Milady Cosmetology State Board Practice Test

Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process by which bacteria grow, reproduce, and divide into two new cells. During mitosis, the genetic material of the bacteria is duplicated and then divided equally between the two new cells. This process ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic material and allows for the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

Bloodborne pathogens are disease-causing bacteria or viruses that are transmitted through contact with infected blood or body fluids. These pathogens can be present in the blood of individuals infected with certain diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. They can be transmitted through direct contact with infected blood, needlestick injuries, or contact with other body fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions, or saliva. It is important to take precautions and follow proper safety protocols to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens in healthcare settings and other environments where there is a risk of exposure.

Diplococci are bacteria that grow in pairs and can cause pneumonia. This type of bacteria is commonly associated with certain types of pneumonia, such as pneumococcal pneumonia. These bacteria are spherical in shape and are typically found in pairs, which is why they are called diplococci. They can cause infections in the respiratory system, leading to symptoms such as cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for pneumonia caused by diplococci typically involves antibiotics.

The skin is the largest living organ of the body because it covers and protects the entire body. It acts as a barrier against external elements, regulates temperature, and helps in the excretion of waste products through sweat. The skin also contains nerve endings that allow us to sense touch, pain, and temperature. Additionally, it plays a role in the production of vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.

The correct answer is the arrector pili muscle. Goosebumps are caused by the contraction of these muscles, which are attached to the hair follicles. When the muscles contract, they cause the hair to stand up, creating the appearance of goosebumps. This response is often triggered by cold temperatures or strong emotions.

During the Victorian age, one popular method of adding color to the face was to pinch the cheeks. This action would stimulate blood flow to the cheeks, resulting in a natural flush of color. This practice was considered desirable as it gave the appearance of good health and vitality. Additionally, wearing pale shades of rouge or applying brightly colored preparations to the lips were also common methods of enhancing facial color during this time. However, the specific method of pinching the cheeks was particularly favored for its simplicity and natural effect.

The correct answer is stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, which is the outer layer of the skin. It consists of dead skin cells that are constantly shedding and being replaced by new cells from the lower layers of the epidermis. The stratum corneum acts as a protective barrier for the underlying layers of the skin, preventing water loss and protecting against external factors such as UV radiation and pathogens.

The three main layers of the hair shaft are the cuticle, medulla, and cortex. The cuticle is the outermost layer that protects the hair from damage. The medulla is the innermost layer, which is composed of soft keratin and provides structural support. The cortex is the middle layer, responsible for the hair's strength, elasticity, and color. It contains long keratin fibers and pigment granules. The cortex is crucial for determining the hair's texture and overall appearance.

 In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt developed a groundbreaking method of permanent waving called the "cold wave." This technique used waving lotion without the application of heat, differentiating it from earlier methods that required heat to set the waves. The cold wave revolutionized the hair industry by simplifying the perming process and making it more accessible. This method laid the foundation for modern perming techniques, emphasizing the importance of chemical reactions in achieving lasting curls and waves.

Ergonomics is the study of designing a workplace in a way that promotes comfort, safety, efficiency, and productivity. It focuses on creating an environment that is conducive to the well-being and performance of workers. By considering factors such as proper body posture, equipment design, lighting, and layout, ergonomics aims to optimize the physical and psychological well-being of employees, ultimately enhancing their productivity and reducing the risk of work-related injuries or illnesses.

A manufacturer must supply pertinent safety and storage information by providing material safety data sheets. These sheets contain detailed information about the properties, hazards, and safe handling procedures of the materials being used. They are essential for ensuring the safety of workers and providing necessary information for proper storage and handling of materials. Material storage sheets, occupational safety and health, and material forms and invoices may be important for other purposes, but they do not specifically provide the required safety and storage information.

Disinfectants must have a registration number and be approved by the environmental protection agency (EPA) because the EPA is responsible for regulating and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of disinfectants. The EPA evaluates disinfectants to determine their ability to kill pathogens and their potential impact on human health and the environment. By requiring registration and approval from the EPA, it ensures that disinfectants meet the necessary standards and can be trusted to effectively disinfect surfaces without causing harm.

