Proteins And Non-protein Nitrogen Compoounds Final Examination 2019

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1/74 Questions

Ceruloplasmin is an alpha 1 globulin that binds:
- Manganese
- Iron
- Cobalt
- Copper

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You have 1 hr to take this examination. No cheating, you know the drill. God bless!

Proteins And Non-protein Nitrogen Compoounds Final Examination 2019 - Quiz

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2.

A complete deficiency of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase results in which disease?
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- Maple Syrup Urine Disease
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Correct Answer

A. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Explanation

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is caused by a complete deficiency of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), an enzyme involved in the salvage pathway of purine metabolism. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of uric acid and the development of severe neurological symptoms, including self-mutilation, intellectual disability, and spasticity. Therefore, the correct answer is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

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3.

In the Jaffe reaction, a red-orange chromogen is formed when creatinine reacts with:
- Aluminum magnesium silicate
- Creatininase
- Phosphocreatinine
- Picric acid
Correct Answer

A. Picric acid

Explanation

In the Jaffe reaction, a red-orange chromogen is formed when creatinine reacts with picric acid. This reaction is commonly used to measure the concentration of creatinine in biological samples, such as urine. Picric acid reacts with creatinine to form a red-orange complex, which can be easily measured spectrophotometrically. This reaction is based on the ability of picric acid to react with the amino group of creatinine, resulting in the formation of the chromogen. The intensity of the color produced is directly proportional to the concentration of creatinine in the sample.

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4.

When measuring ammonia blood levels, which of the following might cause a false increase in this analyte?
- Px had two cigarettes 15 minutes prior to blood drawn
- Px was fasting for hours prior to blood collection
- Blood sample was maintained on ice
- Px had steak dinner the night before the blood draw
Correct Answer

A. Px had two cigarettes 15 minutes prior to blood drawn

Explanation

Smoking cigarettes can cause an increase in ammonia levels in the blood. This is because tobacco smoke contains chemicals that can lead to the breakdown of proteins in the body, resulting in the release of ammonia. Therefore, if the patient had two cigarettes 15 minutes prior to the blood draw, it could lead to a false increase in ammonia levels.

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1
5.

The conversion of blood urea nitrogen to urea is:
- 2.10
- 2.14
- 3.14
- 6.25
Correct Answer

A. 2.14

Explanation

The conversion of blood urea nitrogen to urea is 2.14.

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6.

In a patient with nephrotic syndrome, the total protein levels in urine would be:
- Normal
- Lower than normal
- Higher than normal
- Lower albumin levels and higher levels of IgG
Correct Answer

A. Higher than normal

Explanation

In nephrotic syndrome, there is increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to excessive loss of protein in the urine. This results in higher than normal levels of protein in the urine.

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7.

A glycoprotein that binds with hemoglobin to facilitate the removal of hemoglobin by the reticuloendothelial system is:
- Haptoglobin
- Ceruloplasmin
- Alpha 1 antitrypsin
- C-reactive protein
Correct Answer

A. Haptoglobin

Explanation

Haptoglobin is a glycoprotein that binds with hemoglobin in order to facilitate its removal by the reticuloendothelial system. This process is important for the clearance of free hemoglobin from the bloodstream, preventing its accumulation and potential damage to tissues. Haptoglobin acts as a scavenger, binding to hemoglobin released from damaged red blood cells and forming a complex that can be recognized and cleared by cells of the reticuloendothelial system.

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8.

Protein compounds contain approximately 16% nitrogen.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Protein compounds contain approximately 16% nitrogen because nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids contain both carbon and nitrogen atoms, and when they combine in a specific sequence, they form proteins. The nitrogen content in proteins is essential for various biological processes, including growth, repair, and the synthesis of enzymes and hormones. Therefore, it is true that protein compounds contain approximately 16% nitrogen.

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9.

