Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Angiogenesis Assessment

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  • 1/26 Questions

    Which of the following statements is true?

    • Angiogenesis is responsible for the development of the initial vasculature within the embryo and for the expansion of this network.
    • Endothelial sprouting is an integral step within the vasculogenesis process.
    • Angiogenesis is necessary for the growth and repair of lymphatic vessels.
    • Angiogenesis is responsible for transforming the primitive, embryonic vasculature network into a mature system of blood vessels and for expanding existing blood vessels to support normal tissue growth.
    • Angiogenesis is characterized by the formation of blood vessels from angioblasts. It also is involved in the wound healing process.
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About This Quiz

This assessment focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiogenesis. It evaluates understanding of the transformation and expansion of blood vessels, the role of pericytes and tip cells, and the regulation of angiogenesis. Essential for students and professionals in biology and health sciences.

Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Angiogenesis Assessment - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    From what vessel(s) does angiogenesis usually begin?

    • Capillary

    • Small venule

    • Smart arteriole

    • Capillaries and small venules

    • Capillaries and arteries

    Correct Answer
    A. Capillaries and small venules
    Explanation
    Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. It typically begins from capillaries and small venules. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, responsible for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues. Small venules are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and transport it back to larger veins. Both capillaries and small venules play a crucial role in initiating angiogenesis by sprouting new blood vessels.

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  • 3. 

    Which smooth muscle cells wrap around the exterior of the capillary wall, providing stability?

    • Pericytes

    • Actin myosin filaments

    • Tip cells

    • Mesenchymal cells

    • None of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Pericytes
    Explanation
    Pericytes are smooth muscle cells that wrap around the exterior of the capillary wall, providing stability. They play a crucial role in regulating blood flow and maintaining the integrity of the capillary structure. Pericytes also have the ability to contract and relax, which helps control the diameter of the capillary and regulate blood flow to the surrounding tissues. Therefore, pericytes are the correct answer to the question.

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  • 4. 

    During angiogenesis, what event precedes endothelial cells entering a state of proliferation?  

    • Pericytes detach from the wall of a blood vessel, thus destabilizing it

    • The permeability of the blood vessel increases, causing proteases and stromal mix components to leak out

    • A tip cell extends itself out from the vessel into the stroma and guides the advancement of a new capillary sprout

    • Endothelial cells behind the tip cell replicate and form a stalk-like structure

    • None of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Pericytes detach from the wall of a blood vessel, thus destabilizing it
    Explanation
    Pericytes are cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of blood vessels and provide stability and support. When pericytes detach from the vessel wall, it destabilizes the blood vessel, creating a favorable environment for angiogenesis to occur. This destabilization allows endothelial cells to enter a state of proliferation and initiate the formation of new blood vessels. Therefore, pericyte detachment is the event that precedes endothelial cell proliferation during angiogenesis.

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  • 5. 

    Which specialized endothelial cell pushes out from a vessel wall into the stroma, guiding the development of a new capillary sprout?

    • Stromal cell

    • Pericyte

    • Mesenchymal cell

    • Stalk cell

    • Tip cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Tip cell
    Explanation
    Tip cells are specialized endothelial cells that push out from a vessel wall into the stroma, guiding the development of a new capillary sprout. They are responsible for sensing and responding to angiogenic signals, leading the way for the formation of new blood vessels. Tip cells extend long, filopodia-like protrusions called filopodia, which probe the extracellular matrix and guide the migration of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. These cells play a crucial role in the sprouting and branching of blood vessels during development and tissue repair.

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  • 6. 

    Fill in the blanks.  In healthy individuals angiogenesis is a _________________ controlled process that is kept in check by ___________________________________________________.    

    • Tightly; maintaining a balance between adhesion molecules and colony-stimulating factors

    • Tightly; maintaining a balance between VEGF and TNF-α

    • Tightly; maintaining a balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules

    • Poorly; maintaining a balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules

    • loosely; maintaining a balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules

    Correct Answer
    A. Tightly; maintaining a balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules
    Explanation
    In healthy individuals, angiogenesis is a tightly controlled process. This means that it is carefully regulated to ensure that it occurs at the right time and in the right amount. This control is achieved by maintaining a balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules. Proangiogenic molecules promote the formation of new blood vessels, while antiangiogenic molecules inhibit this process. By tightly regulating the balance between these two types of molecules, the body can ensure that angiogenesis occurs only when necessary and does not become excessive.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following is not a proangiogenic growth factor?   

