Eent Quiz: Week One

Purulent discharge usually indicates a bacterial infection of the conjunctiva, cornea, or lacrimal sac. This type of discharge is thick, yellow or green in color, and often accompanied by redness and swelling. It is a result of the body's immune response to the infection, which leads to the production of pus.

The ciliary body is responsible for contracting and relaxing to change the shape of the lens. It consists of three bundles of smooth muscle that control the tension on the suspensory ligaments attached to the lens. When the ciliary body contracts, it loosens the tension on the ligaments, allowing the lens to become more rounded for near vision. When it relaxes, the tension on the ligaments increases, flattening the lens for distance vision.

Floaters are the correct term for spots before the eyes that are often caused by benign vitreous opacities. However, they can also be caused by more serious conditions such as posterior retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, or posterior uveitis.

Entropion is defined as the inversion of the eyelid and lashes, meaning that they turn inward towards the eye. On the other hand, ectropion is defined as the eversion of the lower lid, which means that it turns outward away from the eye.

During the cover-uncover test, the eye with the defect will shift positions when it is uncovered. This is because the test is used to detect a misalignment in the eyes, such as strabismus. When one eye is covered, the brain compensates for the misalignment by adjusting the position of the uncovered eye. As a result, when the covered eye is uncovered, the brain readjusts the position of the eyes, causing the eye with the defect to shift positions. Therefore, the statement is true.

The pupil is the correct answer because it is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. It is responsible for regulating the amount of light that enters the eye by dilating or constricting in response to changes in lighting conditions. By examining the pupil, one can assess irregularities, absolute and relative size, as well as reactions to light and accommodation, which refers to the ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances.

Anterior blepharitis is associated with the eyelashes crusting together with scales that must be removed with warm water and baby shampoo. This type of blepharitis is characterized by inflammation at the base of the eyelashes, often caused by bacteria or excess oil production. The crusting and scales can cause discomfort and irritation, and proper hygiene with warm water and baby shampoo is necessary to remove them and alleviate symptoms. Posterior blepharitis, on the other hand, is associated with dysfunction of the oil glands in the eyelids and does not typically cause crusting or scales on the eyelashes.

The opaque, white portion of the globe is called the sclera. The sclera is the tough, fibrous outer layer of the eye that covers the entire eyeball except for the cornea. It provides protection and support to the eye and helps maintain its shape. The sclera is easily visible as the white part of the eye and is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the eye.

Rods are the photo sensitive cells that are utilized in low levels of light and are responsible for night vision and peripheral vision. Unlike cones, which are responsible for color vision and work best in bright light, rods are more sensitive to light and allow us to see in dimly lit environments. They are concentrated in the outer regions of the retina and are responsible for our ability to see objects in our peripheral vision. Rhodopsin, a pigment found in rods, plays a crucial role in their function by absorbing light and initiating the process of visual perception.

Presbyopia is the correct answer because it refers to the natural loss of ability to focus on close objects that occurs as a person ages. This condition is caused by the hardening of the lens in the eye, leading to difficulty in seeing objects up close. "Old eyes" is not a specific term used to describe this condition, "Diplopia" refers to double vision, "Myopia" refers to nearsightedness, and "Anaopia" is not a recognized term related to this topic.

The optic nerve enters the eyeball through the optic disc. The optic disc, also known as the blind spot, is the area on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and connects to the brain. It contains no photoreceptor cells, which is why it is called the blind spot.

Acute dacryoadenitis refers to the inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which is responsible for producing tears. It is commonly seen in children as a complication of viral infections such as mumps, measles, or influenza. These viral infections can cause inflammation and swelling of the lacrimal gland, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, and swelling around the eye. Therefore, the statement "Acute dacryoadenitis is most often seen in children as a complication of mumps, measles, or influenza" is true.

The iris is responsible for controlling the size of the pupil, which is the opening in the center of the iris. The iris contains pigment that helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye by constricting or dilating the pupil. The other options listed in the question (macula, fundus, optic disc, retina) are all parts of the eye but do not directly relate to the passage of light. Therefore, the correct answer is pupil.

The correct answer is Medial canthus. The medial canthus refers to the inner corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. It is also known as the inner canthus or the lacrimal corner. This area is important for tear drainage and is where the lacrimal punctum is located.

The range of normal intraocular pressure is typically between 10-24 mmHg. Intraocular pressure refers to the fluid pressure inside the eye, and it is important to maintain this pressure within a certain range for optimal eye health. If the pressure is too low or too high, it can indicate various eye conditions such as glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Regular eye exams are necessary to monitor intraocular pressure and detect any abnormalities.

"Foreign body sensation" refers to the feeling of having something in the eye, which can be caused by corneal or conjunctival foreign bodies, disturbances of the corneal epithelium, and rubbing of the eyelashes against the cornea (trichiasis). These conditions can lead to irritation and discomfort in the eye, giving the sensation of a foreign object being present.

The correct term for the outer edge of the iris, where the cornea stops, is the limbus. The limbus is the border between the cornea and the sclera, and it marks the transition between the clear front surface of the eye (cornea) and the white outer layer of the eye (sclera). It is an important anatomical landmark in ophthalmology and is often used as a reference point during eye examinations and surgeries.

