Edfd 121 Study Guide And Answers

Intelligence tests typically measure cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, logical reasoning, and verbal comprehension. The question "How many friends do you have?" does not directly assess these cognitive abilities and is more related to social skills and personal relationships. Therefore, it would be least likely to be found on an intelligence test.

The correct answer is "Buh-buh-buh-buh." Babbling is a stage in language development where infants produce repetitive syllables, such as "baba" or "dada." This stage typically occurs between 6 to 9 months of age and is considered a precursor to actual words. The repetition of "buh-buh-buh-buh" in the answer choice represents this babbling behavior. The other options, "Eeeeeeeeee" and "Allgone milk," do not demonstrate the repetitive syllables characteristic of babbling. The additional information about Roscoe talking to himself in the sandbox is irrelevant to the question.

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Effie's language development is slower than what you would expect for a 2-year-old because she is only using two or three new words every week over a period of several months. Typically, a 2-year-old's language development involves a rapid expansion of vocabulary and the ability to learn and use new words at a faster rate.

Attachment in the early years refers to the development of a strong and lasting emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver. This bond is crucial for the infant's emotional and social development, as it provides them with a sense of security and trust in their caregiver. The attachment relationship allows the infant to explore their environment, knowing that their caregiver will be there to provide comfort and support when needed. This enduring emotional bond forms the foundation for future relationships and influences the child's overall well-being.

Annette is displaying intrinsic motivation because she loves to play the viola and practices for at least an hour every day out of her own enjoyment and personal interest in the activity.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence suggests that intelligent behavior is determined by how effectively individuals utilize their prior experiences and cognitive abilities to adapt to new situations. This means that intelligence is not solely based on innate abilities or environmental factors, but rather on the individual's capacity to apply their knowledge and problem-solving skills in a practical context. This theory emphasizes the importance of practical intelligence and the ability to effectively apply knowledge in real-world situations.

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that individuals go through a series of stages, and at each stage, they face a unique developmental task that needs to be addressed. These tasks are crucial for the individual's psychological and social growth. Erikson believed that successful completion of these tasks leads to healthy development, while failure to address them can result in negative outcomes. Therefore, his theory emphasizes the importance of each stage and the specific challenges that individuals must navigate to achieve optimal psychosocial development.

The term "language acquisition device" refers to a built-in mechanism that facilitates language learning in human beings. This device is believed to be innate and specific to humans, making the process of acquiring language easier for them compared to other species. It is not a culture-specific symbolic system or a particular area of the human cortex. Additionally, it is not a handheld computer for facilitating communication between people who speak different languages.

If a second-grade student is having unusual difficulty hearing individual sounds in spoken words, it could be a sign of possible dyslexia. Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects a person's ability to read, write, and spell. Difficulty in hearing individual sounds, also known as phonological awareness, is a common characteristic of dyslexia. This difficulty can make it challenging for students to decode words and understand the relationships between sounds and letters. Therefore, as a teacher, it would be important to look for this sign as it could indicate the need for further evaluation and support for the student.

Primary reinforcers are stimuli or events that satisfy biologically built-in needs. These needs are essential for survival and include things like food, water, and shelter. Primary reinforcers are considered to be inherently rewarding and do not require any learning or conditioning to be effective. They are universal and have a strong influence on behavior across different individuals and species.

Behaviors that are clearly interpersonal in nature are first seen in infancy (before age 2). This means that babies start to exhibit behaviors that involve interaction with others, such as smiling, babbling, and responding to social cues. During this stage, infants begin to develop social skills and engage in basic forms of communication with their caregivers and others around them. These early interpersonal behaviors lay the foundation for future social interactions and relationships as the child grows and develops.

When a child feels ashamed or guilty about something they have done, it indicates that they have developed a sense of right and wrong. This suggests that the child is aware of their actions and understands that they have done something that goes against their understanding of what is right. This development of a moral compass is an important aspect of a child's cognitive and emotional growth.

