Chapter 5: The Peripheral Nervous System (Grivas)

When something gives you a sudden and unexpected fright, the sympathetic division of the nervous system will be activated. This division is responsible for the body's fight or flight response, which prepares the body to react to perceived threats or danger. It increases heart rate, dilates the pupils, and releases adrenaline, among other physiological responses, in order to prepare the body for action.

When Maria saw the child get hit by a car and reached the child, her physiological state of sweating and racing heart indicates a state of panic. This response is consistent with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response in stressful or dangerous situations. The sympathetic nervous system triggers the release of stress hormones, increases heart rate, and prepares the body for immediate action.

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the activities of visceral muscles, organs, and glands. This system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and hormone secretion. It works automatically and continuously to maintain homeostasis in the body by adjusting these activities based on the body's needs.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements and sensory perception. In this scenario, when the mosquito lands on your arm, your sensory receptors detect the sensation and send signals to your brain through the somatic nervous system. In response, you consciously move your hand to swat the mosquito, which is also controlled by the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system allows for conscious control over our body's movements and responses to external stimuli.

The division of the nervous system that transmits messages to initiate muscle activity is the somatic division. This division is responsible for voluntary movements and controls skeletal muscles. It is involved in activities such as walking, talking, and writing. The somatic division receives information from sensory organs and sends motor signals to the muscles, allowing us to consciously control our movements.

Jana's inability to use her legs to walk is caused by the inability of her somatic nervous system to communicate with her central nervous system. The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements, such as walking, while the central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, which coordinate and control these movements. Therefore, if there is a disruption in the communication between the somatic nervous system and the central nervous system, it can result in the inability to use the legs for walking.

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The peripheral nervous system plays a crucial role in carrying information to and from the central nervous system (CNS). It serves as a communication pathway, transmitting sensory information from the sensory organs to the CNS, and relaying motor commands from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands. This bidirectional flow of information allows for the integration and coordination of neural signals, enabling the body to respond and adapt to its environment.

Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory organs to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. On the other hand, motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands in the body, allowing for movement and response. Therefore, the correct answer is central nervous system; central nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response in the body, which prepares it for heightened activity and stress. After this heightened activity, the parasympathetic nervous system takes over and restores bodily systems to their normal level of functioning. Therefore, the correct answer is parasympathetic.