Take This Quiz And Learn About Geology
Have you ever looked at the earth and wonder what secrets it holds from the lakes, seas and the major environmental sites that most people can’t explain? One way to understand it all is by taking up geology as most of your questions will get answered there. Do you wish to learn about geology? The quiz will help you do so. Try it out and tell us what you think.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which of the following contribute to weathering?
- A.
Organisms such as worms, bacteria and trees
- B.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air
- C.
Rain water
- D.
Organic acids
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the options mentioned contribute to weathering. Organisms such as worms, bacteria, and trees can physically break down rocks and minerals. Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air can chemically react with rocks and minerals, causing them to break down. Rainwater can dissolve minerals and carry them away. Organic acids, produced by decaying plants and animals, can also dissolve minerals. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in the process of weathering.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Erosion is
- A.
The movement of weathered material from its source site.
- B.
The decomposition of rock.
- C.
The disintegration of rock.
- D.
The weathering of rock and transportation of sediment.
- E.
The disintegration of soil.
Correct Answer
A. The movement of weathered material from its source site.Explanation
Erosion is the process by which weathered material, such as rocks and sediment, is transported from its original location to another site. This can occur through various agents, such as water, wind, or ice. It involves the physical movement and displacement of these weathered materials, leading to changes in the landscape over time. The other options mentioned, such as decomposition, disintegration, and weathering, are related processes but do not specifically refer to the movement of material from its source site.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Weathering is classified into which of the following categories?
- A.
Mechanistic and compositional
- B.
Mechanical and physical
- C.
Chemical and mechanical
- D.
Physical and chemical
- E.
Organic and inorganic
Correct Answer
C. Chemical and mechanicalExplanation
Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces or altered in composition due to exposure to the atmosphere, water, and other environmental factors. It can occur through both chemical and mechanical processes. Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions, such as oxidation or hydrolysis. Mechanical weathering, on the other hand, involves the physical disintegration of rocks into smaller fragments, such as through freeze-thaw cycles or abrasion. Therefore, the correct answer is "chemical and mechanical."Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is a means of mechanical weathering?
- A.
Frost wedging and heaving
- B.
Pressure release
- C.
Thermal expansion and contraction
- D.
Burrowing and root wedging
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the options listed are examples of mechanical weathering. Frost wedging and heaving occur when water seeps into cracks in rocks, freezes, and expands, causing the rock to break apart. Pressure release happens when overlying rocks are eroded, relieving pressure on the underlying rocks and causing them to expand and fracture. Thermal expansion and contraction occur when rocks are exposed to extreme temperature changes, causing them to expand and contract, leading to cracking. Burrowing and root wedging involve the physical actions of organisms, such as animals burrowing or plant roots growing into cracks and exerting pressure, causing the rocks to break apart.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Frost wedging in the mountains produces which type of material?
- A.
Tailings
- B.
Talus
- C.
Conglomerate
- D.
Exfoliation
- E.
Regolith
Correct Answer
B. TalusExplanation
Frost wedging refers to the process where water seeps into cracks in rocks, freezes, and expands, causing the rocks to break apart. In mountains, this process is common due to the freezing temperatures at high altitudes. The broken rocks that result from frost wedging accumulate at the base of slopes and form a type of material called talus. Talus consists of various sizes of angular rock fragments and is commonly found in mountainous regions.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Pressure release occurs under which of the following conditions?
- A.
Humid and seasonal
- B.
Hot and arid
- C.
Cold and humid
- D.
Withing mountain regions
- E.
In the tropics
Correct Answer
D. Withing mountain regionsExplanation
Pressure release occurs within mountain regions. As air rises up a mountain, it experiences a decrease in pressure due to the decrease in atmospheric mass above it. This decrease in pressure leads to the expansion of the air molecules, causing the air to cool down. The cooling of the air can result in the formation of clouds and precipitation. Therefore, within mountain regions, the release of pressure plays a significant role in weather patterns and the formation of precipitation.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Pressure release weathering results in
- A.