    • Placental growth factor (PlGF)

    • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

    • Vascular endothelial cell growth factor

    • Angiopoietin-1

    • All of the above are proangiogenic growth factors

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are proangiogenic growth factors
    Explanation
    Placental growth factor (PlGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin-1 are all proangiogenic growth factors. They promote the formation of new blood vessels, facilitating angiogenesis, a crucial process in various physiological and pathological conditions involving tissue repair, development, and diseases like cancer.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following is not recognized as a proangiogenic factor?   

    • Colony stimulating factors

    • Growth factors

    • Adhesion molecules

    • Ang2

    • All of the above are proangiogenic factors

    Correct Answer
    A. Ang2
    Explanation
    Ang2 is not recognized as a proangiogenic factor. Proangiogenic factors promote the growth of new blood vessels, while Ang2 is known to have an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. It acts as an antagonist to Ang1, which is a proangiogenic factor. Therefore, Ang2 is not considered as a proangiogenic factor.

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  • 9. 

    Choose the option that depicts the most relevant antiangiogenic  factors.     

    • Angiopoietin-2 (Ang 2), thrombospondins (TSP-1, TSP-2), tissue inhibitors of matrix matelloproteinases

    • Angiopoietin-2 (Ang 2), angiostatin, epidermal growth factor (EGF)

    • AvB3-integrin, angiostatin, endostatin

    • Angiopoietin-2 (Ang 2), thrombospondins (TSP-1, TSP-2), tissue inhibitors of matrix matelloproteinases, epidermal growth factor (EGF)

    • Angiopoietin-2 (Ang 2), tissue inhibitors of matrix matelloproteinases, AvB3-integrin, endostatin

    Correct Answer
    A. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang 2), thrombospondins (TSP-1, TSP-2), tissue inhibitors of matrix matelloproteinases
    Explanation
    The correct answer includes angiopoietin-2 (Ang 2), thrombospondins (TSP-1, TSP-2), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases as the most relevant antiangiogenic factors. These factors are known to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, which is a process called angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-2 and thrombospondins play a role in regulating blood vessel growth and stability, while tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases prevent the degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is necessary for blood vessel formation. Therefore, these factors are considered important in controlling angiogenesis and can be targeted for antiangiogenic therapies.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following are VEGF ligands found in humans?   

    • VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C

    • VEGF-D, placental growth factor

    • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

    • VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, placental growth factor

    • All of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, placental growth factor
    Explanation
    The correct answer includes all the VEGF ligands found in humans, which are VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and placental growth factor. These ligands play important roles in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing and cancer progression.

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  • 11. 

    What is the main stimulus for VEGF expression?

    Correct Answer
    Hypoxia
    Explanation
    Hypoxia, which refers to a deficiency in oxygen supply to tissues, is the main stimulus for VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) expression. When cells are deprived of oxygen, they release VEGF to promote the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. This is a protective mechanism to restore oxygen supply to the affected tissues. Therefore, in response to hypoxia, VEGF expression is upregulated, facilitating angiogenesis and improving oxygen delivery.

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  • 12. 

    Which of the following is a target receptor involved in the angiogenesis process?     

    • Tyrosine kinase

    • NR3C4

    • Neuropilins

    • Tyrosine kinases and neuropilins

    • All of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Tyrosine kinases and neuropilins
    Explanation
    Tyrosine kinases and neuropilins are both target receptors involved in the angiogenesis process. Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that play a crucial role in cell signaling and can promote angiogenesis by activating signaling pathways that stimulate the growth of new blood vessels. Neuropilins, on the other hand, are co-receptors for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and are essential for VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Therefore, both tyrosine kinases and neuropilins are involved in the angiogenesis process, making the answer "Tyrosine kinases and neuropilins" correct.

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  • 13. 

    To which receptors does the VEGF-A ligand bind?