The specificity of the Jaffe reaction can be enhanced by:
- Adsorption with Lloyd's reagent
- Boiling
- Prior treatment with uricase
- Prior treatment with urease
Correct Answer

A. Adsorption with Lloyd's reagent

Explanation

Adsorption with Lloyd's reagent can enhance the specificity of the Jaffe reaction. Lloyd's reagent is a substance that can selectively bind to certain compounds, in this case, it can specifically bind to interfering substances that may be present in the sample. By adsorbing these interfering substances, they are removed from the sample, allowing for a more accurate and specific measurement of the analyte of interest. This improves the reliability and accuracy of the Jaffe reaction for detecting the target compound.

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10.

The protein electrophoretic pattern of plasma, as compared with serum, reveals a
- Fibrinogen peak between the beta and gamma globulins
- Broad increase in the gamma globulins
- Fibrinogen peak with the A2 globulins
- Decreased albumin peak
Correct Answer

A. Fibrinogen peak between the beta and gamma globulins

Explanation

The correct answer is that the protein electrophoretic pattern of plasma, as compared with serum, reveals a fibrinogen peak between the beta and gamma globulins. This means that when analyzing the protein composition of plasma using electrophoresis, a distinct peak for fibrinogen can be observed between the beta and gamma globulins. This peak indicates the presence of fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood clotting, and helps to differentiate plasma from serum, which does not contain fibrinogen.

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11.

Dye-binding methods are used for the quantitation of albumin in serum without the preliminary extraction of the globulins. An anionic dye that binds selectively with albumin is:
- Amido black
- Ninhydrin
- Ponceu S
- Bromcresol green
Correct Answer

A. Bromcresol green

Explanation

Bromcresol green is an anionic dye that selectively binds with albumin. This dye-binding method allows for the quantitation of albumin in serum without the need for preliminary extraction of globulins. By using bromcresol green, the albumin can be specifically measured without interference from other proteins.

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12.

Ammonia concentration are usually measured to evaluate
- Acid-base status
- Glomerular filtration
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Renal failure
Correct Answer

A. Hepatic encephalopathy

Explanation

Ammonia concentration is usually measured to evaluate hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition that occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins, including ammonia, from the blood. Elevated ammonia levels can lead to neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and even coma. Therefore, measuring ammonia concentration is important in diagnosing and monitoring hepatic encephalopathy.

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1
13.

A urea N result of 9 mg/dL is obtained by a technologist. What is the urea concentration?
- 3.2 mg/dL
- 4.2 mg/dL
- 18.0 mg/dL
- 19.3 mg/dL
Correct Answer

A. 19.3 mg/dL
14.

The Kjeldahl technique is the reference method for the determination of serum total protein. This method is based on the:
- Quantitation of peptide bonds
- Determination of the refractive index of proteins
- Ultraviolet light absorption by aromatic rings at 280 nm
- Quantitation of the nitrogen content of protein
Correct Answer

A. Quantitation of the nitrogen content of protein

Explanation

The Kjeldahl technique is used to determine the nitrogen content of proteins. This method involves digesting the protein sample with sulfuric acid, which converts the nitrogen in the protein into ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate is then converted into ammonia by adding sodium hydroxide. The amount of ammonia produced is then measured using titration. Since proteins contain a known amount of nitrogen, the nitrogen content can be used to calculate the protein concentration in the sample. Therefore, the Kjeldahl technique is based on the quantitation of the nitrogen content of protein.

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15.

Which of the following statements is true of albumin?
- Compared to globulin, it makes up the lesser portion of total protein
- Its size prevents its passage through a damaged glomerular barrier
- It is produced in the liver
- Clinical problems are usually related to high serum values
Correct Answer

A. It is produced in the liver

Explanation

Albumin is a protein that is primarily produced in the liver. It is the most abundant protein in the blood plasma and plays a crucial role in maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting various substances such as hormones, drugs, and fatty acids. It is also responsible for regulating fluid balance in the body. Therefore, the statement "It is produced in the liver" is true.

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16.