Streptococci are bacteria that can cause strep throat or blood poisoning. They are a type of bacteria that are spherical in shape and usually form chains or pairs. Streptococci are commonly found in the throat and can cause infections such as strep throat, tonsillitis, and scarlet fever. In severe cases, they can also enter the bloodstream and cause a life-threatening condition called sepsis or blood poisoning. Streptococci are not fungi, spirilla, or bacilli, which are different types of microorganisms.

The correct answer is nucleus. The nucleus is a dense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It is often referred to as the control center of the cell as it contains the genetic material, DNA, and regulates the cell's activities. The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell growth, division, and overall cell function.

Bacteria generally consist of an outer wall containing liquid called protoplasm. Protoplasm is the living substance within a cell that contains all the necessary components for cellular function. It includes the cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles, as well as the cell membrane. The outer wall of bacteria, known as the cell wall, provides structure and protection to the cell and is composed of peptidoglycan or other substances depending on the type of bacteria.

In ancient Rome, hair color was used by women to indicate their class in society. The color of a woman's hair was seen as a reflection of her social status and was often used as a way to differentiate between the upper class and lower class. Women from higher social classes would often dye their hair blonde or wear blonde wigs, as this was considered a desirable and fashionable hair color. On the other hand, women from lower social classes would typically have darker hair colors. Therefore, hair color was an important indicator of one's social standing in ancient Roman society.

The correct answer is disulfide bonds. Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds formed between two cysteine amino acids in a polypeptide chain. These bonds are formed through the oxidation of the sulfur atoms in cysteine, resulting in a strong and stable linkage between the two cysteine residues. Disulfide bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure of proteins and are particularly important in maintaining the structural integrity of proteins in extracellular environments, such as in the formation of hair and nails.

Swelling the hair raises the cuticle layer, which is the outermost protective layer of the hair shaft. When the cuticle is raised, it creates gaps or openings in the hair shaft, allowing for the penetration of substances such as hair products or treatments. This penetration can help to nourish and moisturize the hair, repair damage, or provide other benefits to the hair strands. Therefore, the correct answer is penetration.

Functional clothing refers to garments that are designed to serve a specific purpose or function. In the context of the given statement, it implies that clothing should not only be fashionable but also practical and useful. This means that the clothes should be comfortable, durable, and suitable for the intended activities or occasions. By prioritizing functionality, individuals can ensure that their clothing choices not only look good but also serve a practical purpose in their daily lives.

The correct answer is nail bed. The nail bed is the portion of the living skin where the nail plate rests. It is responsible for nourishing and supporting the growth of the nail. The nail bed is located underneath the nail plate and is highly vascular, giving the nails their pinkish color.

Peptide bonds are the correct answer because they are the specific type of chemical bonds that connect amino acid molecules together in a protein chain. These bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, resulting in the formation of a peptide bond and the release of a water molecule. Peptide bonds are crucial for the structure and function of proteins, as they determine the sequence and shape of the protein chain.

Stress refers to the inability to cope with a threat, whether it is real or imagined. When individuals experience stress, they may feel overwhelmed, anxious, or unable to handle the situation at hand. This can manifest in physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, difficulty sleeping, or changes in appetite. Stress can have negative effects on mental and physical health if not managed properly. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is stress.

The matrix continues to create new cells as long as it receives proper nutrition and is maintained in a healthy state. This suggests that the matrix, which is responsible for nail growth, requires essential nutrients to function properly and produce new cells. Without proper nutrition and maintenance, the matrix may not be able to generate new cells, leading to stunted nail growth.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is responsible for lowering and rotating the head. It is a large muscle located in the front of the neck, and it connects the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull. When both sides of the muscle contract together, they flex the neck forward and downward. When only one side contracts, it rotates the head to the opposite side. Therefore, the correct answer is "lowering and rotating the head."

