BIO 102 Exam #2

1. When you exhale, you

Release oxygen and carbon dioxide

Exchange CO2 for O2

Take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood

Take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen

Remove CO2 from the body

2. A waste product of respiration is

Water

Electrons

Hydrogen peroxide

Carbon dioxide

Glucose

3. Aerobic respiration consumes _ gas and generates _ gas as a waste product

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

Nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Oxygen, nitrogen

Carbon dioxide, oxygen

4. When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again?

Rising oxygen concentration

Rising carbon dioxide concentration

Falling oxygen concentration

Falling carbon dioxide concentration

Falling nitrogen concentration

5. In the pulmonary circulation, _ is expelled from the blood and _ is picked up

Nitrogen, oxygen

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

Oxygen, nitrogen

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Carbon dioxide, oxygen

6. Olfaction is

The sense of smell

The sense of hearing

The sense of taste

The sense of vision

The sense of touch

7. The movement of air across the vocal cords in the ___ produces sound

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Glottis

Uvula

8. Where would fish have the highest concentration of oxygen in their blood?

As it left their systemic circulation

As it left their heart

As it entered their heart

As it left their lungs

As it left their gills

9. What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?

Active transport against a concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient

Diffusion down a concentration gradient

The heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream

10. Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

Cytotoxic T cells

Natural killer cells

Helper T cells

Plasma cells

Memory cells

11. How does an insect "hold its breath"?

By closing its tracheae

By closing its mouth

By closing its spiracles

By closing its gills

By closing its nostrils

12. What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

Trachea

Alveolus

Larynx

Diaphragm

Bronchus

13. Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must

Be terrestrial

Have a high ratio of body surface area to volume

Have a low ratio of body surface area to volume

Be aquatic and nearly spherical

Have a special kind of hemoglobin

14. In the systemic circulation, _ is expelled from the blood and _ is picked up

Nitrogen, oxygen

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

Oxygen, nitrogen

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Carbon dioxide, oxygen

15. Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

Arteries

Arterioles

Veins

Venules

Capillaries

16. Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?

Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx

Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

Alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, pharynx, larynx

17. In Cystic Fibrosis, a thick dry mucus builds up in the alveoli. Which of the following would you expect to occur in these patients?

Decreased rate of respiration

Increased diffusion of carbon dioxide into capillaries from the alveoli

Decreased blood flow to the alveoli

Increased blood flow to the alveoli

Decreased diffusion of oxygen into the capillaries from the alveoli

18. In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ___ just before entering the right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Aorta

19. The simplest animals with a closed circulatory system are

Mollusks

Amphibians

Annelids

Fish

Reptiles

20. What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

Artery

Arteriole

Capillary

Venule

Vein

21. In aquatic organisms, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water

Spicules

Alveoli

Tracheae

Spiracles

Gills

22. Which of the following factors contributes to the flow of blood in veins?

Skeletal muscle contractions

The number of red blood cells in venous blood

The diameter of capillaries

Blood pressure generated by the heart

Cardiac output

23. Which of the following cell types is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

B cells

Leukocytes

Natural killer cells

Lymphocytes

24. Which of the following is an immediate effect of histamine release?

Dilation of local blood vessels

Blocking of a response to ragweed pollen

Conversion of histamine to histidine

Increase in blood pressure

Metabolic production of energy molecules

25. If you were to move from around sea level to a much higher altitude, your body would respond with

Profuse sweating

A decrease in the diameter and number of capillaries close to your body's surface

An increase in energy production

A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

An increase in the number of your red blood cells

26. Ice fish would have which of the following circulatory systems?

Closed with two-chambered heart

Open

Closed with a single-chambered heart

Closed with a three-chambered heart

None of the above

27. Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

Maintaining an optimal red blood cell count

Transporting nerve impulses throughout the body

Governing nutrient concentration in the blood

Transporting nutrients to body cells

Mounting a response to invading microorganisms

28. In birds, deoxygenated air moves from the lungs into the ___ before the air is expelled.

Anterior air sacs

Lamellae of the gills

Posterior air sacs

Bronchioles

Capillaries

29. The main function of the AV node is to

Initiate the heartbeat

Set the rhythm of the heartbeat

Relay the signal for the heart to contract from the right ventricle to the right atrium

) relay the signal for the heart to contract from the right heart to the left heart

Relay a signal for the ventricles to contract

30. The upper respiratory tract is composed of what?

The nose, pharynx, and trachea

The nose, larynx, and trachea

The nose, trachea, and lungs

The nose, pharynx, and larynx

The nose and pharynx

31. What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?

Active transport against a concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient

Diffusion down a concentration gradient

The heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream

32. Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require a circulatory system?

Grasshopper

Mouse

Earthworm

Carp

Crayfish

33. The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the

Pulmonary vein and inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava and pulmonary vein

Aorta and inferior vena cava

Inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

Aorta and superior vena cava

34. In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart?

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Aorta

Vena cava

Coronary artery

35. Which of the following wander through the interstitial fluid eating any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter?

