Each neurotransmitter can directly or indirectly influence neurons in a specific portion of the brain, thereby affecting behavior. Neurotransmitters such as monoamines appear in the embryo before the neurons are differentiated. Take up these 8 questions from block five where 8 involve the embryo and 9 are on Neuro transmitters to learn more.
Metencephalon
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Myelencephalon
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Alar plate of the metencephalon
Alar plate of the myelencephalon
Basal plate of the mesencephalon
Basal plate of the diencephalon
Intermediolateral position near the sulcus limitans of the rhombencephalon
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Rectus femoris
Biceps brachii
Trapezius
Innermost intercostal
Rectus capitis posterior minor
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Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory
Special sensory
Motor
Sympathetic
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Failure of development of Rathke's pouch
Lack of migration of ectoderm through the primitive streak
Lack of normal development and migration of neural crest cells
Failure of descent of the thyroid gland primordium
Lack of normal closure of the cervical sinus
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Meroanencephaly
Rachischisis
Myelocele
Spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida cystica
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Blockage of the foramen of Monroe
Blockage of the aqueduct of sylvius
Blockage of the foramen of Megendie in 4th ventricle
Blockage of the arachnoid villi
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Endocytosis into the postsynaptic neuron
Endocytosis into the presynaptic neuron
Secondary active transport into the presynaptic neuron
Secondary active transport into the postsynaptic neuron
Diffusion out of the side of the synaptic cleft
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NMDA-R is a metabotropic postsynaptic receptor
Postsynaptic responses through the NMDA-R and the GABAA-R will summate and always reach threshold causing an action potential to fire,
GABA will also bind to and activate glycine receptors (GlyR).
Cl- ions influxing through the GABAA-R will cause an IPSP that reduces the amplitude of the EPSP depolarizing graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell.
Na+ ions influxing through the NMDA-R will cause hyperpolarizing graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell.
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Potentiate the effect of glutamate at glutamatergic receptors
Block GABA receptors
Open calcium channels
Block the glial based uptake of glutamate from the synaptic cleft
Open chloride channels
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Inhibits GABA decarboxylase
Keeps the GABA-operated chloride channel open
Inhibits glutamate decarboxylase
Inhibits GABA transaminase
Inhibits COMT
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Choline-acetyl transferase
Tyrosinase
Monoamine oxidase
Catechol-O-methyl transferase
Tyrosine hydroxylase
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Inhibit the sodium cotransporter for dopamine in the nerve terminal
Inhibit the transporter that pumps dopamine into synaptic vesicles
Inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase
Induce enhanced expression of catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)
Block voltage-gated calcium channels in the nerve terminals
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Too much acetylcholine in their synaptic clefts
A shortage of acetylcholine at central and peripheral synapses
Excessive sensitivity of receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA
Inability to synthesize the neurotransmitter GABA
Inability to degrade dopamine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine
Karma is punishing them for their greed
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Increased anti-acetylcholinesterase activity
Blockage of Na+ channels and subsequent repolarization
Blockage of K++ gated channels and subsequent depolarization
Competitive inhibition of binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Competitive inhibition of binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors
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Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Voltage-gated sodium channel
Acetylcholine esterase
Sodium-potassium pump
Ligand-gated sodium-potassium cotransporter
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Epi --> Norepi --> DOPA --> DA
DOPA --> Epi --> Norepi --> DA
DOPA --> DA --> Norepi --> Epi
DA --> DOPA --> Epi -->Norepi
Epi --> Norepi --> DA --> DOPA
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Acts as a growth factor that prevents apoptosis of dopamine neurons
Is a muscarinic agonist that stimulates acetylcholine receptors in the brain, therefore compensating for the shortage of dopamine
Inhibits the uptake of dopamine into nerve terminals
Enhances dopamine action by inhibiting MAO-A
Is a dopamine agonist that stimulates dopamine receptors directly
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