Motor nerves are responsible for carrying impulses from the brain to the muscles and producing movements. These nerves transmit signals that control voluntary muscle contractions and enable us to perform various physical actions. The other options, such as median nerves, motor cells, and spinal nerves, do not specifically refer to the nerves involved in transmitting signals from the brain to the muscles for movement.

Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms that can exhibit characteristics of both plants and animals. They are classified as prokaryotes, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria can photosynthesize like plants, using sunlight to produce energy, or they can consume organic matter like animals. This dual ability to obtain energy from different sources is what gives bacteria their unique characteristics.

Cocci are pathogenic bacteria that are round shaped. This means that they have a spherical or circular shape. This shape allows them to easily attach to surfaces and evade the immune system. Cocci bacteria can cause various infections in humans and animals, such as pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. Their round shape also helps them form clusters or chains, which aids in their survival and spread.

The matrix is responsible for producing new cells that make up the nail plate. It is located at the base of the nail, underneath the cuticle. As long as the matrix is undamaged, the nail will continue to grow. The cuticle, groove, and edge are all important parts of the nail structure, but they do not directly affect the growth of the nail.

White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are a crucial part of the immune system and play a vital role in defending the body against infections. They are responsible for identifying and destroying disease-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. By recognizing and eliminating these pathogens, white blood cells help to maintain the overall health and well-being of the individual.

The barber pole has its roots in the profession of medicine. In the past, barbers not only cut hair but also performed medical procedures such as bloodletting and tooth extractions. The red and white stripes on the barber pole represent blood and bandages, respectively, while the blue symbolizes veins. This tradition originated from the belief that barbers possessed the skills to perform minor surgeries and other medical treatments. Over time, the barber pole became a symbol associated with the medical profession.

The correct answer is the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling the activities of the body. The central nervous system receives and processes sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and sends out motor commands to the muscles and organs. It plays a crucial role in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis.

Chemicals need to have an alkaline pH in order to penetrate a healthy cuticle hair layer. The alkaline pH helps to open up the cuticle layer, allowing the chemicals to enter the hair shaft and have an effect. If the pH is not alkaline, the cuticle layer remains closed and the chemicals are unable to penetrate the hair.

The granular layer of the skin is also called the stratum granulosum layer. This layer is located between the stratum lucidum and stratum spinosum layers. It is characterized by the presence of granules called keratohyalin granules, which contain proteins that help in the formation of keratin. The stratum granulosum layer plays a crucial role in the skin's barrier function, as it helps to prevent water loss and protect the underlying layers of the skin.

The slits or furrows on the sides of the nail plate are referred to as nail grooves. These grooves are natural features of the nails and can be seen in both men and women. They run parallel to the nail bed and help to anchor the nail plate to the surrounding skin. Nail grooves are important for maintaining the stability and strength of the nails.

Lymph is a clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymphatics of the body and carries waste and impurities away from the cells. It is a vital part of the immune system and helps in fighting infections and diseases. Unlike blood, lymph does not contain red blood cells or platelets but does contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and defending against pathogens.

Healthy skin is characterized by being smooth and fine grained. This means that the skin is free from roughness or uneven texture, and it has a fine and smooth appearance. The term "fine grained" refers to the skin having a refined and smooth texture, without any visible pores or roughness. This is an indication of good skin health and proper hydration.

The stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is responsible for the continuous production of new skin cells through cell division. This layer is also known as the basal layer and is located above the dermis. It contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Additionally, the stratum germinativum forms a strong bond with the dermis, providing structural support to the skin.

Staphylococci are common bacteria that can be transferred from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact or by using unclean implements. These bacteria are typically found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and can cause various infections, including skin infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. Staphylococci can easily spread in environments where personal hygiene is lacking or where there is close contact between individuals. Therefore, it is important to maintain good hygiene practices to prevent the transmission of staphylococci and other harmful bacteria.