A commonly used method for the quantitation of serum total proteins is the biuret procedure. The intensity of the color produced in the biuret reaction is dependent on:
- The molecular weight of the protein
- The acidity of the medium
- Carbonate-free NaOH
- The number of peptide bonds
Correct Answer

A. The number of peptide bonds

Explanation

The intensity of the color produced in the biuret reaction is dependent on the number of peptide bonds. This is because the biuret reagent reacts with peptide bonds in proteins to form a purple-colored complex. The more peptide bonds present in a protein, the more intense the color will be, indicating a higher concentration of proteins in the serum sample. Therefore, the number of peptide bonds is a crucial factor in the quantitation of serum total proteins using the biuret procedure.

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17.

The liver is the primary source of the plasma proteins. All of the following plasma proteins are manufactured by the liver, except:
- Albumin
- Haptoglobin
- Fibrinogen
- IgG
Correct Answer

A. IgG

Explanation

IgG is not manufactured by the liver. IgG is an immunoglobulin that is produced by plasma cells in the immune system. It is one of the five main types of antibodies and is involved in immune responses against pathogens. The liver is responsible for producing other plasma proteins such as albumin, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen.

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18.

The following are specific stains for proteins, except for one.
- Scharlach R
- Ponceau S
- Amido black
- Coomassie brilliant blue
Correct Answer

A. Scharlach R

Explanation

Scharlach R is not a specific stain for proteins, unlike the other three options. Ponceau S, Amido black, and Coomassie brilliant blue are commonly used stains to visualize and detect proteins in various laboratory techniques such as Western blotting and protein gel electrophoresis. However, Scharlach R is not commonly used for protein staining and is more commonly used as a dye for textiles.

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19.

The acute phase reactant protein that is able to inhibit enzymatic proteolysis and has a high concentration of among the the plasma proteolytic inhibitors is:
- C-reactive protein
- α2-antichymotrypsin
- α2-macroglobulin
- α1-antitrypsin
Correct Answer

A. α1-antitrypsin

Explanation

Alpha-1 antitrypsin is an acute phase reactant protein that is able to inhibit enzymatic proteolysis. It is one of the plasma proteolytic inhibitors and is known to have a high concentration among them. C-reactive protein is also an acute phase reactant protein, but it does not have a high concentration among the plasma proteolytic inhibitors. Alpha-2 antichymotrypsin and alpha-2 macroglobulin are also acute phase reactant proteins, but they are not specifically known for inhibiting enzymatic proteolysis. Therefore, the correct answer is alpha-1 antitrypsin.

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20.

The intensity of the color produced in the biuret reaction is dependent on the number of complexes formed between cupric ions and the peptide bonds of a protein. In order for this reaction to take place, it is necessary that the number of peptide bonds be at least:
- 2
- 4
- 8
- 10
Correct Answer

A. 2

Explanation

The biuret reaction involves the formation of complexes between cupric ions and peptide bonds in a protein. The intensity of the color produced in this reaction is dependent on the number of these complexes formed. In order for the reaction to take place, there must be at least 2 peptide bonds present.

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21.

Which of the following is considered as a monoclonal gammopathy?
- Neurosyphilis
- Multiple myeloma
- Multiple sclerosis
- Leukemia
Correct Answer

A. Multiple myeloma

Explanation

Multiple myeloma is considered as a monoclonal gammopathy because it is a type of cancer that arises from plasma cells in the bone marrow. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells produce an excess amount of a specific type of antibody called a monoclonal protein or M protein. This monoclonal protein can be detected in the blood or urine of patients with multiple myeloma. The presence of this abnormal protein is a characteristic feature of the disease and distinguishes it from other conditions such as neurosyphilis, multiple sclerosis, and leukemia.

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22.

In the Kreb’s Henseleit cycle, the first step inside the mitochondria of a hepatocyte is the reaction of CO₂and NH⁴⁺. The product of this reaction is combined with another amino acid. What is this combination?
- Fumarate and arginine
- Citrulline and Arginyl phosphate
- Ornithine and Carbomyl phosphate
- Aspartate and Argino-succinate
Correct Answer

A. Ornithine and Carbomyl phosphate

Explanation

In the Kreb's Henseleit cycle, the first step involves the reaction of CO2 and NH4+ to form carbamoyl phosphate. This carbamoyl phosphate then combines with ornithine to form citrulline. Therefore, the combination of ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate is the product of this reaction.