Sheet jointing
- B.
Rock bursts
- C.
Exfoliation
- D.
Exfoliation domes
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Pressure release weathering occurs when overlying rocks are eroded or removed, leading to a decrease in confining pressure on the underlying rocks. This sudden release of pressure causes the rocks to expand and fracture, resulting in various forms of weathering. Sheet jointing refers to the development of parallel fractures in rocks due to pressure release. Rock bursts are sudden, violent fractures in rocks caused by pressure release. Exfoliation is the peeling or flaking of outer layers of rocks due to pressure release. Exfoliation domes are large, rounded landforms formed by the concentric removal of rock layers through pressure release weathering. Therefore, all of the given options are outcomes of pressure release weathering.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Thermal expansion and contraction occurs most commonly in which of the following conditions?
- A.
Arid and hot
- B.
Arid and cold
- C.
Humid and cold
- D.
Humid and hot
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Arid and hotExplanation
Thermal expansion and contraction occur most commonly in arid and hot conditions. In such conditions, the high temperature causes materials to expand, while the low humidity prevents moisture absorption that could counteract the expansion. This combination of hot temperatures and low humidity creates ideal conditions for thermal expansion and contraction to take place.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Chemical weathering is most effective in which combination of conditions?
- A.
Cold and arid
- B.
Warm and humid
- C.
Warm and arid
- D.
Humid and seasonal
- E.
Cold and humid
Correct Answer
B. Warm and humidExplanation
Chemical weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals break down due to chemical reactions. In warm and humid conditions, there is an abundance of moisture and higher temperatures, which accelerate chemical reactions. The water acts as a solvent, allowing minerals to dissolve and facilitating chemical reactions. The warmth increases the kinetic energy of molecules, making them more reactive. Therefore, warm and humid conditions provide the ideal combination for chemical weathering to occur at a faster rate compared to other conditions.Rate this question:
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- 10.
An important type of solution weathering is performed by
- A.
Carbolic acid
- B.
Carbonic acid
- C.
Bicarbomate acid
- D.
Carbon dioxide acid
- E.
Sulfuric acid
Correct Answer
B. Carbonic acidExplanation
Carbonic acid is an important type of solution weathering because it is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. This weak acid reacts with minerals in rocks, causing them to break down and weather over time. Carbonic acid is especially effective at weathering limestone and other carbonate rocks, as it reacts with the calcium carbonate present in these rocks, leading to their dissolution. This process is known as carbonation and is responsible for the formation of features such as caves, sinkholes, and karst landscapes.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Carbonic acid produces solution weathering of
- A.
Sandstone
- B.
Rhyolite
- C.
Granite
- D.
Limestone
- E.
Shale
Correct Answer
D. LimestoneExplanation
Carbonic acid is a weak acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. It is known to cause solution weathering, which involves the gradual dissolution of minerals in rocks. Limestone is particularly susceptible to this type of weathering because it is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, which reacts readily with carbonic acid to form soluble calcium bicarbonate. As a result, limestone can be easily eroded and dissolved by carbonic acid, leading to the formation of caves, sinkholes, and other unique landforms.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following is a type of chemical weathering?
- A.
Hydrogenation
- B.
Reduction
- C.
Dissolution
- D.
Solution
- E.
Oxygenation
Correct Answer
D. SolutionExplanation
Solution is a type of chemical weathering where minerals are dissolved in water. This process occurs when water combines with certain minerals, causing them to break down and dissolve. This can happen through the process of hydration or through the formation of weak acids. Solution is an important type of chemical weathering as it can lead to the erosion and alteration of rocks and minerals over time.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A source of carbon dioxide for carbonic acid is
- A.
The atmosphere
- B.
Soil
- C.
Groundwater
- D.
Surface water
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Carbon dioxide can be found in the atmosphere, soil, groundwater, and surface water. Carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. Therefore, all of these sources can provide carbon dioxide for the formation of carbonic acid.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Hydrolysis is particularly effective in the weathering of
- A.
