Campbell Biology - Chapter 6

Explanation
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy. During this process, glucose is broken down and carbon dioxide and water are produced as byproducts. Additionally, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated, which is the primary source of energy for cellular activities. Therefore, cellular respiration yields carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, making "All of the above" the correct answer.

Explanation
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen. Glucose is a vital source of energy for plants, while oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct. Therefore, photosynthesis produces both glucose and oxygen, making option "Both A and B" the correct answer.

Explanation
It's the other way around. The organism receives oxygen (O2) and releases it as the waste product carbon dioxide (CO2).

Explanation
Glycolysis is the correct answer because it is the process that occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid of the cell. It is the first step in cellular respiration and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. Glycolysis does not require oxygen and is therefore anaerobic, making it suitable for the cytoplasmic environment of the cell. The citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, on the other hand, occur in the mitochondria.

Explanation
A glucose molecule can yield up to 38 ATP molecules through the process of cellular respiration. During glycolysis, two ATP molecules are produced. Then, during the Krebs cycle, two more ATP molecules are generated. Finally, during oxidative phosphorylation, a majority of ATP molecules are produced through the electron transport chain, resulting in a total of 34 ATP molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is 38.

Explanation
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. It is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This process does not require oxygen and is therefore considered anaerobic. Glycolysis is the initial step in the conversion of glucose into energy, and it produces a small amount of ATP and NADH. The pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis can then enter the next stages of cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, to further generate ATP.

Explanation
In the first stage, the carbon backbone of a glucose (which contains six carbons total) is split in two. The two molecules will contain three carbons each. Each three-molecule compound is called a pryuvate.

Explanation
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. In the process, two ATP molecules are initially invested to activate the glucose molecule. However, as the pathway progresses, four ATP molecules are generated, resulting in a net gain of two ATP molecules. This means that after considering the initial investment, glycolysis ultimately produces two ATP molecules as a net yield.

Explanation
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process. It can take place with or without oxygen.

Explanation
The Kreb cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. It is an essential part of cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells generate energy. One of the key steps in the Kreb cycle is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which requires oxygen. Without oxygen, this conversion cannot occur, and the Kreb cycle cannot proceed. Therefore, it is true that the Kreb cycle requires oxygen.

Explanation
The Kreb cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the TCA cycle, produces 2 ATPs. This cycle is an important part of cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondria. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized, leading to the production of NADH and FADH2, which then go on to produce ATP through the electron transport chain. The Kreb cycle produces 2 ATP molecules directly through substrate-level phosphorylation.

Explanation
The Kreb Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle because it involves a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and result in the production of energy-rich molecules such as ATP. One of the key steps in this cycle is the conversion of citric acid to other molecules, hence the name "Citric Acid Cycle". Glycolysis is a separate metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the initial step in the breakdown of glucose. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is produced using the energy released from the electron transport chain.

Explanation
Pyruvates are produced by the process of glycolysis. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. This process is the first step in cellular respiration and is anaerobic, meaning it does not require oxygen. The pyruvates produced during glycolysis can then be further metabolized in the citric acid cycle to generate more energy. Therefore, the correct answer is glycolysis.