During the Renaissance, women shaved their eyebrows and hairline to achieve a look of greater intelligence. This practice was popular because a high forehead and a prominent brow were considered signs of beauty and intelligence during that time. By removing their eyebrows and shaving their hairline, women could create the illusion of a larger forehead, which was seen as a desirable trait. This beauty trend was influenced by the ideals of the era and was believed to enhance a woman's appearance and social standing.

Strong alkaline or acidic solutions can easily break a salt bond. This is because salt bonds are formed between positively and negatively charged ions, and strong alkaline or acidic solutions can disrupt these bonds by either neutralizing the charges or creating new ionic interactions. This makes the salt bond weak and easily broken. Conditioning treatments, thermal styling techniques, and several acidic solutions may have some effect on the salt bond, but they are not as effective as strong alkaline or acidic solutions in breaking it.

The correct answer is anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism refers to the process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones, while catabolism refers to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. These two processes are essential for cell nourishment as they provide the necessary energy and building blocks for cellular functions.

Bacilli and spirilla bacteria are both motile, meaning they are capable of movement. They achieve this movement by using slender hairlike extensions known as flagella. These flagella act like tiny propellers, allowing the bacteria to swim through their environment. This enables them to actively seek out nutrients and avoid harmful substances. The other options, such as flat, spores, and spherical, do not accurately describe the structures used for motility in these bacteria.

Parasites are a type of pathogenic bacteria that require living matter for growth. Unlike other options such as phenols, peroxide, and viruses, parasites cannot survive and reproduce without a host organism. They rely on the nutrients and resources provided by the host to thrive and cause harm. This dependency on living matter distinguishes parasites from other types of bacteria and pathogens.

The correct answer is frontalis. The frontalis muscle is located in the front portion of the epicranius and is responsible for raising the eyebrows, drawing the scalp forward, and causing wrinkles across the forehead. It is one of the muscles involved in facial expressions and is important for showing emotions such as surprise or concern. The occipitalis muscle is located at the back of the head and is not involved in raising the eyebrows or causing wrinkles on the forehead. Ligament and temporalis are also not muscles involved in these actions.

The correct answer is orbicularis oculi. The orbicularis oculi is a ring muscle that surrounds the eye socket and enables the eyes to close. It consists of two parts, the orbital part which closes the eye gently and the palpebral part which closes the eye tightly. This muscle is responsible for blinking and protecting the eyes from foreign objects. The orbicularis minor, posterior muscle, and serratus anterior are not involved in the closing of the eyes.

Collagen is the fibrous protein that provides structure and strength to the skin. It is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and elasticity of the skin. Collagen fibers are responsible for giving the skin its firmness and resilience. It is also involved in wound healing and tissue repair.

The cuticle is the dead colorless tissue attached to the nail plate. It forms a protective seal between the nail plate and the surrounding skin, preventing bacteria and other pathogens from entering the nail bed. The cuticle also helps to keep the nail plate moisturized and flexible.

The hyponychium is the slightly thickened layer of skin that lies underneath the free edge of the nail plate. It acts as a barrier, protecting the nail bed from foreign substances and preventing infection. The cuticle refers to the thin layer of skin that overlaps the base of the nail plate, while the eponychium is the living tissue at the base of the nail plate that forms a seal to protect the matrix. The nail fold refers to the skin that surrounds the sides and base of the nail plate.

Disulfide bonds are a type of chemical bond that forms between two sulfur atoms in a protein molecule. These bonds are strong and covalent, meaning they require a chemical reaction to be broken. Therefore, disulfide bonds must be chemically separated in order to break them apart. Sulfur bonds, cross links, and porosity are not specific types of bonds and do not require chemical separation.

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the temporary changes in hair shape that occur during wet setting or thermal styling. These bonds are weak physical bonds that form between water molecules and the protein chains in hair. When hair is wet or exposed to heat (such as during styling with a curling iron or flat iron), the hydrogen bonds break, allowing the hair to be reshaped. As the hair dries or cools, the hydrogen bonds reform in the new shape, making the style hold temporarily.