Basic Introduction To Pathology Quiz

Autoimmunity is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This immune response is directed towards self-antigens, causing inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues. Therefore, the statement "Autoimmunity is a state in which the body displays immunologic reactivity to itself" is correct.

class II MHC

Prostaglandins are chemical mediators that play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. When tissues are damaged or injured, prostaglandins are released and cause inflammation, which leads to pain. They sensitise nerve endings, making them more responsive to pain signals. Prostaglandins also promote the release of other pain mediators, such as histamine and bradykinin, further intensifying the pain response. Therefore, prostaglandins are an essential chemical mediator in the process of pain perception.

Diapedesis is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which neutrophils pass through the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels and enter the surrounding tissue. This process is essential for neutrophils to reach the site of infection or inflammation and carry out their immune response. Margination is the process in which neutrophils adhere to the blood vessel walls, while chemotaxis refers to the movement of neutrophils towards a chemical signal. However, neither of these stages specifically describes the passage of neutrophils through the endothelial cells, making diapedesis the correct choice.

A centrifuge is a device that is used to separate the basic components of blood. It works by spinning the blood at high speeds, causing the heavier components such as red blood cells and platelets to settle at the bottom, while the lighter components such as plasma rise to the top. This separation allows for further analysis and testing of the individual components of blood, such as measuring the levels of different cells or substances. Magnetic stirrers and auto analyzers are not specifically designed for blood component separation, making them incorrect options.

Osteoporosis is not the causative reason behind Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It can be caused by various factors such as the use of corticosteroid medications, tumors in the pituitary or adrenal glands, or excessive production of cortisol by the body. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by weakened and brittle bones, usually caused by a lack of calcium or hormonal imbalances, but it is not the underlying cause of Cushing's syndrome.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It arises from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and is characterized by the formation of small, finger-like projections. It typically grows slowly and has a good prognosis. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is commonly associated with exposure to radiation, especially during childhood. Other risk factors include a family history of thyroid cancer, certain genetic mutations, and a history of goiter.

Cardiac failure is caused by vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that helps maintain the structure and integrity of blood vessels. Without adequate vitamin C, the blood vessels can become weak and prone to rupture, leading to cardiac failure. Additionally, vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect the heart from oxidative stress and inflammation, which are both risk factors for cardiac failure. Therefore, a deficiency in vitamin C can contribute to the development and progression of cardiac failure.

The Rose waller test is primarily used for the diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. The Rose waller test is a blood test that detects the presence of rheumatoid factor, an antibody commonly found in individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The test helps in confirming the diagnosis and assessing the severity of the disease.