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23.

Which one correctly describes WIlson's disease according to copper and ceruloplasmin levels respectively?
- Elevated; low
- Elevated; Elevated
- Normal; Elevated
- Elevated; normal
Correct Answer

A. Elevated; low

Explanation

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the body, leading to various symptoms and organ damage. In this disease, the copper levels in the body are elevated, as the body is unable to properly excrete it. However, the levels of ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper in the blood, are low. This is because Wilson's disease impairs the liver's ability to produce ceruloplasmin, resulting in decreased levels of this protein. Therefore, the correct description of Wilson's disease according to copper and ceruloplasmin levels is elevated copper levels and low ceruloplasmin levels.

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24.

The reason for increased nonprotein nitrogen compounds in the blood in acute kidney injury is:
- Increased filtration and secretion of other compounds compared to NPNs by the glomerulus
- Injury to the kidney causes decreased metabolism of NPNs resulting to increased amount in the blood
- There is inabbility of the kidney to secrete waste products thus retaining them
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. There is inabbility of the kidney to secrete waste products thus retaining them

Explanation

In acute kidney injury, the kidneys are unable to properly function and secrete waste products, leading to their retention in the blood. This is the reason for the increased nonprotein nitrogen compounds (NPNs) in the blood. The other options do not accurately explain the cause of the increased NPNs.

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25.

Where may monosodium urate deposit and accumulate?
- Joint fluid, serum, urine
- Synovial fluid, serum, urine
- Peritoneal fluid, kidney, diaper
- Joint abscess, bile duct, serum
Correct Answer

A. Synovial fluid, serum, urine

Explanation

Monosodium urate may deposit and accumulate in the synovial fluid, serum, and urine. This is commonly seen in conditions like gout, where there is an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. The deposition of monosodium urate in the synovial fluid leads to the formation of tophi, which are lumps that can be felt under the skin. Uric acid can also be found in the bloodstream (serum) and can be excreted in the urine.

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26.

In cases of hepatoma, protein that is not normally found in adult serum but is synthesized by liver cells is:
- α1-acid glycoprotein
- α1-fetoprotein
- α2-macroglobulin
- Hemopexin
Correct Answer

A. α1-fetoprotein

Explanation

In cases of hepatoma, α1-fetoprotein is synthesized by liver cells. This protein is not normally found in adult serum, but its presence can be detected in the blood of individuals with hepatoma.

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27.

Which of the following is the reference method for measuring proteins?
- Biuret
- Bromcresol purple
- Ultracentrifugation
- Kjeldahl
Correct Answer

A. Kjeldahl

Explanation

The Kjeldahl method is the reference method for measuring proteins. This method involves the digestion of the protein sample with sulfuric acid and the subsequent determination of the nitrogen content in the sample. Since proteins contain about 16% nitrogen, the amount of nitrogen can be used to calculate the protein content. The Kjeldahl method is widely used and accepted as a standard for protein analysis due to its accuracy and reliability.

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28.

Why is bromcresol purple the preferred indicator for albumin dye binding technique?
- It lends itself to manual and automated procedures best
- It never bind with alpha and beta globulins
- It can be employed with heparinized plasma
- There is less interference from the pigment
Correct Answer

A. There is less interference from the pigment

Explanation

Bromcresol purple is the preferred indicator for the albumin dye binding technique because it has less interference from the pigment. This means that it provides a more accurate and reliable measurement of albumin levels in a sample. Other indicators may be affected by the presence of pigments, which can lead to inaccurate results. Therefore, bromcresol purple is the preferred choice as it minimizes the potential for interference and ensures the most precise measurement of albumin levels.

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29.