Limestone
- B.
Sandstone
- C.
Quartz
- D.
Calcite
- E.
Feldspar
Correct Answer
E. FeldsparExplanation
Feldspar is a common mineral found in many rocks, including granite and basalt. It is composed of aluminum silicate minerals and undergoes hydrolysis when exposed to water. During hydrolysis, the water molecules break down the chemical bonds in the feldspar, causing it to weather and decompose. This process leads to the formation of clay minerals and other soluble compounds. Therefore, hydrolysis is particularly effective in the weathering of feldspar.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The important weathering product of hydrolysis of feldspar is
- A.
Ferromagnesian minerals
- B.
Sand minerals
- C.
Dissolved Ca
- D.
Clay minerals
- E.
Accessory minerals
Correct Answer
D. Clay mineralsExplanation
The hydrolysis of feldspar refers to the chemical reaction in which feldspar minerals react with water. This reaction leads to the breakdown of the feldspar minerals and the formation of new minerals known as clay minerals. Clay minerals are the most significant weathering product of feldspar hydrolysis. They are formed due to the alteration of the feldspar minerals by water, resulting in the release of certain elements and the formation of a new mineral structure. Clay minerals are commonly found in soils and sedimentary rocks and play a crucial role in various geological processes.Rate this question:
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- 16.
An important soluble product of hydrolysis is
- A.
Calcium
- B.
Sodium
- C.
Silica
- D.
B and C, only
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that all of the options mentioned (calcium, sodium, and silica) are important soluble products of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with water to form new compounds. In this case, calcium, sodium, and silica are all examples of compounds that can undergo hydrolysis and produce soluble products.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is not a factor influencing the rate of chemical weathering?
- A.
Climate
- B.
Particle size
- C.
Parent material
- D.
Humidity
- E.
Gravity
Correct Answer
E. GravityExplanation
Gravity is not a factor influencing the rate of chemical weathering. Chemical weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down and altered through chemical reactions. Factors such as climate, particle size, parent material, and humidity can all affect the rate at which chemical weathering occurs. However, gravity does not directly impact the chemical reactions that break down rocks and minerals. Rather, gravity primarily influences physical weathering processes, such as erosion and mass movement, which can indirectly affect chemical weathering.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Clay particles in soil are important to soil development because
- A.
They hold soil particles apart
- B.
They allow water and gases to enter soil
- C.
They retain water and supply nutrients
- D.
They allow the flow of grounwater
- E.
They drain poorly
Correct Answer
C. They retain water and supply nutrientsExplanation
Clay particles in soil are important for soil development because they have the ability to retain water and supply nutrients. This is beneficial for plant growth as it ensures that plants have access to the necessary moisture and nutrients for their survival and development. Additionally, the retention of water by clay particles helps to prevent excessive water drainage, allowing plants to access water for a longer period of time.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Humus
- A.
Is the material always comprising the top-most soil horizon
- B.
Is dark organic-rich material formed by bacterial decay
- C.
Is leaf-litter
- D.
Must include sediments
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Is dark organic-rich material formed by bacterial decayExplanation
Humus is the correct answer because it refers to the dark organic-rich material that is formed through the decay of bacteria. It is an essential component of soil and is typically found in the top-most soil horizon. Humus is formed as organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, decompose and break down, releasing nutrients that are important for plant growth. It is a crucial part of healthy soil and contributes to its fertility and ability to retain moisture.Rate this question:
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- 20.
What ore of aluminum is commonly developed in tropical soils?
- A.
Borax
- B.
Bauxite
- C.
Laterite
- D.
Phosphate
- E.
Manganese
Correct Answer
B. BauxiteExplanation
Bauxite is the correct answer because it is a common ore of aluminum that is commonly developed in tropical soils. Bauxite is formed through the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks in tropical and subtropical areas, where high temperatures and abundant rainfall promote its formation. It is the main source of aluminum and is extensively mined for its aluminum content.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The texture and composition of sedimentary rocks does not necessarily reflect
- A.