    • VEGFR-1

    • VEGFR-2

    • Neuropilin-1

    • Neuropilin-2

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The VEGF-A ligand binds to all of the mentioned receptors: VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, Neuropilin-1, and Neuropilin-2.

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  • 14. 

    What is the most important regulator of angiogenesis?

    • VEGF-A

    • VEGF-B

    • VEGF-C

    • VEGF-D

    • VEGF-E

    Correct Answer
    A. VEGF-A
    Explanation
    VEGF-A is the most important regulator of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, and VEGF-A plays a critical role in this process. It stimulates the growth and proliferation of endothelial cells, which are the building blocks of blood vessels. VEGF-A also promotes the migration of endothelial cells towards areas of low oxygen, where new blood vessels are needed. Additionally, VEGF-A increases the permeability of blood vessels, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and oxygen between the blood and surrounding tissues. Overall, VEGF-A is crucial for angiogenesis and the maintenance of a healthy vascular system.

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  • 15. 

    Which VEGF receptor is the main mediator of the proangiogenic effects of VEGF-A?       

    • VEGFR-1

    • VEGFR-2

    • Neuropilin-1

    • Neuropilin-2

    • Placental growth factor receptor (PlGF)

    Correct Answer
    A. VEGFR-2
    Explanation
    VEGFR-2 is the main mediator of the proangiogenic effects of VEGF-A. VEGFR-2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is primarily expressed on endothelial cells. When VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-2, it triggers a signaling cascade that promotes angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. This activation of VEGFR-2 leads to endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival, which are essential for the growth and development of blood vessels. Therefore, VEGFR-2 plays a crucial role in mediating the proangiogenic effects of VEGF-A.

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  • 16. 

    Which target receptors modulate the strength of VEGFR signal transduction?    

    • VEGFR

    • NR3C4

    • Neuropilins

    • VEGFR and neuropilins

    • None of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Neuropilins
    Explanation
    Neuropilins are the target receptors that modulate the strength of VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) signal transduction. This suggests that when neuropilins are activated, they can enhance or regulate the signaling pathway mediated by VEGFR, influencing the strength of the signal transmitted.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following is a form of PDGR?      

    • PDGFR-α

    • PDGFR-γ

    • PDGFR-δ

    • PDGFR-α and PDGFR- δ

    • None of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. PDGFR-α
    Explanation
    PDGFR-α is a form of PDGR (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor). It is a receptor protein that plays a role in cell growth and division. PDGFR-α is specifically involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cell development and function. Therefore, it is a valid form of PDGR.

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  • 18. 

    True or False.  PDGRF-α and PDGFR-β are expressed outside of the vasculature.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β are both receptor proteins for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and are expressed outside of the vasculature. These receptors are found in various tissues and play important roles in cell growth, development, and wound healing processes. Their expression is not limited to the vasculature, indicating that they have functions beyond angiogenesis and blood vessel formation.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following outcomes are associated with PDGF/PDGFR signaling?    

    • Cell migration

    • Cell replication

    • Cell survival

    • Cell migration, cell replication and cell survival

    • None of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Cell migration, cell replication and cell survival
    Explanation
    PDGF/PDGFR signaling is associated with cell migration, cell replication, and cell survival. This signaling pathway plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including the movement of cells, the division and proliferation of cells, and the ability of cells to survive and avoid cell death. The PDGF ligand binds to the PDGFR receptor, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that regulate these cellular outcomes. Therefore, the correct answer is cell migration, cell replication, and cell survival.

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  • 20. 

    In what form are PDGF proteins active?    

    • Monomers

    • Dimers

    • Trimers

    • Tetramers

    • Pentamers

    Correct Answer
    A. Dimers
    Explanation
    PDGF proteins are active in the form of dimers. Dimers are formed when two monomers of PDGF proteins bind together. This dimerization is essential for the activation of PDGF receptors, which then initiate various cellular responses such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The dimeric form of PDGF proteins allows for enhanced binding to the receptors and promotes signaling cascades that regulate important cellular processes.

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  • 21. 

    Which VEGF expression is regulated by the mTOR-HIF α pathway?     

