Child Psychology - Qp15

The Learning Theory Approach suggests that gender roles are primarily shaped by societal influences rather than being biologically determined. According to this perspective, individuals acquire sex-appropriate behaviors through socialization processes, such as observation, imitation, and reinforcement. Society teaches individuals what behaviors are considered appropriate for their gender through various agents of socialization, such as family, peers, media, and education. This approach emphasizes the role of nurture and the social environment in shaping gender roles and behavior.

Margaret Mead's research demonstrated that cultural influences have a substantial impact on the development of gender roles. Through her studies, Mead observed different gender roles and behaviors across various societies, challenging the notion that gender roles are solely determined by biology. She concluded that cultural factors, such as socialization and cultural expectations, shape individuals' understanding and performance of gender roles. Therefore, the statement "Margaret Mead's research showed that cultural factors played a significant role in gender role formation" is true based on her findings.

The correct answer is 6 months because in Goldberg and Lewis' 1969 studies, they conducted initial observations at multiple time points, including 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months. Therefore, the observations made at the 6-month mark were part of the initial observations.

The given statement is "boys were breast-fed more often than the girls." The correct answer is False. This means that the statement is not true. The studies mentioned in the question suggest that boys were not breast-fed more often than girls.

Sex-identity and gender identity are not equivalent to each other. Sex-identity refers to the biological and physical characteristics that determine whether a person is male or female, while gender identity refers to an individual's deeply-felt sense of being male, female, or something else, which may or may not align with their assigned sex at birth. While sex-identity is determined by anatomy and genetics, gender identity is a deeply personal and subjective experience that can vary from person to person. Therefore, these terms are not interchangeable.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a medical condition that affects the adrenal glands and results in an imbalance of hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. In some cases, this condition can cause the internal sex organs to develop as female, while the external genitalia may appear male. This is due to the abnormal production of hormones during fetal development. Therefore, the statement that Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia can cause internal sex organs to be female while external organs are male is true.

The effects of hormones on sex-typed behaviors and the lateralization of brain functions have been investigated as ways to understand the functions of biological factors. By studying the effects of hormones on sex-typed behaviors, researchers can gain insight into how biological factors influence behavior and gender differences. Similarly, studying the lateralization of brain functions helps to understand how different brain regions are specialized for specific functions, providing further understanding of the role of biological factors in behavior.

The names Arakaki, Kobasigawa, and Awiguni were involved in the 1966 experiments regarding toys and gender roles.