The space between the cornea, iris, and lens that contains the protein-rich aqueous humor is called the anterior chamber. This chamber is located at the front of the eye and is responsible for providing nourishment to the lens.

Cones are the photo sensitive cells that permit better visual acuity and color vision. Unlike rods, which are more sensitive to light and are responsible for vision in low light conditions, cones are responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. They are concentrated in the central part of the retina, called the fovea, which is responsible for sharp and detailed vision. Cones are also responsible for distinguishing different colors and are more active in well-lit conditions.

During accommodation, the ciliary muscles contract, causing the curvature of the lens to change. This adjustment allows the eyes to focus on near objects. As a result of this change in lens shape, the pupils constrict to control the amount of light entering the eye and ensure a clear image is formed on the retina. Therefore, the statement "During accommodation, the pupils constrict as the curvature of the lens is changed to adjust from a distant object to a near object" is true.

Redness is the most common symptom of ocular disease because it can be caused by a variety of conditions such as conjunctivitis, dry eye, allergies, or eye infections. When the blood vessels in the eye become inflamed or irritated, it leads to redness. This symptom is often accompanied by other symptoms like itching, burning, or discharge. Redness is easily noticeable and can be a sign of both minor and more serious eye conditions, making it a common complaint among patients with ocular disease.

Ocular pain can be caused by various factors such as trauma, infection, inflammation, or sudden increase in intraocular pressure. These conditions can lead to discomfort and pain in the eye. Additionally, corneal or conjunctival foreign bodies, disturbances of the corneal epithelium, and rubbing of the eyelashes against the cornea (trichiasis) can also cause ocular pain. Furthermore, corneal inflammation, iritis, or fever associated with systemic infections can contribute to ocular pain. Allergic eye disease can also be a cause of ocular pain. Lastly, hyperemia of the conjunctival, episcleral, or ciliary vessels; erythema of the eyelids, or subconjunctival hemorrhage can result in ocular pain.

Cranial nerve III, also known as the oculomotor nerve, innervates the superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and medial rectus muscles of the eye. This nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye and helps to coordinate the actions of these muscles to allow for proper eye alignment and movement.

Cranial nerve IV, also known as the trochlear nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye, specifically the downward and outward rotation. It is the only cranial nerve that emerges from the dorsal side of the brainstem and has the longest intracranial course. Damage to this nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle, leading to a variety of visual disturbances such as double vision and difficulty with downward gaze.

A hordeolum is the correct term to describe an acute development of a small abscess within a gland of the upper or lower eyelid, most commonly the upper eyelid. It is also known as a stye. A chalazion, on the other hand, is a slowly developing lump that forms due to the blockage of an oil gland in the eyelid. Blepharitis refers to inflammation of the eyelids, entropion is the inward turning of the eyelid, and dacryocystitis is an infection of the tear sac.

An external hordeolum is the fancy name for a sty on the eyelid caused by inflammation and infection of the glands of Moll or Zies.

Staph aureus is the typical causative pathogen of a hordeolum. A hordeolum, also known as a stye, is an infection of the eyelid that results in a painful, red lump. Staph aureus is a bacteria commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes, and it can cause infections when it enters the hair follicles or oil glands of the eyelid. The infection leads to the formation of a hordeolum, which is characterized by localized inflammation and a pus-filled bump. Treatment usually involves warm compresses and antibiotics if necessary.

The correct answer is the external layer. The external layer of the eye is tough and fibrous, and it consists of the sclera and cornea. The sclera is the white part of the eye that provides structural support and protection, while the cornea is the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye that helps to focus light. Together, the sclera and cornea make up the external layer of the eye.

The correct answer is "Lateral canthus." The lateral canthus refers to the outer corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. It is also known as the outer canthus or the temporal canthus.

Keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea, the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. It can be caused by various factors such as infection, injury, or underlying medical conditions. Symptoms of keratitis include eye redness, pain, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and excessive tearing. Prompt treatment is necessary to prevent complications and preserve vision.

OD, OS, and OU are abbreviations used in the field of optometry and ophthalmology to indicate the eyes. OD stands for "oculus dexter," which means right eye in Latin. OS stands for "oculus sinister," which means left eye in Latin. OU stands for "oculus uterque," which means both eyes in Latin. Therefore, the correct answer is "right, left, both."

Strabismus is the term used to describe a manifest lack of parallelism of the visual axis of the eyes, resulting in the absence of binocular fixation (crossed-eyed). It is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and do not work together to focus on an object. This can lead to problems with depth perception and can cause the eyes to appear crossed or misaligned. Strabismus can be caused by muscle imbalance or neurological issues and may require treatment such as glasses, eye exercises, or surgery.

Cranial nerve VI, also known as the abducens nerve, innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This muscle is responsible for the abduction of the eye, which means it moves the eye laterally away from the midline. Damage or dysfunction of the abducens nerve can result in a condition called abducens nerve palsy, which leads to the inability to move the affected eye laterally.