A congenital disorder that is characterized by a split in the albumin band when serum is subjected to electrophoresis is known as _____, usually caused by _____:
- Analbuminemia; tetracycline
- Analbuminemia; penicillin
- Bisalbuminemia; penicillin
- Bisalbuminemia; tetracycline
Correct Answer

A. Bisalbuminemia; penicillin
30.

Which protein is not normally found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
- IgM
- Fibrinogen
- Albumin
- Pre-albumin
- A & B
- B & C
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. A & B

Explanation

IgM and Fibrinogen are not normally found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). IgM is an immunoglobulin that is too large to cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore is not present in CSF. Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood clotting and is also too large to pass through the blood-brain barrier. Albumin and Pre-albumin, on the other hand, are normally found in CSF. Therefore, the correct answer is A & B.

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31.

The acute phase reactant proteins include all of the following, except:
- Transferrin
- Alpha 1 atitrypsin
- Haptoglobin
- Fibrinogen
Correct Answer

A. Transferrin

Explanation

Acute phase reactant proteins are proteins that are produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection. They help to modulate the immune response and promote tissue repair. Transferrin, however, is not considered an acute phase reactant protein. Transferrin is a protein that is involved in iron transport and is not directly involved in the acute phase response.

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32.

When a protein is dissolved in a buffer solution, the pH of which is more alkaline than the pI, and an electric current is passed through the solution, the protein will act as
- An anion and migrate to the anode
- A cation and migrate to the cathode
- An anion and migrate to the cathode
- An uncharged particle and will not move
Correct Answer

A. An anion and migrate to the anode

Explanation

When a protein is dissolved in a buffer solution with a pH more alkaline than its isoelectric point (pI), it will have a net negative charge. When an electric current is passed through the solution, the protein will act as an anion and migrate towards the anode, which is the positively charged electrode. This is because opposite charges attract each other, causing the negatively charged protein to move towards the positively charged electrode.

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33.

In serum protein electrophoresis, when a buffer solution at pH 8.6 is used, the proteins will:
- Have a net negative charge
- Have a net positivecharge
- Be neutrally charged
- Migrate toward the cathode
Correct Answer

A. Have a net negative charge

Explanation

When a buffer solution at pH 8.6 is used in serum protein electrophoresis, the proteins will have a net negative charge. This is because at pH 8.6, the solution is more alkaline and has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). The hydroxide ions will interact with the proteins, causing them to lose hydrogen ions (H+) and become negatively charged. As a result, the proteins will migrate towards the cathode, which is the positively charged electrode, in the electrophoresis process.

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34.

The following are classified under alpha 1 globulins: I - lipoproteins IV - Fetoprotein II – Macroglobulin V – Anti-trypsin III – Fibrinogen VI – Transferrin
- I, II, III
- I, III, IV
- I, IV, V
- I, V, VI
Correct Answer

A. I, IV, V

Explanation

Alpha 1 globulins are a group of proteins that are classified based on their migration pattern during electrophoresis. Lipoproteins, Fetoprotein, and Anti-trypsin are all classified as alpha 1 globulins. Therefore, the correct answer is I, IV, V.

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35.

Proteins are precipitated by which of the following reagents in the Turbidimetric method?
- Phosphomolybdotungstic acid
- Tricholoroacetic acid
- Hydrochroloric acid
- Sodium hydroxide
Correct Answer

A. Tricholoroacetic acid

Explanation

Trichloroacetic acid is used to precipitate proteins in the Turbidimetric method. This reagent causes proteins to denature and aggregate, leading to their precipitation.

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36.

Which protein is also used as a marker for Alzheimer’s disease?
- Alpha 1 anti-trypsin
- Gc – globulin
- Alpha 1 microglobulin
- Alpha 1 anti-chymotrypsin
Correct Answer

A. Alpha 1 anti-chymotrypsin

Explanation

Alpha 1 anti-chymotrypsin is used as a marker for Alzheimer's disease. This protein is found in the brain and its levels have been found to be elevated in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. It is believed that this protein plays a role in the development and progression of the disease. Therefore, measuring the levels of alpha 1 anti-chymotrypsin can help in the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease.