The pre-existing rock from which the sediment was derived
- B.
The weathering processes responsible for creating the sediment
- C.
The processes by which the sediments were transported
- D.
The environment in which the sediment was deposited
Correct Answer
A. The pre-existing rock from which the sediment was derivedExplanation
The texture and composition of sedimentary rocks do not necessarily reflect the pre-existing rock from which the sediment was derived because during the process of weathering and erosion, the original rock is broken down into smaller particles and transported to a new location. This transportation process can mix sediments from different sources, resulting in a sedimentary rock with a different composition and texture than the original rock. Additionally, the deposition environment can also influence the texture and composition of the sedimentary rock, as different environmental conditions can lead to the deposition of different types of sediments.Rate this question:
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- 22.
The sediment in sedimentary rocks is derived from
- A.
Solids produced by chemical and mechanical weathering
- B.
Minerals precipitated from solution
- C.
Minerals secreted by organisms
- D.
A and B
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The sediment in sedimentary rocks is derived from solids produced by chemical and mechanical weathering, minerals precipitated from solution, and minerals secreted by organisms. This means that all of the options A, B, and C are correct, as they all contribute to the formation of sedimentary rocks.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The rounding and sorting of detrital sediment is a function of
- A.
The transport process or mechanism
- B.
The transport distance
- C.
Depositional environmental
- D.
B and C
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The rounding and sorting of detrital sediment is influenced by multiple factors. The transport process or mechanism plays a role in determining the degree of rounding and sorting. Different transport processes can result in different levels of abrasion and sorting. The transport distance also affects the sediment, as longer distances can lead to more rounding and sorting due to increased abrasion. Additionally, the depositional environment can impact the sediment characteristics. Different environments have varying energy levels and sedimentary processes, which can influence the rounding and sorting. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors (transport process, transport distance, and depositional environment) contribute to the rounding and sorting of detrital sediment.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The most common and effective agent for transporting sediment is
- A.
Wind
- B.
Waves and currents
- C.
Glaciers
- D.
Storms
- E.
Streams
Correct Answer
E. StreamsExplanation
Streams are the most common and effective agent for transporting sediment. Streams, also known as rivers or creeks, carry sediment from higher elevations to lower elevations through erosion and deposition processes. The force of moving water in streams can pick up and transport sediment of various sizes, from small particles like silt and clay to larger rocks and boulders. Streams can transport sediment over long distances, shaping the landscape and creating features like valleys and canyons. Therefore, streams are the primary agent responsible for sediment transport on Earth's surface.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Sedimentary rocks include
- A.
Any material which has settled from water.
- B.
. organic, rock and mineral fragments, and precipitated minerals.
- C.
. rocks which have been altered by compression.
- D.
Any layered rock consisting of grains.
- E.
Rocks which have been weathered.
Correct Answer
B. . organic, rock and mineral fragments, and precipitated minerals.Explanation
Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and consolidation of sediment, which includes various materials that have settled from water. This can include organic matter, rock and mineral fragments, as well as minerals that have precipitated out of solution. These materials are often layered, forming a characteristic structure in sedimentary rocks.Rate this question:
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- 26.
A well sorted sediment might consist of
- A.
Small grains of a variety of sizes (diameters).
- B.
Large grains all of approximately the same size (diameter).
- C.
Grains of moderate but different dimensions (diameters).
- D.
Predominantly round grains.
- E.
Predominantly smooth grains.
Correct Answer
B. Large grains all of approximately the same size (diameter).Explanation
A well sorted sediment consists of large grains that are all approximately the same size in diameter. This means that there is minimal variation in the size of the grains within the sediment. The uniformity in size suggests that the sediment has undergone a process of sorting, where particles of different sizes have been separated and sorted based on their size. This could have occurred through the action of water or wind, which can selectively transport and deposit particles based on their size. The presence of large grains of similar size indicates a well-sorted sediment.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Which of the following is the correct sequence in which various types of coal are formed?
