Pathology: Diseases Of The Blood

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1. What is Polycythemia?

Leukocytes are decreased in number.

Erythrocytes are increased in number

Hemoglobin concentration remains constant.

Platelets are increased in number.

Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood. This results in an increased total blood volume and viscosity, which can lead to various complications.

Explanation

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About This Quiz

Explore the complexities of blood-related diseases in this focused educational content. Designed to enhance understanding of hematological disorders, it assesses key skills crucial for medical professionals, aligning with... see moreUSMLE and ABPath standards. see less

2. What is anemia?

-excessive platelet count

-overproduction of red blood cells

-build-up of iron in the blood

-deficiency in the erythrocytes abaility to transport oxygeb to and CO2 away from the tissues
¡Excessive blood loss from trauma, internal hemorrhage, or spontaneous hemolysis ¡Genetic diseases ¡Nutritional deficiencies

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the erythrocytes' ability to transport oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. It can be caused by excessive blood loss, genetic diseases, or nutritional deficiencies.

Explanation

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3. What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

-High levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin due to iron supplementation

-Excessive intake of iron-rich foods

-Dark tissue pallor, heavy skin pigmentation, excessive hair growth

-Lack of red blood cells and hemoglobin because of indeaquate dietary intake of iron

- Tiredness, weakness, and malaise

-Pale tissue pallor, glossitis, angular chelitis, apthous ulcerations

Iron Deficiency Anemia is characterized by insufficient iron intake leading to a lack of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This results in symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, and pale tissue pallor among others. The incorrect answers provide misleading information that does not align with the condition.

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4. What is Pernicious Anemia characterized by?

-Folic acid and B12 are needed for erythocytematuration

-Folateand B12 deficiency also cause megaloblasticanemia in which there is larger-than-normal red blood cells

-Gasticmucosa is atrophic and fails to secrete hydrochloric acid

-Impaired red blood cell maturation secondary to B12 deficiency as a result of a defective intrinsic factor required for its absorption through the intestinal wall
-Folic acid and B12 are needed for erythocytematuration
-Deficiency caused by defective absorption factor (intrinsic factor)
-Gasticmucosa is atrophic and fails to secrete hydrochloric acid ?
-Folateand B12 deficiency also cause megaloblasticanemia in which there is larger-than-normal red blood cells ?Clincially- ¡Hunter’s glossitis- red tongue with atrophic filliformpapilla ¡Oral mucosa is atrophic and exhibit pallor, angular cheilitis

Pernicious Anemia is characterized by impaired red blood cell maturation due to a B12 deficiency and defective intrinsic factor. Other options are related to anemia but do not specifically describe the condition of pernicious anemia.

Explanation

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5. What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

A rare autoimmune disorder affecting the skin

A genetic disorder affecting the nervous system

-Inherited defect in the structure of the hemoglobin molecule causing erythrocyte to assume a crescent “sickle” shape and undergo lysis
-Primarily occurs in African and Mediterranean descent. It is also seen in people from South and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East
-Symptoms- malaise, weakness, yellowed sclera, muscle ridgidityand unconsciousness in sickle cell crisis. Wide spread ischemia may develop leading to death
-Radiographically- numerous small icicle-like spiculesin the skull-cap (hair-on-end effect), stepladder trabeculaeare often seen between posterior teeth

A type of viral infection affecting the liver

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic blood disorder affecting the hemoglobin molecule, leading to characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells and various symptoms related to the condition.

Explanation

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic blood disorder affecting the hemoglobin molecule, leading to characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells and various symptoms related to the condition.

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6. What is leukopenia?

Complete absence of white blood cells

-Decrease ability to generate neutrophilsor reduction in neutrophils
-Causes ¡Arrest in maturation of the cells of the bone marrow ¡Hematopoietic elements have been replaced ¡Pharmaceuticagents have inhibited cell cycling

Increase in neutrophil production

Overproduction of red blood cells

Leukopenia refers to a decrease in the ability to generate neutrophils or a reduction in neutrophils in the body. It is not an increase in neutrophil production, complete absence of white blood cells, or overproduction of red blood cells.

Explanation

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7. What is agranulocytosis?

-A type of viral infection that affects the granulocytes in the bone marrow

-A condition where there is an excess of circulating granulocytes in the bloodstream

-A marked decrease in circulating granulocytes, particularylyneutrophils, attributable to a variety of causes
-Neutrophilsare the first line in defense against bacterial infections
-Can result in death because of secondary bacterial infection (pneumonia)
-Clincally- oral ulcerations with chemotherapy at toxic levels causing white blood cell levels to drop. The lesions quickly progress to the bone with resultant osteomyleitisand sequestration

-A genetic disorder that leads to an overproduction of granulocytes in the body

Agranulocytosis is characterized by a marked decrease in circulating granulocytes, specifically neutrophils, due to various causes. It can be life-threatening, especially when it leads to secondary bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Explanation

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8. What is Cyclic Neutropenia?