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37.

(I) It is the largest protein in the plasma (II) It gives a blue color to protein
- (I) Macroglobulin; (II) Ceruplasmin
- (I) Fibrinogen; (II) Pre-albumin
- (I) Albumin; (II) Hemoglobin
- (I) Macroglobulin; (II) a1-x
Correct Answer

A. (I) Macroglobulin; (II) Ceruplasmin

Explanation

Macroglobulin is the largest protein in the plasma, which aligns with statement (I). Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing protein that gives a blue color to proteins, which aligns with statement (II). Therefore, the correct answer is (I) Macroglobulin; (II) Ceruloplasmin.

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38.

Plasma proteins help diagnose many clinical conditions, especially the liver’s production function. What is the normal value of albumin?
- 3.5 – 5.0 g/dL
- 3.0 – 5.5 g/dL
- 3.5 – 5.5 g/dL
- 2.5 – 5.0 g/dL
Correct Answer

A. 3.5 – 5.0 g/dL
39.

An immunofixation protein electrophoresis is performed on serum from a patient with the most common type of multiple myeloma. The resulting pattern revealed:
- Monoclonal bands of the IgG type
- Oligoclonal bands
- Beta-gamma bridging
- Monoclonal bands of the IgM type
Correct Answer

A. Monoclonal bands of the IgG type

Explanation

The immunofixation protein electrophoresis revealed monoclonal bands of the IgG type. This finding is consistent with the most common type of multiple myeloma, which is characterized by the proliferation of plasma cells that produce excessive amounts of monoclonal IgG antibodies. The presence of monoclonal bands indicates clonal expansion of a single population of plasma cells, while the IgG type suggests the specific class of immunoglobulin being produced. This information is valuable for diagnosing and monitoring multiple myeloma.

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40.

Which protein is usually being identified using urine protein electrophoresis?
- Alpha 2 macroglobulin
- Albumin
- Myelin basic protein
- Bence Jones protein
Correct Answer

A. Bence Jones protein

Explanation

Urine protein electrophoresis is commonly used to identify Bence Jones protein. Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain that is produced by plasma cells in certain types of plasma cell dyscrasias, such as multiple myeloma. It can be detected in the urine of affected individuals and its presence can be indicative of these conditions. This test helps in diagnosing and monitoring the progression of these diseases. Alpha 2 macroglobulin, albumin, and myelin basic protein are not typically identified using urine protein electrophoresis.

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41.

Which of the following is NOT true of the biuret reaction?
- Follows Beer’s Law for a measurable range of protein
- Depends on the presence of at least two peptide linkages
- Is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemoglobin
- Is insensitive to the low protein levels of urine
Correct Answer

A. Is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemoglobin

Explanation

The biuret reaction is a biochemical test used to detect the presence of proteins in a sample. It involves the reaction between copper ions and peptide bonds in proteins, resulting in a color change. The given statement suggests that the biuret reaction is relatively free from interference by lipids and hemoglobin. This means that lipids and hemoglobin do not significantly affect the accuracy of the test results. However, this statement is not true. Lipids and hemoglobin can interfere with the biuret reaction and lead to inaccurate protein measurements.

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42.

The following are transport proteins, except
- Transferrin
- C-reactive protein
- Ceruloplasmin
- Albumin
Correct Answer

A. C-reactive protein

Explanation

C-reactive protein is not a transport protein. Transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and albumin are all examples of transport proteins. Transferrin is responsible for transporting iron in the blood, ceruloplasmin transports copper, and albumin carries various substances such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs. C-reactive protein, on the other hand, is an acute-phase protein that is produced in response to inflammation in the body. It is not involved in the transport of substances.

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43.