    • VEGF-A

    • VEGF-B

    • VEGF-C

    • VEGF-D

    • Placental growth factor

    Correct Answer
    A. VEGF-A
    Explanation
    VEGF-A expression is regulated by the mTOR-HIF α pathway. The mTOR-HIF α pathway is a signaling pathway that controls the expression of various genes, including VEGF-A. VEGF-A is a key factor in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and is involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing and tumor growth. Therefore, the correct answer is VEGF-A.

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  • 22. 

    What role does the protein kinase mTOR play in a cell?

    • It is involved in the regulation of cell growth.

    • It is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.

    • It is involved in the regulation of cell survival.

    • It is involved in the regulation of cell growth and cell survival.

    • All of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the responses are correct
    Explanation
    mTOR, or mammalian target of rapamycin, is a protein kinase that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes. It is involved in the regulation of cell growth, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Therefore, all of the given responses are correct as they accurately describe the different roles of mTOR in a cell.

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  • 23. 

    Which pathway mediates the effect of O2 levels on VEGF-A?     

    • HIFα/mAKAP

    • MTOR

    • HIFα/VHL

    • HIFβ/VHL

    • HIFβ/mAKAP

    Correct Answer
    A. HIFα/VHL
    Explanation
    The correct answer is HIFα/VHL. HIFα refers to hypoxia-inducible factor alpha, which is a transcription factor that is activated in response to low oxygen levels. VHL refers to von Hippel-Lindau protein, which is part of a complex that targets HIFα for degradation in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, the HIFα/VHL pathway mediates the effect of oxygen levels on VEGF-A, which is a protein that stimulates the growth of new blood vessels.

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  • 24. 

    What is a potential consequence associated with the leakiness of the tumor vasculature?     

    • Proliferation of tumor cells

    • Migration of tumor cells

    • Growth of tumor cells

    • Protein synthesis and transcription

    • Proliferation and migration of tumor cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Migration of tumor cells
    Explanation
    The leakiness of the tumor vasculature can lead to the migration of tumor cells. When the blood vessels in the tumor are leaky, it allows tumor cells to escape into the surrounding tissues or enter the bloodstream. This can result in the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis. Migration of tumor cells is a potential consequence of the leakiness of the tumor vasculature.

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  • 25. 

    What is a potential consequence associated with a lack of nonuniform adhesion molecular expression on tumors?      

    • Increase in the ease with which tumor cells can enter blood vessels

    • Avoidance of immune system surveillance

    • Potential to decrease metastatic potential

    • Potential enhancement of immune system surveillance

    • Increase in the ease with which tumor cells can enter blood vessels as well as avoidance of immune system surveillance

    Correct Answer
    A. Avoidance of immune system surveillance
    Explanation
    A potential consequence associated with a lack of nonuniform adhesion molecular expression on tumors is the avoidance of immune system surveillance. When tumors have nonuniform adhesion molecular expression, it becomes easier for the immune system to recognize and target them for destruction. However, when this expression is lacking, tumors can evade immune system surveillance, allowing them to grow and spread without being detected or attacked by the immune system. This can lead to the progression of the tumor and a decrease in the effectiveness of immune system responses against it.

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  • 26. 

     Which of the following do not contribute to the angiogenic switch?

    • Decreased expression of antiangiogenic factors by tumor and stroma cells

    • Increased expression of proangiogenic proteins by tumor cells

    • Recruitment of endothelial cell precursors to the tumor microenvironment

    • Decreased expression of proangiogenic proteins by cells in the stroma surrounding the tumor

    • All of the responses are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Decreased expression of proangiogenic proteins by cells in the stroma surrounding the tumor
    Explanation
    The angiogenic switch refers to the transition from a non-angiogenic state to an angiogenic state, where new blood vessels are formed. This switch is driven by various factors. The options given in the question describe different factors that contribute to the angiogenic switch. However, the correct answer states that the decreased expression of proangiogenic proteins by cells in the stroma surrounding the tumor does not contribute to the angiogenic switch. This means that when these cells in the stroma surrounding the tumor decrease the expression of proangiogenic proteins, it does not promote the formation of new blood vessels and therefore does not contribute to the angiogenic switch.

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  • Current Version
  • Apr 01, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jun 19, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Fginsburg

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