An autoimmune disorder leading to high neutrophil levels

-Idiopathic disease in which episodic fluctuation in the number of circulating neutrophilsand is due to a bone marrow maturation arrest -Children suffer from frequent recurrent respiratory infections
-Apthous-like ulcers can occur within a few day of neutropenicphase
-Premature periodontal disease is often encountered and children and teens may experience alveolar bonelossand periodontal pockets

An acute viral infection causing temporary low neutrophil counts

A genetic disorder resulting in overproduction of neutrophils

Cyclic Neutropenia is a rare idiopathic disease characterized by episodic fluctuation in neutrophil numbers, not caused by acute viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or genetic disorders.

Explanation

Cyclic Neutropenia is a rare idiopathic disease characterized by episodic fluctuation in neutrophil numbers, not caused by acute viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or genetic disorders.

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9. What is the neoplastic process of leukocytes known as?

Sarcomas

-Neoplastic process of leukocytes result in elevation of white blood cell count. These leukocytes are referred to as leukemias.

Melanomas

Hematomas

Neoplastic process of leukocytes result in elevation of white blood cell count and are referred to as leukemias.

Explanation

Neoplastic process of leukocytes result in elevation of white blood cell count and are referred to as leukemias.

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10. What is leukemia characterized by?

Leukemia is characterized by abnormal growth of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Leukemia is characterized by inflammation of the liver and spleen.

Circulating malignant leukoctes of bone marrow or lymph node orgin

-Leukemias are categorized according to the stem cell of orgin
¡Myelogenous or granulocytic- bone marrow ¡Lymphocytic
-Acute- rapidly progressing, usually fatal and tend to occur in children -Chronic- More often encountered in adults, potentially fatal, but may will undergo prolonged periods of remission with chemotherapy -Clinical features
¡Chronic fatigue and malaise
¡Petechiaesecondary to thrombocytopenia ¡Anemia ¡Fevers of unkownorigin or other infections of the UR or genitourinary tract ¡Orally- petechialhemorrhage and gingival enlargement in 10%

Leukemia is characterized by excessive production of insulin by the pancreas.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of blood cells, specifically leukocytes. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the characteristics of leukemia.

Explanation

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11. What is Multiple Myeloma?

-A benign condition that usually goes unnoticed because it is asymptomatic until it is widespread

-A cancer that arises in the 4th, 5th, and 6th decades of life

-A disseminated (widely dispersed) neoplasm of differnetiatedB lymphocytes -Lymphoma
-Arises in the 4th, 5thand 6thdecades
-Usually goes unnoticed because it is asymptomatic until it is wide spread
-Symptoms- deep bone pain due to osteolyticbone lesion
-Radiographically- coin-shaped, punched-out lesions radiolucenciesand are prominent in the skull. Dental radiographs may also have punched-out lesions, but may have widespread osseous destruction with radiographic margins appear “moth-eaten” and teeth may be loose
-Poor prognosis

-Lymphoma

Multiple Myeloma is a cancer involving plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is not considered a benign condition but rather a neoplastic (cancerous) one. The correct answer highlights that it is a neoplasm involving differentiated B lymphocytes, not lymphoma.

Explanation

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12. What is thrombocytopenia?

High red blood cell count

Elevated platelet count

Increase in number of white blood cells

-Platelet disorder
-Decrease in number of circulating blood platelets that can be caused by a variety of factors
-Caused by chemotherapeutics, leukemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpurain HIV patients

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a decrease in the number of circulating blood platelets, not an increase or elevation in different blood cell counts.

Explanation

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a decrease in the number of circulating blood platelets, not an increase or elevation in different blood cell counts.

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13. What is Hemophilia?

-A type of skin cancer

-A bacterial infection of the blood

-An autoimmune disease affecting the joints

-Hereditary coagulation disorders

-Purpurais purple-colored spots and patches that occur on the skin, organs, and in mucus membranes, including the lining of the mouth. (bruises, ecchymosis)
-Acquired coagulopathy- associated with liver cirrhosis
-Oral surgical procedures can be life threatening if appropriate precautions are not observed.
-Hospitalization and coagulation factor supplement

Hemophilia is a hereditary condition that affects the blood's ability to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding.

Explanation

Hemophilia is a hereditary condition that affects the blood's ability to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding.

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