Endocrinology Questions, Part 3

Causes increased body temp due to progesterone release.

Progesterone elevation indicates ovulation has occurred. This means that the levels of progesterone in the body increase after ovulation, which is the release of an egg from the ovary. This increase in progesterone is necessary for preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy. Therefore, the correct answer is "elevation" as it accurately describes the relationship between progesterone and ovulation.

hCG, also known as human chorionic gonadotropin, is a hormone that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is responsible for maintaining the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum, which is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. hCG is also the hormone detected in pregnancy tests, as its presence in the urine or blood indicates pregnancy.

DHT and testosterone are produced in the testis, while androstenedione is produced by the adrenals.

FSH stimulates estrogen release from granulosa cells. FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles. Granulosa cells are found within the ovarian follicles and are responsible for producing estrogen. FSH acts on these granulosa cells to stimulate the production and release of estrogen, which is important for the regulation of the menstrual cycle and for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females.

A testosterone-secreting tumor would cause high levels of testosterone because the tumor is producing excess amounts of this hormone. However, it would also cause low levels of LH (luteinizing hormone) because the body's natural feedback mechanism would sense the high levels of testosterone and signal the pituitary gland to decrease the production of LH, which stimulates testosterone production.

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a condition characterized by low levels of testosterone and low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). Testosterone is a hormone responsible for male sexual development and function, while LH stimulates the production of testosterone. In hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, there is a dysfunction in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, leading to decreased production of LH and subsequently low levels of testosterone. Therefore, the correct answer is "low, low".

LH, or luteinizing hormone, stimulates the release of testosterone from Leydig cells. Leydig cells are located in the testes and are responsible for producing testosterone, which is an important hormone involved in male reproductive function and development.

PCOS, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by elevated levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates the ovaries to produce excess androgens (male hormones). This hormonal imbalance leads to symptoms such as amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods), infertility, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and insulin resistance. PCOS also increases the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies PCOS as the syndrome characterized by these specific symptoms and risk factors.

Inhibin is a hormone that is secreted from Sertoli cells in the testes. It acts as a negative feedback mechanism on the anterior pituitary gland, specifically inhibiting the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This helps regulate the production of sperm and maintain a balance in the reproductive system.

Yolk sac tumor is the correct answer because it is an ovarian germ cell tumor that is known for its aggressive malignancy in young children. In boys, it can also occur in the testes. Yolk sac tumors are characterized by a yellow friable solid mass and approximately 50% of them resemble glomeruli. This explanation aligns with the given characteristics of the tumor.

Exogenous testosterone --> inhibits LH --> decreased testosterone production in testis --> reduced sperm production

Elevated FSH levels are the best test to confirm menopause because during menopause, the ovaries produce less estrogen and progesterone, which leads to an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. FSH is responsible for stimulating the growth and development of eggs in the ovaries. When menopause occurs, the ovaries no longer respond to FSH, causing FSH levels to rise. Therefore, elevated FSH levels indicate that the ovaries are no longer functioning properly and confirm the onset of menopause.

The luteal phase is the same as the secretory phase and it lasts for a constant 14 days. This phase occurs after ovulation and is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. The secretory phase is a consistent length of 14 days in a normal menstrual cycle.

Androgens are a group of hormones that play a role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics. The correct order of androgen potency is DHT (dihydrotestosterone) being the most potent, followed by testosterone, and then androstenedione. DHT is a more potent androgen than testosterone because it binds more strongly to androgen receptors in the body. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, and androstenedione is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen. Therefore, DHT > testosterone > androstenedione is the correct order of androgen potency.

Primary hypogonadism refers to a condition where the testes are unable to produce sufficient amounts of testosterone. This results in low levels of testosterone. In response to the low testosterone levels, the pituitary gland releases high levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in an attempt to stimulate the testes to produce more testosterone. Therefore, the correct answer is "low, high".

Testosterone secreted from LH cells inhibits the release of GnRH and LH, which helps regulate the production of testosterone. However, it stimulates spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell development.

Estradiol is primarily produced in the ovaries, where it plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. Estriol, on the other hand, is mainly produced in the placenta during pregnancy. It is a weaker form of estrogen and is primarily involved in maintaining the health of the fetus and supporting pregnancy. Estrone is produced in various tissues in the body, including the ovaries, but it is also produced in the adrenal glands and fat cells. It is the least potent form of estrogen and is involved in various physiological processes, including bone health and lipid metabolism.

The correct answer is proliferative; varies in length. This is because the follicular phase is characterized by the development of the ovarian follicles, which results in the thickening of the uterine lining. During this phase, the levels of estrogen increase, leading to the proliferation of the endometrial cells. The length of the follicular phase can vary from person to person and cycle to cycle.

Choriocarcinoma is the correct answer because it is a rare ovarian germ cell tumor that is characterized by malignancy and is known to develop during pregnancy. It is also associated with the presence of theca-lutean cysts and large hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Choriocarcinoma is further distinguished by the production of hCG tumor marker.

Teratoma is the correct answer because it is a type of ovarian germ cell tumor that contains cells from 2-3 germ cell layers. It can be either benign (mature) or malignant (immature). Additionally, teratomas can have various tissue types, including functional thyroid tissue in the case of struma ovarii, which can lead to hyperthyroidism.

Dysgerminoma is a type of ovarian germ cell tumor that is characterized by malignancy and the presence of sheets of uniform cells. It is associated with elevated levels of hCG and LDH tumor markers. Dysgerminoma is often considered the female equivalent of male seminoma, a type of testicular germ cell tumor. Therefore, the correct answer is Dysgerminoma.

