ITEC Anatomy And Physiology Quiz

The erector pili muscle is responsible for causing the hair follicle to stand erect, resulting in the formation of goose pimples. When this muscle contracts, it pulls the hair follicle upright, causing the hair to stand on end. This response is often triggered by cold temperatures, fear, or emotional stimuli.

Calcium deficiency is the cause of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Adequate calcium intake is essential for maintaining bone density and strength. When the body does not get enough calcium from the diet, it starts to withdraw calcium from the bones, leading to their deterioration over time. This can eventually result in osteoporosis, especially in older individuals who may have reduced calcium absorption and increased bone loss. Growing old, stress, and autoimmune diseases can contribute to the development of osteoporosis, but calcium deficiency is the primary cause.

The function of the orbicularis oculi is to close the eyelid. This muscle is responsible for blinking and protecting the eye from foreign objects or excessive light. When the orbicularis oculi contracts, it causes the eyelid to close, covering the eye and providing a barrier of protection.

The effect of amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. Amenorrhea refers to the condition where a woman does not experience menstrual periods. This can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, excessive exercise, stress, or certain medical conditions. Absence of menstruation can have various implications on a woman's reproductive health and may require medical evaluation and treatment.

PMS stands for Pre Menstrual Syndrome, which refers to a combination of physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms that some women experience before their menstrual period. These symptoms can include mood swings, irritability, bloating, breast tenderness, and fatigue. The term "pre" indicates that these symptoms occur before the onset of menstruation. Therefore, the correct answer is Pre Menstrual Syndrome.

The occipital bone is located at the back of the cranium. It forms the lower part of the skull and helps protect the brain and spinal cord. It also provides attachment points for various muscles and ligaments.

When a cell reproduces and divides, the process is called mitosis. Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells to produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, and melanosis refers to the abnormal production of melanin pigment.

The correct answer is facial paralysis. Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. It is usually temporary and can cause drooping of the mouth or eyelid, difficulty closing the eye, or a drooping appearance of the face. Pain down the lower back and leg, tremor, and loss of coordination are not symptoms typically associated with Bell's palsy.

The given symptoms of thin roofed blisters, weeping, and yellow crust are characteristic of impetigo. Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection that commonly affects the skin. It is caused by bacteria entering the skin through cuts or insect bites. The blisters can burst and form a thick, yellow crust. Warts, psoriasis, and carcinoma do not present with the same symptoms described in the question.

Sebum is a fatty acid that keeps the skin moist and lubricates the hair shaft. It is produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin. This oily substance helps to moisturize the skin and hair, preventing them from becoming dry and brittle. Sebum also acts as a natural barrier, protecting the skin from external pollutants and bacteria. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and appearance of the skin and hair.

Dendrites are nerve fibres that resemble branches and are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses. They extend from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. These signals are then transmitted to the cell body, where they are integrated and processed before being sent to other neurons. Dendrites play a crucial role in the communication between neurons and are essential for the functioning of the nervous system.

Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, play a crucial role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, thrombocytes quickly gather at the site to form a plug, preventing excessive bleeding. They release chemicals that attract more platelets and help in the formation of a clot. This clotting process is essential for wound healing and preventing blood loss. Therefore, the function of thrombocytes is blood clotting.

When you supinate your arm, you rotate your forearm and hand in such a way that the palm faces upward or forward. This movement involves the rotation of the radius bone over the ulna bone, resulting in the palm turning to face upwards. Therefore, the correct answer is "Turn it to face upwards."

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a long, narrow muscle that runs up the sides of the neck. It originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts into the mastoid process of the skull. This muscle helps with various movements of the head and neck, such as rotating and tilting the head.

The correct answer is 33. The human spine is made up of 33 vertebrae, which are divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacral (5 fused vertebrae), and coccygeal (4 fused vertebrae). These vertebrae provide support and flexibility to the spine, allowing for movement and protection of the spinal cord.

Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that is primarily composed of fat cells, or adipocytes. Its main function is to store energy in the form of fat, as well as to cushion and insulate the body. It is commonly referred to as fatty tissue due to its high fat content.

The majority of a cell is made up of cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It also serves as a medium for cellular processes, including metabolism and protein synthesis. Carbohydrates are important components of cells, but they do not make up the majority of the cell. The nucleus is a small structure within the cell that contains genetic material, while protoplasm is a general term used to describe the living contents of a cell, including the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Thyroxin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a crucial role in controlling the body's metabolic rate. It regulates the rate at which the body uses energy, affects growth and development, and helps maintain body temperature. Therefore, the correct answer is that thyroxin controls metabolic rate.

Lymph nodes have two main functions. First, they act as filters for lymph, which is a clear fluid that carries waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells away from tissues. The lymph nodes contain immune cells that help to remove these harmful substances from the lymph before it is returned to the bloodstream. Second, lymph nodes also produce new lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. These new lymphocytes help to fight off infections and other diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is that the function of lymph nodes is to filter lymph and produce new lymphocytes.