- A.
Lignite, peat, anthracite, bituminous
- B.
Peat, bituminous, anthracite, lignite
- C.
Peat, lignite, anthracite, bituminous
- D.
Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
- E.
Lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite
Correct Answer
D. Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthraciteExplanation
Coal is formed from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of years ago. The process starts with the formation of peat, which is the earliest stage of coal formation. Peat is partially decomposed plant material that accumulates in wetlands. Over time, with increased pressure and heat, peat transforms into lignite, which is a low-grade coal. With further compression and heating, lignite turns into bituminous coal, which is a higher-grade coal. Finally, after more heat and pressure, bituminous coal transforms into anthracite, which is the highest grade of coal. Therefore, the correct sequence is peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which coal contains the most carbon and is the hottest burning?
- A.
Lignite
- B.
Anthracite
- C.
Bituminous
- D.
Peat
- E.
Subbituminous
Correct Answer
B. AnthraciteExplanation
Anthracite is the correct answer because it is a type of coal that contains the highest carbon content and has the highest heat value when burned. It is formed from the metamorphism of bituminous coal, resulting in a dense and hard coal with a high carbon content of over 90%. Due to its high carbon content, anthracite burns hotter and produces less smoke and soot compared to other types of coal. It is often used for residential heating and in industrial processes that require high temperatures.Rate this question:
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- 29.
During the process of lithification, sedimentary rocks experience which of the following?
- A.
Cementation
- B.
Compaction
- C.
Decreased void space
- D.
A and B
- E.
B and C
- F.
All of the above
Correct Answer
F. All of the aboveExplanation
During the process of lithification, sedimentary rocks experience cementation, which is the process of minerals binding the sediments together, and compaction, which is the squeezing of sediments due to the weight of overlying layers. These processes lead to decreased void space, as the sediments become more tightly packed. Therefore, all of the given options (A and B, B and C, all of the above) are correct.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Relative to a poorly-sorted breccia, the texture of a well-sorted conglomerate may indicate that
- A.
It was deposited near its source by a debris flow
- B.
It was deposited by a glacier
- C.
Its sediments were rounded by chemical weathering
- D.
It was transported and deposited by stream currents or wave action
Correct Answer
D. It was transported and deposited by stream currents or wave actionExplanation
The texture of a well-sorted conglomerate suggests that it was transported and deposited by stream currents or wave action. This is because a well-sorted conglomerate consists of rounded sediments that have been sorted and arranged by the energy of water. Stream currents or wave action have the ability to transport and sort sediments, resulting in a well-sorted conglomerate. Other options such as deposition by a debris flow or glacier would not typically result in a well-sorted texture. Chemical weathering, on the other hand, affects the composition of sediments rather than their sorting.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Hydrocarbons are formed largely from
- A.
The remains of dinosaurs
- B.
Any type of fossils
- C.
Microorganism like algae
- D.
The same types of plants which form coal deposits
- E.
Marine invertebrate animals
Correct Answer
C. Microorganism like algaeExplanation
Hydrocarbons are formed largely from microorganisms like algae. Algae are photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic environments and produce organic compounds through photosynthesis. When these algae die and sink to the bottom of the water bodies, they can become buried and undergo a process called diagenesis, which involves the conversion of organic matter into hydrocarbons over millions of years. This process is responsible for the formation of fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. Therefore, microorganisms like algae play a significant role in the formation of hydrocarbons.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Hydrocarbons can be widespread in sedimentary rock but reservoirs are formed by
- A.
Porous and permeable beds bounded on all sides by impermeable rock.
- B.
Large cavities such as cave systems in limestone reefs.
- C.
Structural traps.
- D.
A and C
- E.
All of the above.
Correct Answer
E. All of the above.Explanation
The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that hydrocarbon reservoirs can be formed by porous and permeable beds bounded by impermeable rock, as well as by large cavities such as cave systems in limestone reefs, and by structural traps. In sedimentary rock, hydrocarbons can be widespread, but it is the specific conditions created by porous and permeable beds, cave systems, and structural traps that allow for the formation and accumulation of reservoirs.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The largest known deposits of oil shale occur in
- A.