Young infants are least likely to feel pride because pride is a complex emotion that typically requires a sense of accomplishment or achievement. Infants at a young age do not possess the cognitive and social skills necessary to experience pride in the same way that older children or adults do. They are still in the early stages of development and have limited abilities to understand and evaluate their own actions or accomplishments. Therefore, pride is not a common emotion observed in young infants.

Phonological awareness refers to a child's ability to hear and identify the individual sounds or phonemes within a spoken word. This includes recognizing and manipulating sounds such as blending, segmenting, and deleting them in words. It is an important skill for developing reading and spelling abilities as it helps children understand the relationship between sounds and letters.

During adolescence, the motivation for choosing activities shifts from being based on intrinsic appeal, which refers to the inherent enjoyment or interest in the activity itself, to future usefulness, which refers to the potential benefits or practical value the activity may have in the future. This suggests that as adolescents mature, they become more focused on the long-term outcomes and rewards of their activities rather than solely relying on personal interest or enjoyment.

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescents are in the stage of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, high school students are expected to be most concerned about trying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society. This is a critical period where individuals explore and develop their own identity, including their values, beliefs, and aspirations. They may experiment with different roles and explore various career paths to gain a sense of purpose and direction in their lives.

Encouraging children to do problems entirely in their heads whenever possible is not recommended. This is because relying solely on mental calculations can be challenging for young learners, especially when dealing with complex mathematical concepts. It is important to provide concrete objects or visual aids to help them understand and visualize abstract procedures. Additionally, encouraging children to use their fingers can be beneficial as it helps them develop a better understanding of number relationships and enhances their spatial awareness. Lastly, allowing children to invent their own problem-solving strategies promotes critical thinking and creativity in mathematics.

As children grow older, they tend to evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their peers. This is because they become more aware of others around them and start to develop a sense of competition. They may compare their achievements, skills, or abilities with those of their peers to gauge their own level of success or progress. This comparison helps them understand where they stand in relation to others and can motivate them to strive for improvement.

Spreading a malicious rumor is a form of aggression that is commonly observed in girls' behavior. Unlike physical forms of aggression like pulling hair or throwing objects, spreading rumors involves using words and social manipulation to harm someone's reputation or relationships. This behavior is often seen as more covert and indirect, which may be why it is more prevalent in girls. Rumor-spreading allows individuals to assert power and control over others without resorting to physical violence, making it a common form of aggression in girls' social interactions.

The given answer suggests that intelligence involves many different cognitive processes. This means that intelligence is not solely determined by inherited abilities or accumulated knowledge, but rather a combination of various cognitive processes. This aligns with the understanding that intelligence is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses a range of mental abilities such as problem-solving, reasoning, memory, and creativity.

Youngsters at Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning are likely to define "right" behavior in terms of what they can get away with. This means that their moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment or seeking personal rewards. They are primarily concerned with their own self-interest and do not consider abstract principles of morality or societal standards regarding what is right or wrong.

Teaching children the meanings of words related to topics they are studying is most likely to be effective in promoting semantic development. This strategy allows children to learn the meanings of words in a meaningful context, which enhances their understanding and retention of the words. By connecting new vocabulary to familiar topics, children can make connections and build upon their existing knowledge, leading to a deeper understanding of word meanings. This approach also promotes active engagement and interest in learning, as children are more likely to be motivated to learn words that are relevant to their current studies.

Since Harry is blind, he is unable to see the words on a page or the layout of text. Therefore, he is likely to have the least knowledge about the left-to-right progression of words in print.

Mike's behavior of going out with friends, drinking alcohol, and staying out late the night before an important test suggests that he is engaging in self-handicapping. Self-handicapping is a strategy where individuals create obstacles or excuses for themselves that can potentially explain or justify poor performance. In this case, Mike's decision to engage in activities that can negatively impact his performance on the SAT, such as drinking alcohol and not getting enough sleep, can be seen as a way to protect his self-esteem. By engaging in self-handicapping, Mike can attribute any potential poor performance on the test to external factors, such as his hangover, rather than his own abilities or intelligence.

The formation of children's sense of self is most strongly influenced by how other people treat them. This is because children develop their self-concepts based on the feedback and interactions they receive from others. Positive and supportive interactions can boost their self-esteem and confidence, while negative or critical treatment can lead to low self-worth and insecurity. The way others treat children shapes their beliefs about themselves and influences their overall self-perception.