FSH stimulates inhibin release from sertoli cells. Inhibin is a hormone that plays a role in regulating the production of sperm and inhibiting the secretion of FSH. Sertoli cells are found in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and are responsible for supporting and nourishing developing sperm cells. Therefore, FSH stimulates the release of inhibin from sertoli cells to help regulate sperm production.

The development of both male and female internal genitalia and male external genitalia is caused by either the presence of sertoli cells or the presence of anti-mullerian hormone.

A complete hydatidiform mole is more likely to be malignant because it does not contain fetal parts and has very elevated hCG levels. This means that the mole is a result of abnormal fertilization and the cells are rapidly dividing and growing. The absence of fetal parts indicates that there is no normal development occurring, and the very elevated hCG levels suggest an abnormal pregnancy. These factors contribute to the increased likelihood of malignancy in a complete hydatidiform mole.

Cervical carcinoma is associated with two types of human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically types 16 and 18. These two types of HPV are known to be high-risk and are responsible for causing the majority of cervical cancer cases. HPV 16 and 18 are sexually transmitted and can lead to the development of abnormal cells in the cervix, which can eventually progress to cervical carcinoma. Regular screening and vaccination against HPV can help prevent the development of cervical carcinoma.

LH stimulates the release of androstenedione from the theca cells.

Premature ovarian failure is a condition where a woman's ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40, leading to infertility and early menopause. This means that the correct answer for the age at which premature ovarian failure is defined is 40 years old.

Cervical carcinoma in situ is classified as CIN 3. CIN stands for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells are found in the lining of the cervix. CIN 3 is the most severe stage of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, indicating a high-grade lesion with a high risk of progressing to invasive cervical cancer if left untreated.

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy. It is often preceded by endometrial hyperplasia, which is an abnormal thickening of the lining of the uterus. Prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen, meaning estrogen without the balancing effect of progesterone, increases the risk of developing endometrial carcinoma.

Ovulation is the process in which an egg is released from the ovary. This typically occurs around day 14 of a woman's menstrual cycle. After ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus sheds, resulting in menstruation. Therefore, ovulation + 14 days equals menstruation.

Koiliocytic change is typical of HPV infection. This refers to the presence of abnormal, enlarged, and irregularly shaped cells with a raisin-like appearance. These changes are commonly seen in squamous epithelial cells infected with high-risk types of HPV, such as HPV 16 and 18. Koiliocytic change is often observed in Pap smears and can be an early indication of HPV infection. It is important to monitor and further investigate these changes as they can progress to more severe abnormalities, such as dysplasia or carcinoma in situ.

The average age of menopause onset is 51 years old, and it is earlier for smokers. Smoking has been found to be associated with an earlier onset of menopause. This could be due to the harmful effects of smoking on the ovaries and the overall hormonal balance in the body. Therefore, women who smoke are more likely to experience menopause at a younger age compared to non-smokers.

5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition that affects the development of male genitalia. This enzyme is responsible for converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is necessary for the development of male external genitalia during fetal development. In individuals with 5-alpha reductase deficiency, the conversion of testosterone to DHT is impaired, leading to the development of ambiguous or female-like external genitalia. However, during puberty, an increase in testosterone levels can lead to the development of male internal genitalia.

A defective androgen receptor would result in high levels of testosterone because the receptor is unable to properly bind and respond to testosterone, leading to an accumulation of the hormone. Additionally, the defective receptor would also cause high levels of LH (luteinizing hormone) because the body would continuously try to stimulate the receptor to respond to testosterone, resulting in an overproduction of LH.

Testosterone is responsible for the differentiation of the internal male genitalia (except prostate), the growth spurt of the penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, muscle, and red blood cells, the deepening of the voice, the closing of the epiphyseal plates through conversion to estrogen, and libido. It also plays a role in the differentiation of the penis, scrotum, and prostate during fetal development, as well as prostate growth, balding, and sebaceous gland activity.

Cervical hyperplasia is classified into three categories: CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3. CIN stands for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which refers to abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix. CIN 1 is considered mild dysplasia, where there is a low risk of progression to cervical cancer. CIN 2 is moderate dysplasia, indicating a higher risk of progression. CIN 3 is severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, which has the highest risk of progressing to invasive cervical cancer. Therefore, the correct answer includes CIN 1 and CIN 2 as different classifications of cervical hyperplasia.

Fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the most common tumors found in females. They are benign growths that develop in the uterus. Fibroids can vary in size and number, and they are typically non-cancerous. They can cause symptoms such as heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and frequent urination. Treatment options for fibroids include medication, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery, depending on the severity of symptoms and the patient's desire for fertility.

DHT, or dihydrotestosterone, is responsible for the differentiation of the penis, scrotum, and prostate during fetal development. It also contributes to the growth of the prostate, balding, and sebaceous gland activity.

Hydatidiform mole is a pathology caused by cystic swelling of chorionic villi and chorionic epithelium proliferation. It is characterized by elevated beta-hCG levels, a "cluster of grapes" appearance of the uterus, vaginal bleeding, and is the most common precursor for choriocarcinoma.

Androgen insensitivity, also known as androgen receptor insensitivity, is a genetic condition where individuals with XY chromosomes have a mutation in the androgen receptor gene, causing their bodies to be unable to respond to male sex hormones (androgens) like testosterone. This results in the development of female external genitalia and the absence of sexual hair, despite having testes and elevated levels of testosterone and estrogen.