Cytoskeleton And Muscle Biochemistry

others are intermediate filaments.

Microfilaments are a type of cytoskeletal filament found in cells, composed of actin protein subunits. These filaments are highly dynamic and can rapidly assemble and disassemble, allowing cells to quickly change their shape and move. This dynamic behavior is essential for various cellular processes such as cell division, cell migration, and intracellular transport. Therefore, the statement that microfilaments are dynamic structures that undergo rapid assembly and disassembly is true.

A sarcomere is a segment of a muscle fiber that is defined by the presence of two Z disks. These Z disks act as anchors for the thin filaments of the sarcomere and help to maintain the structural integrity of the muscle fiber. Therefore, the correct answer is two Z disks.

Griseofulvin is a medication used to treat fungal infections. It works by inhibiting the function of tubulin, a protein involved in cell division. By inhibiting tubulin, griseofulvin prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle, which is necessary for cell division to occur. This inhibitory action ultimately leads to the death of the fungal cells, making the statement "Griseofulvin is a tubulin inhibitor" true.

Spermatocyte is the only flagellated cells in humans.

Kartagener's syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the cilia, which are hair-like structures involved in cell movement. Dynein is a motor protein that plays a crucial role in the movement of cilia. In Kartagener's syndrome, there is a defect in the dynein protein, leading to impaired ciliary movement. This results in various symptoms, including chronic respiratory infections and infertility. Therefore, the defective component in Kartagener's syndrome is dynein.

ATP binding promotes the addition of actin monomers because ATP-bound actin monomers have a higher affinity for the filament compared to ADP-bound actin monomers. When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, the affinity of actin monomers for the filament decreases, leading to dissociation. Therefore, the addition of actin monomers is favored when ATP is bound to actin. The statement that addition and dissociation of actin monomers are slow at the positive end is not supported by the given information.

Epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic disorder that affects the skin, causing it to be extremely fragile and prone to blistering. Keratin is a structural protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and strength of the skin. Mutations in the genes encoding keratin proteins can lead to a defective cytoskeleton in the skin cells, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of epidermolysis bullosa. Therefore, the correct answer is Keratin.

During muscle contraction, the length of actin and myosin filaments does not change. Instead, the filaments slide past each other, resulting in the shortening of the sarcomere, which is the functional unit of a muscle. This sliding filament theory explains that the actin and myosin filaments overlap more, causing the muscle to contract. Therefore, the statement that the length of actin and myosin doesn't change during muscle contraction is true.

Lamin A & C mutation --> accumulation of farnesylated Lamin A --> disrupted nuclear scaffolding

Myosin binding sites on actin are blocked by Tropomyosin.

Ryanodine receptor calcium release channel mutations are the common one. Other mutations are also involved.

The correct answer is "contains the entire length of a single thick filament." This means that the A band, which is a region in a sarcomere, includes the full length of a thick filament. The A band is made up of both thick and thin filaments, but only the thick filament runs the entire length of the A band. The I band, on the other hand, consists only of thin filaments.

Myosin is the motor, actin filaments are the tracks along which myosin moves, and ATP is the fuel that powers movement.

It is the vice versa.

EGF hand binds to 4 calcium

The statement is false because calcium binding actually causes a conformational change in troponin complex that exposes the actin binding sites of myosin, allowing for muscle contraction to occur.

EF hand is a helix-loop-helix . E and F are the 2 helices oriented with an angle of 90 degree to each other. Loop binds to calcium.