Vicarious reinforcement refers to the process of observing someone else being reinforced for a behavior. It involves learning from the consequences experienced by others, rather than through direct personal experience. By watching someone else receive reinforcement for a behavior, individuals can learn and potentially adopt that behavior themselves. This type of learning is often seen in social contexts, where individuals observe and imitate the actions of others based on the outcomes they observe.

Most children in the early elementary grades think that being a "good listener" is sitting quietly and looking at the speaker because this behavior demonstrates attentiveness and respect. By sitting quietly, children show that they are focused on the speaker and are not distracting others. Looking at the speaker indicates that they are giving their full attention and are actively engaged in the conversation. While asking questions and remembering what the speaker says are also important aspects of being a good listener, these actions may not be as commonly associated with young children's understanding of listening skills.

Most youngsters begin to understand historical time and attach meaning to historical dates around fifth grade. This is typically the age when children start to develop a deeper understanding of history and can grasp concepts such as timelines and the significance of specific dates. By this stage, they have likely been exposed to basic historical knowledge and have the cognitive abilities to connect events and dates together.

The least likely behavior to yield useful information is the willingness to share books with peers. While it is a positive social behavior, it does not directly provide information about the children's emergent literacy skills. The other behaviors mentioned - ability to handle a book correctly, frequency of looking at books independently, and degree of attentiveness during storybook reading - all directly relate to the children's engagement with printed materials and their emergent literacy skills.

This student's statement suggests that they have developed learned helplessness about their spelling ability. They believe that no matter how much effort they put into studying, they will not be able to remember how to spell words correctly. This indicates a lack of confidence in their own abilities and a belief that their efforts will not lead to success.

The original purpose of intelligence tests is to identify children who may require special services or interventions. These tests are designed to assess a child's cognitive abilities and identify any potential learning disabilities or developmental delays. By identifying these children early on, appropriate interventions and support can be provided to help them reach their full potential.

The most accurate statement regarding the origins of prosocial and aggressive behavior is that they are influenced by both genetic heritage and environmental influences. This suggests that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) play a role in shaping these behaviors. Genetic factors can predispose individuals to certain tendencies, while environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, and cultural norms can also impact the development of prosocial and aggressive behaviors.

Research on gender differences in children's and adolescents' sense of self suggests that boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities. This means that boys may have a tendency to overestimate their skills and capabilities, which can lead to overconfidence or unrealistic expectations. On the other hand, girls generally rate their physical appearance more positively than boys and have a better overall sense of self-worth. Additionally, boys are less likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers.

During early adolescence, youngsters go through significant cognitive and emotional changes. They become more self-aware and start to develop a sense of identity. This is a period when they become more concerned about how others perceive them and begin to think more systematically about what others might be thinking about them. They may become more self-conscious and start to compare themselves to their peers, seeking validation and acceptance. This shift in thinking is a normal part of their social and emotional development during early adolescence.

According to Gardner's view of intelligence, there are multiple intelligences, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Each individual may excel in one or more of these intelligences. Therefore, teachers considering Gardner's view would be most likely to conclude that most students are likely to be "intelligent" in one way or another, as intelligence is not limited to a single measure or domain.

In Erik Erikson's view, children in the initiative versus guilt stage ideally learn to plan and carry out some of their own activities. This stage occurs during early childhood, typically between the ages of 3 and 6 years old. During this stage, children develop a sense of initiative and begin to take on more responsibility for their actions. They start to plan and engage in activities independently, which helps them develop a sense of purpose and accomplishment. By successfully planning and carrying out their own activities, children gain confidence and a sense of autonomy, which is crucial for their psychosocial development.

High school students typically show empathy for the victims of a widespread famine or epidemic. This suggests that they are developing a sense of compassion and concern for others who are suffering. This is a positive moral development as it indicates their ability to understand and relate to the pain and suffering of others, and it shows their willingness to help and support those in need.

