Study Guide For Anatomy And Physiology I Final

The spinal cord contains a total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are essential for transmitting sensory and motor information between the body and the brain.

Ganglia refers to small masses of nervous tissue found outside the brain and spinal cord, associated with cranial and spinal nerves, and typically involves body cells of neurons. It is commonly described as a swelling or knot.

Enteric plexuses refer to the complex networks of neurons that control the gastrointestinal system, not the enzymes, proteins, or hormones involved in digestion.

Sensory receptors are not muscles, nerve cells in the brain, or cells in the immune system. They are dendrites of sensory neurons or separate, specialized cells that monitor changes in internal and external environments, such as photoreceptors in the retina of the eye.

The nervous system primarily focuses on carrying out complex tasks related to the coordination of body movements, sensory perception, and communication through speech.

Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect stimuli, both internal and external, and convert them into electrical signals to be interpreted by the brain.

Sensory (afferent) neurons specifically carry information from lower levels of the body to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain, playing a key role in transmitting signals to be processed.

Integrative function in the human body involves the processing of sensory information to make decisions, rather than controlling movements, regulating internal balance, or producing antibodies.

Motor function refers to the ability of the central nervous system to control muscles in the body and respond to integration decisions.

Effectors are the cells and organs that respond to signals from the nervous system, specifically motor neurons in cranial and spinal nerves. They are responsible for carrying out the response or action dictated by these signals.

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing thoughts, memories, and emotions. The incorrect answers listed do not pertain to the functions of the CNS.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, such as cranial nerves, spinal nerves, their branches, ganglia, and sensory receptors. It does not include the brain and spinal cord themselves, muscles and bones, or the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

The axillary nerve specifically innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles in the upper limb.

The term 'ipsilateral' specifically refers to something located or occurring on the same side of the body. It is important in medical terminologies and neurology to differentiate between ipsilateral and contralateral (opposite side) references.

Transverse typically refers to something being oriented or positioned down the middle, perpendicular to the vertical or horizontal axis.

The epigastric region refers to the area of the abdomen located above the stomach and below the ribs. It is often described as the upper middle part of the abdomen.

The hypogastric region refers to the lower middle area of the body, specifically the lower abdomen. It is important for anatomical reference and medical diagnoses.

The illiac region is specifically the lower left or right side of nines on the abdomen, not the upper side, front side, or back side.

The lumbar region is located in the lower back, specifically in the middle on the left and right side of the spine, often referred to as the middle left/right side of nines.

Polyunsaturated fats are known for having multiple double covalent bonds in their structure, leading to a liquid state at room temperature. They are commonly found in plant-based oils such as canola, linoleic, corn, safflower, and soybean oil.

tRNA, or Transfer RNA, is responsible for carrying amino acids into ribosomes and bonding with mRNA during the process of protein production. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information for protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the structure of ribosomes and catalyzes protein synthesis, and DNA polymerase is an enzyme involved in DNA replication, not protein synthesis.

Integral proteins are a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. They play important roles in cell signaling, transport of molecules, and structural support.

Selective permeability refers to the ability of a membrane to only allow certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others. This process is essential for maintaining cell and tissue integrity.

Active transport requires energy (ATP), functions based on size, and moves against the concentration gradient, unlike passive transport which does not require energy and moves with the concentration gradient.

Hypertonic solution refers to a solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. This difference in solute concentration creates osmotic pressure and can lead to water leaving the cell to achieve equilibrium, causing cell dehydration.

The cytoskeleton is primarily composed of proteins, microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (keratin), and microtubules. Its functions include providing support and facilitating the transport of cellular components such as secretory granules and organelles.

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell as they are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They also have the ability to self-replicate to maintain energy production.