The Greenstone formation of Montana.
- B.
The Green River Formation of Wyoming.
- C.
The Jurassic salt domes of the Gulf of Mexico.
- D.
The Athabaskan Formation of Alberta Canada.
- E.
The La Brea Tar Pits of Los Angeles, California.
Correct Answer
D. The Athabaskan Formation of Alberta Canada.Explanation
The correct answer is the Athabaskan Formation of Alberta Canada. This is because the question asks for the largest known deposits of oil shale, and the Athabaskan Formation in Alberta, Canada is known to have extensive oil shale deposits. The other options, such as the Greenstone formation of Montana and the Green River Formation of Wyoming, are not known for having significant oil shale deposits. The Jurassic salt domes of the Gulf of Mexico and the La Brea Tar Pits of Los Angeles, California are also not associated with oil shale deposits.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Oil shale is not a common source of fuel because
- A.
It cannot be extracted from rock
- B.
It is not common enough to be economical
- C.
It contains many pollutants
- D.
The carbon cannot be economically separated from the rock
- E.
It does not burn efficiently
Correct Answer
D. The carbon cannot be economically separated from the rockExplanation
Oil shale is not a common source of fuel because the carbon cannot be economically separated from the rock. This means that extracting oil from oil shale is not cost-effective, making it an impractical fuel source. Other factors such as the presence of pollutants and inefficient burning may also contribute to its lack of popularity as a fuel source, but the primary reason is the difficulty in separating the carbon from the rock in an economical manner.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Much of the world's iron ore deposits come from rock known as
- A.
Stratified hematite and magnetite.
- B.
Banded hematite.
- C.
Banded iron formation
- D.
Chemical iron formations.
- E.
Sedimentary iron formation.
Correct Answer
C. Banded iron formationExplanation
The correct answer is banded iron formation. Banded iron formations are a type of sedimentary rock that contain alternating layers of iron-rich minerals, such as hematite and magnetite, and chert or silica. These formations are one of the most important sources of iron ore globally and are typically found in ancient marine environments. The alternating layers of iron-rich minerals and chert are believed to have formed through the precipitation of iron and silica from ancient seawater, making banded iron formations a significant source of iron ore deposits worldwide.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Metamorphic rocks are those which
- A.
Are claimed to have certain metaphysical properties, e.g., quartz crystals.
- B.
. have mineral compositions altered from those originally present by increased temperature and pressure.
- C.
Have textures altered from those originally present by agents such as water and volatile magmatic fluids.
- D.
Have chemical compositions altered from those originally present by agents such as organisms and tectonic plates.
- E.
B and C
Correct Answer
B. . have mineral compositions altered from those originally present by increased temperature and pressure.Explanation
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks undergo changes in their mineral composition due to increased temperature and pressure. This process causes the minerals within the rocks to recrystallize and form new mineral assemblages. The alteration in mineral composition is the defining characteristic of metamorphic rocks, which distinguishes them from other types of rocks. The options B and C both describe processes that can alter the texture or chemical composition of rocks, but only option B accurately describes the alteration of mineral composition through increased temperature and pressure.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The word elements meta and morph are Latin for
- A.
Hidden and shape
- B.
Hidden and rock
- C.
Change and rock
- D.
Change and shape
- E.
Hidden and body
Correct Answer
D. Change and shapeExplanation
The word elements "meta" and "morph" are derived from Latin. "Meta" means "change" and "morph" means "shape". Therefore, the correct answer is "change and shape".Rate this question:
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- 38.
Foliated metamorphic textures form under which of the following circumstances?
- A.
Convergent plate margins
- B.
Regional metamorphism
- C.
Differential pressure
- D.
