First Patho Quiz

White thrombi are larger, composed of other cellular elements, more fibrin, exhibit visible layers called Lines of Zahn

Neoplasis means new growth, it is uncontrolled growth of cells which is unable to be controlled with normal regulatory mechanisms. Proliferation can lead to masses called tumors but not all... ie leukemia

Teratomas are made up of all 3 germ layers, (ecto, meso and endoderm) not always easily identifiable. Teratomas often contrain hair, teeth, bone and can contain more complex structures such as a torso or organs, but is not common

most caused by thrombus or emboli

Saddle emboli is a severe venous emboli, important that they are so large because they are able to clog main entry of pulmonary artery. Smaller emboli can occlude small branches causing pulmonary infarcts which are triangular or wedge-shaped

Hypovolemic shock is attributed to massive hemorrhage or water loss (ie massive burn, vomiting/diarrhea)

hypotonic shock results from a loss of vascular tone due to pooling of blood in dilated peripheral vessels, occurs in pt's with anaphylactic shock or neurogenic stimuli

The anatomical classification of emboli are in three categories; venous, arterial, and paradoxical. Venous-originate in veins, carried venously, and typically lodge in pulmonary arteries (PE). Arterial-orinate in left atrium or ventricle, aorta, or other major arteries--these are important caused of infarction and generally end up in brain. And Paradoxical emboli are venous emboli that reach areterial circulation through the foramen ovale which did not close at birth, important because they are often fatal.

necrosis is the death of cells or tissues and only occurs in the living with inflammation, autolysis occurs after death due to the breakdown of tissue to due the release of enzymes

Caseous necrosis A form of coagulative necrosis, typically found in tuberculosis, which is characterized by lung granulomas inside which are the caseous necrosis or yellow, cheesy substance

Examples of metaplasia are bronchial epithelium metaplsia due to smoking and gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in BE

Coagulative necrosis occurs when cells proteins are denatured like when cooking eggs, the cytoplasm appears slightly granulated. This is most often caused by anoxia ie Acute MI,

Examples include calcification in atherosclerotic coronary arteries--stenosis or taxoplasmosis

Metastatic calcifications reflect deranged calcium metabolism not due to cell injury usually due to increased serum levels of calcium, leading to deposition of calcium to distant locations.

Necrosis is when cells die due to different causes. Cell injury is when environmental changes occur, when the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis, (this is still reversible) the cell injury becomes irreversible when the ability to adapt is no longer possible, damage is to great and cells die and rupture of cell membrane.

An emboli is a freely movable particle or intravascular mass that is carried from one site to another. The clinical significance of an emboli is that they all can occlude blood vessels and thus interrupt blood supply

Pathologic Classification of Thrombi by location are Intramural-attach to mural endocardium of heart chamber, Arterial- attach to arterial wall, typically cover atheromas
Venous-usually are in dilated veins (varicose veins) they give impressions of thrombophlebitis
Microvascular-found in arterioles, venules, typical of IVC

bloodstream metastasis is very common, one example of direct extension is renal cell carcinoma to adrenal gland...

Dysplasia is disordered growth of tissues (they have abnormal maturation) result from chronic inflammation or irritation. Dysplasia is considered precancerous!!!

Arterial emboli are an important cause of ischemia in various organs, most originate from endocardium or valvular thrombi. Arterial emboli generally fragment because of the speed of blood flow through arteries, clogging medium-sized vessels. If lodged in the middle cerebral artery tends to cause infarcts of basal ganglia. Other organs that are at risk of arterial emboli are Spleen--splenic infarct, Intestines--(messentary) causing Intestinal infarct or ischemic colitis, and Kidney--renal infarct

All of the contents of the exudate produced by chronic inflammation stimulate loss parenchymal cells and cause scarring, i.e. in fallopian tube scarring

Granulomatous reactions are mediated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes that accumulate at injury site. The macrophages interconnect form nodules, transform into epitheloid cells which are immmobile and act as chemical mediators for inflammation

Cardiogenic shock is due to pump failure of the heart, there is a loss of contractile elements which decrease the ability to pump, and can cause arrythmia. Differential might be CHF, myocarditis, and valvular heart disease

Fat necrosis is a form of liquifaction necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes, this is limited to fat tissue, often found around the pancreas, causes degragation of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids rapidly bind with calcium forming soaps causing white calcified specs

Transmural infarcts include all 3 layers and are the only cardiac infarct that ruptures

Red infarcts are generally due to venous occlusion, often occur in intestines or testes, or typical of organs with dual blood supply i.e. the liver or lungs