanide is used to treat amoebic infections. Therefore, the correct answer is Pyrantel as it is the only antihelminthic preparation listed.

Urodeoxycholic acid is used therapeutically to treat gallstones. Gallstones are hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, causing pain and discomfort. Urodeoxycholic acid helps dissolve these gallstones, preventing the need for surgical removal. By promoting the breakdown of cholesterol in the gallbladder, it reduces the formation of new gallstones and aids in the elimination of existing ones. This treatment option is often considered for patients who are not suitable candidates for surgery or prefer a non-invasive approach.

Oxytocin is a hormone that acts as a uterine stimulant. It is commonly used to induce labor or strengthen contractions during childbirth. It works by binding to oxytocin receptors in the uterus, causing smooth muscle contractions. Terbutaline and isoxsuprine are both bronchodilators used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions, while levonorgestrel is a synthetic hormone used in birth control pills. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the only option that acts as a uterine stimulant.

Cefepime is not a third generation cephalosporin. The other three options, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, and Cefixime, are all third generation cephalosporins.

Tranexamic acid is the correct answer because it is an antifibrinolytic drug. Antifibrinolytics work by preventing the breakdown of blood clots, which can be beneficial in certain medical conditions such as excessive bleeding or during surgeries. Aspirin, ticlopidine, and dipyridamole are not antifibrinolytics, but rather antiplatelet drugs that work by inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Idoxuridine is commonly used as a topical antiviral medication for the treatment of cold sores. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus, and idoxuridine works by inhibiting the replication of the virus. It is applied directly to the affected area and helps to reduce the duration and severity of cold sores. While idoxuridine may have other therapeutic uses, such as in the treatment of certain eye infections, it is most commonly known for its effectiveness in treating cold sores.

Celestamine®, Decilone®, and Histacort® are all classified as corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are a type of medication that mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. They are commonly used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. These drugs are often prescribed for various conditions such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders, and skin conditions. They are different from H2 receptor antagonists, which block the action of histamine on H2 receptors in the stomach, and H1 receptor antagonists, which block the action of histamine on H1 receptors in the body. They are also different from NSAIDs, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that primarily work by reducing inflammation and pain.

Verapamil is an anti-arrhythmic agent used to treat various types of arrhythmias, including supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. It works by blocking calcium channels in the heart muscle, which helps to slow down the heart rate and stabilize the rhythm. Verapamil is also used to treat hypertension and angina. Indapamide is a diuretic used to treat high blood pressure, Metoprolol is a beta-blocker used to treat hypertension and certain heart conditions, and Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina. Therefore, Verapamil is the correct answer as it specifically belongs to the class of anti-arrhythmic agents.

Clomifene is an ovulation inducing agent commonly used in the treatment of infertility. It works by stimulating the release of hormones necessary for the development and release of mature eggs from the ovaries. Ethinylestradiol, dydrogesterone, and noretisterone are not ovulation inducing agents, but rather different types of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies. Therefore, Clomifene is the correct answer as it specifically targets and promotes ovulation.

Fentanyl is an opioid medication commonly used for pain relief. It is a potent synthetic opioid that is much stronger than morphine. Fentanyl works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain. It is often used in medical settings for severe pain management, such as during surgery or for cancer patients. Fentanyl is available in various forms, including patches, lozenges, and injections. Due to its potency, fentanyl carries a high risk of overdose and addiction, making it a controlled substance with strict regulations.