Both B and C
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Foliated metamorphic textures can form under all of the mentioned circumstances. Convergent plate margins, where two tectonic plates collide, can cause intense pressure and heat, leading to the formation of foliated textures. Regional metamorphism, which occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces, can also result in the development of foliated textures. Additionally, differential pressure, where different parts of a rock experience varying amounts of stress, can contribute to the formation of foliated textures. Therefore, all of the given options (B and C) are correct.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Metamorphic rocks may form from
- A.
Igneous rocks
- B.
Sedimentary rocks
- C.
Other metamorphic rocks
- D.
Both A and B
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Metamorphic rocks can form from igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and other metamorphic rocks. This is because the process of metamorphism involves the transformation of existing rocks under high pressure and temperature conditions. Igneous rocks can be subjected to metamorphism and change into new types of rocks. Similarly, sedimentary rocks can undergo metamorphism and transform into different types of rocks. Additionally, existing metamorphic rocks can also undergo further metamorphism and change into new types of rocks. Therefore, all of the options mentioned (A, B, and C) are correct, making "all of the above" the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Metamorphism of a mudstone will produce
- A.
Slate
- B.
Gneiss
- C.
Hornfels
- D.
A and B
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Metamorphism refers to the process of transformation of rocks due to changes in temperature, pressure, and chemical composition. Mudstone, a type of sedimentary rock, can undergo metamorphism to form different types of rocks. Slate is a fine-grained rock that forms from the metamorphism of mudstone. Gneiss is a coarse-grained rock that also forms from the metamorphism of mudstone, but with higher temperature and pressure conditions. Hornfels is a fine-grained rock that forms from the contact metamorphism of mudstone. Therefore, all of the mentioned rocks (slate, gneiss, and hornfels) can be produced through the metamorphism of mudstone.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Metamorphism takes place
- A.
In the liquid state, melted by contact with magma.
- B.
In the solid state with or without fluid activity.
- C.
Only at great depth.
- D.
A and C
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. In the solid state with or without fluid activity.Explanation
Metamorphism takes place in the solid state with or without fluid activity. This means that it can occur even without the presence of a liquid phase, such as magma. Metamorphism involves the transformation of rocks due to changes in temperature, pressure, and chemical composition, which can occur deep within the Earth's crust. These changes can happen in the presence or absence of fluids, making option B the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Metamorphism is physical and chemical change that occurs in such a way that
- A.
Disequilibrium is reached with the new physical and chemical environment.
- B.
A dynamic equilibrium is reached.
- C.
Equilibrium with the new environment is disturbed.
- D.
The rock reaches equilibrium with its new environment.
- E.
The rock's chemistry and texture become increasingly unstable.
Correct Answer
D. The rock reaches equilibrium with its new environment.Explanation
Metamorphism refers to the physical and chemical changes that occur in a rock due to the new physical and chemical environment it is exposed to. This process leads to the rock reaching equilibrium with its new environment, meaning that it adjusts and adapts to the conditions of its surroundings. The rock's composition and texture may change during metamorphism, but ultimately it reaches a state of balance and stability with its new environment.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Contact metamorphism is found along the boundaries between country rock and
- A.
Dikes
- B.
Batholiths
- C.
Laccoliths
- D.
Sills
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks are heated and altered by the intrusion of magma. This process can occur along the boundaries between the country rock and various types of igneous intrusions, such as dikes, batholiths, laccoliths, and sills. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they represent different types of igneous intrusions that can cause contact metamorphism.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The zone of metamorphism between country rock and intrusive igneous rock is known as
- A.
The oriole
- B.
The orio
- C.
The aureole
- D.
The arena
- E.
The areal
Correct Answer
C. The aureoleExplanation
The zone of metamorphism between country rock and intrusive igneous rock is known as the aureole. This term is commonly used in geology to describe the area surrounding an igneous intrusion where the heat and pressure from the intrusion have caused changes in the surrounding rocks. The aureole typically exhibits a range of metamorphic changes, such as the formation of new minerals and the recrystallization of existing ones, due to the high temperatures and pressures generated by the intrusion.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following correctly lists metamorphic mineral assemblages in order of decreasing temperature/pressure of formation?