Erythrocytes

Megakaryocytes

Leukocytes

Macrophages

Interferons

36. Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

Blood pH and CO2 concentration

Blood O2 concentration

Alveolar CO2 concentration

Alveolar O2 concentration

Blood pH and O2 concentration

37. The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

Basophils

Helper T cells

Mast cells

Cytotoxic T cells

B cells

38. The location of the heart's pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac muscle called the

Atrioventricular node

Sinoatrial node

Purkinje fibers

Heart center of the brain

Aorta

39. The chamber of the mammalian heart that is the most powerful is the

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Right ventricle

All chambers of the heart have equal forces of contraction

40. From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

41. The walls of the bronchioles are made up of

Smooth muscle

Cartilage and smooth muscle

Cartilage and skeletal muscle

Cartilage

Skeletal muscle

42. The lower respiratory tract is composed of what?

The pharynx, and lungs

The larynx, and lungs

The larynx, trachea, and lungs

The trachea and lungs

The pharynx, trachea, and lungs

43. Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?

Connective

Epithelial

Muscle

Nervous

Vascular

44. Which of the following is a likely advantage of a three-chambered heart?

Greater separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Greater blood pressure

The ability to divert deoxygenated blood away from the lungs when diving underwater

The ability to generate more body heat than a mammal

Greater mixing of blood in the ventricle

45. HIV has a high mutation rate and can use this to its advantage to develop resistance to antivirals because

Frequent mutations provide greater opportunity for survival of selective pressures

Viral agents infect specific cells, which enhances mutations

Antivirals target viral DNA

Helper T cells prevent antivirals from reaching HIV

Mutation in RNA viruses is always an advantage to the virus

46. How do ice fish transport oxygen in their blood?

In red blood cells

In white blood cells

In platelets

In plasma

On hemoglobin

47. The innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is

Histamine

Complement

Interleukin

Interferon

Epinephrine

48. The two main functions of the lymphatic system are

Coagulating blood and fighting infections

Producing hormones that regulate the immune system and coagulating blood

Producing hormones that regulate the immune system and fighting infections

Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and coagulating blood

Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections

49. High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin because

They have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates

They have reduced amounts of hemoglobin in their blood

Their mitochondria are more efficient than those of other vertebrates

Their heart can increase or decrease in size as altitude changes

They are able to store oxygen in oxygen chambers within muscle cells

50. In arthropods, thee extensively branched internal tubules that connect to the atmosphere through the exoskeleton are

Spicules

Alveoli

Tracheae

Spiracles

Gills

51. Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the

Pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

52. Which of the following animals can obtain the oxygen they need by diffusion of oxygen across the surface of their body?

Fish and flatworms

Fish

Flatworms

Sea anemones

Sea anemones and earth worms

53. In which of the following human blood vessels is the blood pressure lowest?

Arteries in the head

Arterioles in the legs

Capillaries in the feet

The aorta

Veins in the head

54. Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

Venae cavae

Aorta

Coronary veins

55. A substance that can elicit an immune response is called

A complement

An interferon

Histamine

An antibody

An antigen

56. During ventricular systole, the _valves _

AV . . . open

Semilunar . . . close

AV . . . close

Semilunar . . . open

AV and semilunar . . . close

57. The ___ is a passageway shared by both food and air

Alveolus

Trachea

Pharynx

Larynx

Nasal cavity

58. Sleep apnea is more common in people who are overweight. Excess fat in the neck compresses the airway, cutting off air flow. The person then wakes their throat and resumes normal breathing. Which of the following would trigger this reflex?

Increased oxygen

Decreased carbon dioxide

Increased carbon dioxide

Decreased oxygen

Decreased nitrogen

59. Natural killer cells

Are phagocytes that attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms

Attack virus-infected cells by releasing chemicals that promote programmed cell death