A sudden loss of vision is indeed an ophthalmologic emergency if it is caused by vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or ocular trauma. These conditions can lead to permanent vision loss if not promptly treated. Therefore, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention in such cases to prevent further damage to the eye and potentially preserve vision.

Blepharitis is the correct answer because it accurately describes a common, chronic, bilateral inflammatory condition of the lid margins. Blepharitis is characterized by redness, itching, and irritation of the eyelids, and it can be caused by bacterial or fungal infection, as well as skin conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis. It is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and treatment to alleviate symptoms and prevent flare-ups.

Dacryocystitis is the correct term to describe an infection and inflammation of the lacrimal sac due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. The lacrimal sac is a small pouch that collects tears from the eye, and when there is a blockage in the nasolacrimal system, it can lead to an infection and inflammation in this sac. This condition is specifically referred to as dacryocystitis.

Dacryoadenitis is the correct answer because it refers to the acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland. The lacrimal gland is responsible for producing tears, and inflammation of this gland can cause symptoms such as pain, redness, and swelling around the eye. Dacryocystitis refers to inflammation of the tear duct, blepharitis refers to inflammation of the eyelid, hordeolum refers to a stye or infection of the eyelash follicle, and chalazion refers to a blocked oil gland in the eyelid.

Accommodation refers to the process of changing the curvature of the lens in order to adjust the focus for objects that are either near or far. This allows the eye to maintain clear vision at different distances. The lens becomes more rounded to focus on near objects and flatter to focus on distant objects. This adjustment is controlled by the ciliary muscles in the eye.

The space behind the lens, surrounded by the retina, and containing the gelatinous substance called the vitreous humor is known as the posterior chamber.

The correct answer is "Palpebral fissure." The opening between the eyelids is called the palpebral fissure. This term specifically refers to the space between the upper and lower eyelids when they are open. It is an anatomical feature that allows light to enter the eye and plays a role in vision. The other options mentioned in the question are incorrect and do not accurately describe the opening between the eyelids.

Epiphora is another name for excessive tearing of the eyes. It is a condition where tears overflow onto the face instead of draining through the tear ducts. This can be caused by various factors such as allergies, eye infections, blocked tear ducts, or underlying eye conditions. Epiphora can result in watery and irritated eyes, blurred vision, and discomfort. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, tear duct probing, or surgery to address any blockages.

Adie's pupil, also called tonic pupil, is an idiopathic unilateral process where a pupil is large with severely reduced and slow reaction to light. It is often seen with asymmetrically decreased deep tendon reflexes.

Chronic dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which is responsible for producing tears. It can be seen in various conditions including lymphoma, leukemia, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis. These conditions can cause chronic inflammation and enlargement of the lacrimal gland, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tearing. Therefore, the statement "Chronic dacryoadenitis is seen with lymphoma, leukemia, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis" is true.

In acute dacryocystitis, the usual infectious organisms are staph aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci. This is because acute dacryocystitis is typically caused by a sudden infection of the lacrimal sac, which is commonly associated with these bacteria. On the other hand, chronic dacryocystitis is characterized by a long-standing inflammation and obstruction of the lacrimal sac, leading to a different set of infectious organisms. Staph epidermidis, anaerobic streptococci, and candida albicans are commonly found in chronic dacryocystitis due to the chronic nature of the condition and the presence of biofilms.

The anterior chamber is the correct answer because it is the front part of the eye between the cornea and the iris. It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor. When there is bleeding in the eye, known as hyphema, it typically occurs in the anterior chamber. Therefore, to examine for hyphema, one should look in the anterior chamber of the eye.

If both the person and the patient have no refractive errors, it means that their eyes can focus light perfectly onto the retina without the need for any corrective lenses. In this case, the retina should be in focus at 0 diopters, as no additional correction is required.

Dacryocystitis is an inflammation or infection of the tear sac, which is located in the corner of the eye near the nose. It is commonly caused by a blockage in the tear duct. While it can affect both eyes, it is not usually bilateral. Dacryocystitis typically affects only one eye at a time, causing symptoms such as swelling, redness, pain, and discharge.

Itching is characteristically associated with allergic eye disease. Allergic eye disease refers to conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis, which can cause itching, redness, and swelling of the eyes. It is often triggered by allergens such as pollen, pet dander, or dust mites. This immune response causes the release of histamine, leading to itching and other symptoms. Other options mentioned in the question, such as trauma, infection, inflammation, or increase in intraocular pressure, may cause different symptoms but are not specifically associated with itching.

The palpebral conjunctiva covers the inner aspect of the lid, while the bulbar conjunctiva covers the sclera over the globe.

Xanthelasma is the correct answer because it accurately describes a flat, slightly raised, irregularly shaped, yellow tinted lesion on the periorbital tissues that represents depositions of lipids. Xanthelasma is commonly associated with hyperlipidemia, but hyperlipidemia itself refers to high levels of lipids in the blood and does not specifically describe the physical characteristics of the lesion. Arcus senilis refers to a white or gray ring around the cornea, and "Fatty eye" is not a recognized medical term for this condition.