- A.
Chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite
- B.
Biotite, garnet, chlorite, staurolite, sillimanite, kyanite
- C.
Garnet, biotite, chlorite, sillimanite, staurolite, kyanite
- D.
Sillimanite, staurolite, kyanite, garnet, biotite, chlorite
- E.
Sillimanite, garnet, kyanite, staurolite, biotite, chlorsillimanite, garnet, kyanite, staurolite, biotite, chlorite
Correct Answer
D. Sillimanite, staurolite, kyanite, garnet, biotite, chloriteExplanation
The given answer lists the metamorphic mineral assemblages in order of decreasing temperature/pressure of formation. This means that sillimanite is formed at the highest temperature/pressure, followed by staurolite, kyanite, garnet, biotite, and chlorite.Rate this question:
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- 46.
The reaction of country rock with solutions from a cooling magma is known as
- A.
Hydrothermal solution
- B.
Hydroxide alteration
- C.
Geothermal alteration
- D.
Hydrothermal alteration
- E.
Hydrostatic alteration
Correct Answer
D. Hydrothermal alterationExplanation
Hydrothermal alteration refers to the reaction of country rock with solutions from a cooling magma. During this process, the minerals in the country rock are altered due to the interaction with the hot fluids from the magma. This alteration can result in the formation of new minerals or the replacement of existing minerals, leading to changes in the composition and structure of the rock. Hydrothermal alteration is commonly associated with the formation of ore deposits and can have significant economic implications.Rate this question:
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- 47.
An example of a region where mylonites are formed is
- A.
The cascade range
- B.
The mid-oceanic ridges
- C.
The san andreas fault zone
- D.
The valles marianas rift zone
- E.
The mendocino fracture zone
Correct Answer
C. The san andreas fault zoneExplanation
Mylonites are formed through the process of dynamic metamorphism, which occurs when rocks are subjected to intense pressure and shear stress along a fault zone. The San Andreas Fault Zone is a well-known example of a region where mylonites are formed due to the movement and interaction of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. The intense pressure and shear stress along the fault zone cause the rocks to deform and recrystallize, resulting in the formation of mylonites.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following rocks may be associated with contact metamorphism?
- A.
Gneiss
- B.
Slate
- C.
Honfels
- D.
B and C
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. HonfelsExplanation
Honfels is a type of rock that is formed through contact metamorphism. Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks come into contact with a heat source, typically from a nearby igneous intrusion. This heat causes the minerals in the rocks to recrystallize and form new minerals, resulting in the formation of honfels. Gneiss and slate, on the other hand, are not typically associated with contact metamorphism. Therefore, the correct answer is honfels.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Most metamorphic rocks are the result of
- A.
Dynamic metamorphism
- B.
Hydrothermal alteration
- C.
Contact metamorphism
- D.
Regional metamorphism
- E.
Country rock baking
Correct Answer
D. Regional metamorphismExplanation
Regional metamorphism is the correct answer because it refers to the process of metamorphism that occurs over a large area due to the intense heat and pressure generated by tectonic forces. This type of metamorphism is commonly associated with the formation of mountain ranges and is responsible for the development of most metamorphic rocks. It involves the transformation of existing rocks into new ones with different mineral compositions and textures.Rate this question:
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- 50.
The intensity of regional metamorphism may be recognized by
- A.
Index of recrystallization
- B.
Index fossils
- C.
Index minerals
- D.
Index polymorphs
- E.
Index cards
Correct Answer
C. Index mineralsExplanation
Index minerals are minerals that are commonly associated with specific metamorphic conditions. They form under specific temperature and pressure conditions and can indicate the intensity of regional metamorphism. The presence or absence of certain index minerals can provide important clues about the temperature and pressure conditions that occurred during the metamorphic process. Therefore, the intensity of regional metamorphism can be recognized by the presence or absence of index minerals.Rate this question:
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