(I) C – reactive protein increases one thousand times during inflammation. (II) Copper levels in the human is increased under the condition of Menke’s kinky hair syndrome.
- First statement is true, second statement is false
- First statement is false, second statement is true
- Both statements are true
- Both statements are false
Correct Answer

A. First statement is true, second statement is false

Explanation

The first statement is true because C-reactive protein does indeed increase significantly during inflammation. However, the second statement is false because Menke's kinky hair syndrome is actually characterized by low levels of copper in the body, not increased levels.

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44.

The following pattern of serum protein electrophoresis is obtained: albumin: decreased A1 and A2 globulins: increased Gamma globulins: normal This pattern is characteristic of which of the following conditions?
- Acute inflammation
- Cirrhosis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Gammopathy
Correct Answer

A. Acute inflammation

Explanation

The given pattern of serum protein electrophoresis with decreased albumin and increased A1 and A2 globulins is characteristic of acute inflammation. Inflammation causes a decrease in albumin production and an increase in acute phase reactant proteins, such as A1 and A2 globulins. The gamma globulins, which include immunoglobulins, remain normal in acute inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is acute inflammation.

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45.

Hemoglobin variants may be separated using electrophoresis at the pH of 8.6 will reflect this pattern:
- S --> C --> A --> F
- A --> S --> F --> C
- C --> S --> A --> F
- C --> S --> F --> A
Correct Answer

A. C --> S --> F --> A

Explanation

The correct answer is C --> S --> F --> A. This pattern suggests that when hemoglobin variants are separated using electrophoresis at a pH of 8.6, the C variant will migrate first, followed by the S variant, then the F variant, and finally the A variant.

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46.

How much uric acid may be able to cause the formation of renal calculi?
- >7 mg/dL
- >8 mg/dL
- >9 mg/dL
- >10 mg/dL
Correct Answer

A. >10 mg/dL

Explanation

Uric acid is a waste product that is normally excreted through urine. When there is an excessive amount of uric acid in the urine, it can crystallize and form kidney stones, also known as renal calculi. A uric acid level of greater than 10 mg/dL indicates a high concentration of uric acid in the urine, increasing the risk of kidney stone formation. Therefore, a uric acid level of >10 mg/dL is more likely to cause the formation of renal calculi compared to lower levels.

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47.

Proteins may become denatured when subjected to mechanical agitation, heat, or extreme chemical treatment. Denaturation of proteins refers to:
- Alteration in 2^o structure
- Alteration in 3^o structure
- Alteration in 1^o structure
- Breaking of a peptide bond
Correct Answer

A. Alteration in 3^o structure

Explanation

Denaturation of proteins refers to the alteration in the tertiary (3o) structure of the protein. This can occur due to various factors such as mechanical agitation, heat, or extreme chemical treatment. The 3o structure of a protein is the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its secondary structures, and denaturation disrupts this arrangement. It does not involve the alteration of the primary (1o) structure, which refers to the sequence of amino acids in the protein, or the breaking of a peptide bond.

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48.

What is the net charge of a protein under isoelectric point?
- Positive net charge
- Negative net charge
- No net charge
- Amphoteric
Correct Answer

A. No net charge

Explanation

The net charge of a protein under its isoelectric point is zero. The isoelectric point is the pH at which the protein has no net charge because the number of positive and negative charges on the protein are equal. At a pH below the isoelectric point, the protein will have a net positive charge, and at a pH above the isoelectric point, the protein will have a net negative charge. However, at the isoelectric point, the protein is electrically neutral.

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49.

Only one describes Nessler’s reaction.
- Ammonia + HgIKI à Blue product
- Ammonia + NaOH à Yellow product
- Ammonia + HgIKI à Orange product
- Ammonia + Na nitroprusside à Purple product
Correct Answer

A. Ammonia + HgIKI à Orange product

Explanation

Nessler's reaction is a chemical test used to detect the presence of ammonia in a solution. In this reaction, when ammonia is added to a solution containing HgIKI (mercury(II) iodide), it forms an orange-colored product. This color change is characteristic of Nessler's reaction and can be used to identify the presence of ammonia in a sample. The other options listed do not describe Nessler's reaction and do not produce the same orange-colored product.

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