Recognition of oneself in the mirror appears earliest in the development of children's sense of self. This is because children begin to recognize their own reflection in a mirror at a very young age, usually around 18-24 months. This milestone indicates that they are starting to understand that the reflection they see is their own image, which is an important aspect of developing a sense of self. Personal fable, imaginary audience, and autobiographical self are all more complex psychological concepts that develop later in childhood and adolescence.

Holding high yet achievable expectations for children's performance allows them to strive for success and develop a sense of self-worth. It encourages them to push themselves and work towards their full potential. By setting realistic goals, adults can provide children with a sense of accomplishment and confidence in their abilities. This approach promotes a healthy sense of self and fosters a growth mindset, where children believe in their own abilities to succeed.

Based on the information provided, Max is skilled in cartography, which involves creating maps. This requires a strong understanding and ability to work with spatial relationships and visualizing objects in space. Therefore, Max would be expected to be strong in spatial intelligence, as it involves skills related to visualizing and manipulating objects in the mind.

The concept of working memory suggests that children acquire complex language abilities only after they automatize many of the simpler aspects of language. This means that as children become more proficient in basic language skills, such as vocabulary and grammar, they are able to free up cognitive resources to focus on more complex language tasks. This explanation aligns with the idea that language development is a gradual process, with children building upon their existing language skills to acquire more advanced abilities over time.

This statement is consistent with a nativist view of language development because it suggests that children have some innate knowledge of the structure and rules of language. It acknowledges that children learn specific vocabulary and syntax from their environment, but also implies that they have a predisposition or innate capacity for language acquisition. This aligns with the nativist perspective, which argues that language development is influenced by innate biological factors.

In the elementary school years, many boys begin to hide their true feelings. This statement suggests that boys, as they grow older, tend to suppress or conceal their emotions. This can be attributed to societal expectations and cultural norms that discourage boys from openly expressing their feelings. It implies that boys may feel pressured to appear strong and stoic, leading to a tendency to hide their true emotions.

Research indicates that giving children multiple experiences with books during the preschool years helps them develop a strong foundation for reading. By exposing children to books and reading activities at an early age, they become familiar with the sounds, words, and concepts of reading. This early exposure enhances their language skills, phonemic awareness, and comprehension abilities, making it easier for them to learn to read once they begin school. Therefore, the correct answer is that children who have multiple experiences with books during the preschool years learn to read more easily once they begin school.

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves being able to emotionally connect with someone and experience their emotions, especially in difficult or unfortunate situations. This goes beyond simply understanding what someone might be thinking or feeling, or feeling sorry for them. Empathy allows individuals to truly relate to and feel the same emotions as someone else, fostering a sense of connection and compassion.

Skinner's view of language development is based on the principles of operant conditioning. According to Skinner, children learn language through reinforcement and shaping. In this answer choice, it is consistent with Skinner's view because it suggests that parents and adults praise children for their speech-like sounds, recognizable words, and understandable sentences. This positive reinforcement helps children to develop their language skills further, as they are encouraged to continue using language in a more effective and meaningful way.

Curtis is motivated by the expectation of good grades, praise from his mother, and money from his father. These are all outcomes or rewards that are not inherently pleasurable or satisfying, but they have become associated with positive experiences through conditioning. Secondary reinforcers are rewards that have acquired their value through association with primary reinforcers. In this case, the primary reinforcer could be the intrinsic satisfaction of doing well in school, while the secondary reinforcers are the external rewards that have become associated with academic success.

Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development differs from Lawrence Kohlberg's theory in that it focuses more on the development of caring and compassion. While Kohlberg's theory primarily emphasizes the development of moral reasoning and the ability to make ethical judgments based on principles, Gilligan's theory highlights the importance of relationships, empathy, and the consideration of others' needs and emotions in moral decision-making. Gilligan argues that women tend to prioritize caring and compassion in their moral reasoning, whereas Kohlberg's theory was based primarily on the moral development of men.

Children with a mastery orientation are described as setting high goals and seeking challenges, while children with learned helplessness are said to underestimate their ability and set low goals. This suggests that the two groups differ in their approach to goal-setting and their perception of their own abilities.