Are phagocytes that attack virus-infected cells

Tag pathogenic microorganisms with antibodies

Phagocytize microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies

60. The basic function of activated T cells is to identify

Pathogens in blood or lymph

Pathogens in interstitial fluid

Body cells that have been invaded by pathogens

Chemical mediators of immunity

Activated macrophages

61. The major result of the inflammatory response is to

Initiate the production of antibodies

Remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues

Initiate cell-mediated immune responses

Initiate humoral-mediated immune responses

Initiate the production of killer cells

62. Which of the following animals has a single circuit of blood flow and two heart chambers?

Salamander

Salmon

Snake

Swan

Squirrel

63. Blood proteins are involved in all of the following activities except

Fighting infection

Maintaining osmotic balance

Acting as buffers

Maintaining salinity

Blood clotting

64. During which phase of the heartbeat does the heart fill with blood?

Interphase

Resting phase

Diastole

Atrial phase

Systole

65. Why are gills only found in aquatic animals?

There isn’t enough oxygen in air for them to absorb

Gasses can only diffuse in water

Capillaries can only exchange gas with alveoli, not gills

They dry up when exposed to air

Aquatic animals do not transport oxygen on red blood cells

66. The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Phosphorous

Hemoglobin

67. Most CO2 is transported to the lungs

Dissolved in the plasma

Attached to hemoglobin

As carbonic anhydrase

As carboxyl

As bicarbonate ions

68. Which of the following is characteristic of the circulatory system of arthropods?

Lack of a heart

Lack of blood

Lack of blood vessels

Blood flowing out of the body

Lack of distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

69. Which of the following function primarily as phagocytes

Macrophages

Neutrophils and macrophages

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

70. Carbon Dioxide sensors are found in

The carotid body and aorta

The medulla

The carotid body

The aorta

The medulla and carotid body

71. The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membrane is

Histamine

Interleukin

ADH

Complement

Epinephrine

72. Which chamber of the heart becomes enlarged in a person with Atherosclerosis?

SA node

Left atrium

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

73. The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is

Histamine

Complement

Interleukin

Interferon

Epinephrine

74. Which of the following is not a main function of the respiratory system?

Olfaction

Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere

Production of sounds

Transport of oxygen to the cells of the body

Maintaining blood pH homeostasis

75. Which main tissue type of the circulatory system regulates airflow to the alveoli?

Connective

Epithelial

Muscle

Nervous

Vascular

Bio 102 Exam #2

1. When you exhale, you

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. A waste product of respiration is

3. Aerobic respiration consumes ___ gas and generates ___ gas as a waste product

4. When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again?

5. In the pulmonary circulation, ___ is expelled from the blood and ___ is picked up

6. Olfaction is

7. The movement of air across the vocal cords in the ___ produces sound

8. Where would fish have the highest concentration of oxygen in their blood?

9. What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?

10. Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

11. How does an insect "hold its breath"?

12. What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

13. Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must

14. In the systemic circulation, ___ is expelled from the blood and ___ is picked up

15. Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

16. Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body?

17. In Cystic Fibrosis, a thick dry mucus builds up in the alveoli. Which of the following would you expect to occur in these patients?

18. In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ___ just before entering the right atrium

19. The simplest animals with a closed circulatory system are

20. What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

21. In aquatic organisms, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water

22. Which of the following factors contributes to the flow of blood in veins?

23. Which of the following cell types is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

24. Which of the following is an immediate effect of histamine release?

25. If you were to move from around sea level to a much higher altitude, your body would respond with

26. Ice fish would have which of the following circulatory systems?

27. Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

28. In birds, deoxygenated air moves from the lungs into the ___ before the air is expelled.

29. The main function of the AV node is to

30. The upper respiratory tract is composed of what?

31. What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?

32. Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require a circulatory system?

33. The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the

34. In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart?

35. Which of the following wander through the interstitial fluid eating any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter?

36. Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

37. The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

38. The location of the heart's pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac muscle called the

39. The chamber of the mammalian heart that is the most powerful is the

40. From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the

41. The walls of the bronchioles are made up of

42. The lower respiratory tract is composed of what?

43. Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?

44. Which of the following is a likely advantage of a three-chambered heart?

45. HIV has a high mutation rate and can use this to its advantage to develop resistance to antivirals because

46. How do ice fish transport oxygen in their blood?

47. The innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is

48. The two main functions of the lymphatic system are

49. High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin because

50. In arthropods, thee extensively branched internal tubules that connect to the atmosphere through the exoskeleton are

51. Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the

52. Which of the following animals can obtain the oxygen they need by diffusion of oxygen across the surface of their body?

53. In which of the following human blood vessels is the blood pressure lowest?

54. Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the

55. A substance that can elicit an immune response is called

56. During ventricular systole, the ___valves ___

57. The ___ is a passageway shared by both food and air

58. Sleep apnea is more common in people who are overweight. Excess fat in the neck compresses the airway, cutting off air flow. The person then wakes their throat and resumes normal breathing. Which of the following would trigger this reflex?

59. Natural killer cells

60. The basic function of activated T cells is to identify

61. The major result of the inflammatory response is to

62. Which of the following animals has a single circuit of blood flow and two heart chambers?

63. Blood proteins are involved in all of the following activities except

64. During which phase of the heartbeat does the heart fill with blood?

65. Why are gills only found in aquatic animals?

66. The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood

67. Most CO2 is transported to the lungs

68. Which of the following is characteristic of the circulatory system of arthropods?

69. Which of the following function primarily as phagocytes

70. Carbon Dioxide sensors are found in

71. The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membrane is

72. Which chamber of the heart becomes enlarged in a person with Atherosclerosis?

73. The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is

74. Which of the following is not a main function of the respiratory system?

75. Which main tissue type of the circulatory system regulates airflow to the alveoli?

3. Aerobic respiration consumes _ gas and generates _ gas as a waste product

5. In the pulmonary circulation, _ is expelled from the blood and _ is picked up

14. In the systemic circulation, _ is expelled from the blood and _ is picked up

56. During ventricular systole, the _valves _