The peripheral nervous system is responsible for transmitting information, both sensory and motor, to and from the body. This means that it carries signals from the sensory organs to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret the world around us. It also carries signals from the brain to the muscles and organs, enabling us to move and perform various bodily functions. Therefore, the correct answer is that the peripheral nervous system transmits information to and from the body.

The adrenal glands are found superior to the kidneys. They are small, triangular-shaped glands that sit on top of each kidney. These glands are responsible for producing important hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone. Their location above the kidneys allows them to have direct access to the bloodstream, making it easier for them to release hormones into the body when needed.

The skin produces two products, melanin and vitamin D. Melanin is a pigment responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. Vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight and plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Therefore, the correct answer is melanin and vitamin D.

The layers of the skin are arranged in a specific order. The outermost layer is the Corneum, which is composed of dead skin cells that provide protection. The next layer is the Lucidum, which is only present in thick skin and adds an extra layer of protection. Below the Lucidum is the Granulosum, where the cells start to flatten and produce keratin. The Spinosum layer comes next, where the cells have spiny projections that help with cell adhesion. Finally, the innermost layer is the Germinativum, also known as the Basal layer, which contains stem cells that continuously divide to produce new skin cells.

Reflexes are reactions of the nervous system that occur automatically and without conscious thought. They are controlled by the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, rather than the brain. Reflexes help protect the body by quickly responding to potential danger or harm. Examples of reflexes include the knee-jerk reflex, where the leg kicks out when the knee is tapped, and the gag reflex, which helps prevent choking.

Lymph is circulated through a combination of skeletal muscle contraction and valves in the veins. Skeletal muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels contract and squeeze the lymph forward, while valves in the veins prevent the backflow of lymph. This process helps to move the lymph towards the heart, where it can be returned to the bloodstream.

Phlebitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of a vein. Atherosclerosis is the build-up of plaque in the arteries, not inflammation of a vein. Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus, not veins. Thrombus is a blood clot, not inflammation of a vein. Therefore, phlebitis is the most appropriate answer for the given description.

Lymphatic capillaries differ from vascular capillaries because they are not continuous and have a blind end. Unlike vascular capillaries, which form a continuous network throughout the body, lymphatic capillaries have gaps between their cells, allowing for the entry of larger molecules and cells. Additionally, lymphatic capillaries have a blind end, meaning they do not connect directly to larger lymphatic vessels but instead drain into lymph nodes. This unique structure allows lymphatic capillaries to collect excess fluid and waste products from tissues and transport them back to the bloodstream.

A pivot joint allows for rotation around a central axis. The atlas and axis cervical vertebrae in the neck are a good example of a pivot joint because they allow for the head to rotate from side to side. This joint is responsible for the movement that allows us to turn our head to look in different directions.

The top right-hand chamber of the heart is called the left atrium.

Ribs are not a good example of a long bone because they are flat and curved, unlike long bones which are typically straight and cylindrical in shape. Long bones, such as the femur, radius, and metatarsals, are characterized by their elongated structure with a shaft and two distinct ends. Ribs, on the other hand, are flat bones that form the ribcage and protect the organs in the thoracic cavity. Therefore, ribs do not meet the criteria of a long bone.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling cardiac output. It is located at the base of the brainstem and acts as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord. The medulla oblongata contains vital centers that regulate various involuntary functions, including heart rate and blood pressure. It receives information from the body's sensors and adjusts the cardiac output accordingly to maintain homeostasis.

Diffusion is the process by which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached, where the concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane or barrier. This movement occurs due to the random motion of molecules and doesn't require external pressure.

The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. After oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the lungs, the oxygen-rich blood is carried by the pulmonary veins back to the left atrium. From there, it is pumped into the left ventricle and then distributed to the rest of the body through the systemic circulation.

The pancreas secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which are involved in regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin helps to lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon raises blood sugar levels by promoting the release of stored glucose from the liver. These hormones are essential for maintaining proper glucose balance in the body, and their secretion is regulated by the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is Pancreas.

The main artery that supplies blood to the legs is the femoral artery. It is one of the largest arteries in the body and originates from the iliac arteries in the lower abdomen. The femoral artery travels down the thigh and provides blood flow to the lower extremities, including the legs.

Simple Squamous epithelium is a type of tissue that is thin and flat, consisting of squamous cells. It is typically found lining the circulatory system, specifically the inner surface of blood vessels such as arteries and veins. This type of epithelium provides a smooth surface that allows for easy blood flow and helps prevent clotting. It also aids in the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues.

The lymphatic system is responsible for maintaining fluid balance in the body. One of its main functions is to bathe the tissues in plasma, which helps to remove waste products, deliver nutrients, and support the immune system. This process helps to keep the tissues healthy and functioning properly.