Articulations (Joints) Vocabulary Test

Synovial joints, also known as diarthroses joints, are indeed freely movable and are the most numerous and anatomically complex joints in the body. These joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, which contains synovial fluid that lubricates the joint, allowing for smooth movement. Examples of synovial joints include the knee, shoulder, and hip joints. Therefore, the statement "Synovial joints (diarthroses) joints are freely movable, it is the most numerous and anatomically complex joints" is true.

Plantar flexion refers to the movement of bending the ankle so that the toes point downward. This action increases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, allowing for a greater range of motion in the ankle joint.

Ligaments are indeed strong cords of dense, white fibrous tissue that are found at most synovial joints. They play a crucial role in connecting bones to other bones, providing stability and support to the joints. Ligaments are responsible for limiting excessive movements and preventing dislocations or injuries. Their strong and dense nature allows them to withstand the forces exerted on the joints during movement, making them essential for joint function. Therefore, the statement "Ligaments are strong cords of dense, white fibrous tissue found at most synovial joints" is true.

When moving the distal end of an appendage in a circular manner, the range of motion (ROM) is called circumduction. Circumduction involves a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction movements, resulting in a circular motion. This type of movement is commonly seen in joints such as the shoulder and hip, allowing for a wide range of motion.

Hyperextension refers to the movement of a joint beyond its normal range or beyond the anatomical position. It occurs when a joint is extended or straightened beyond its normal limits, causing the joint to move past its normal range of motion. This can lead to stretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, or other soft tissues surrounding the joint. Hyperextension is commonly seen in joints such as the knee, elbow, or spine, and can result from activities such as overstretching, forceful impact, or excessive bending backwards.

Rotation is the correct answer because it refers to the action of pivoting a bone on its own axis, similar to how a wheel rotates on an axle. This can be seen when moving your head from side to side, as if indicating "no" to a question.

The synovial membrane is a moist, slippery membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule. It secretes synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the joint and reduce friction between the bones. The synovial membrane also provides nutrients to the cartilage and helps remove waste products from the joint.

The statement is true because "diarthroses" refers to a type of joint that allows for free movement, and the shoulder joint is a prime example of a diarthrosis joint. Therefore, it can be concluded that diarthroses is the functional name for a freely movable shoulder joint.

Protraction refers to the movement of a body part in the forward direction along a horizontal plane. In this case, when a part is moved anteriorly, it means it is being moved forward. Therefore, protraction is the correct term to describe the movement of sticking out the mandible forward along a horizontal plane.

When moving a body part away from the median plane of the body, it is called abduction. In this scenario, moving the left leg straight out to the side is an example of abduction because it is moving away from the midline of the body.

A goniometer is a device used to measure the decrease or increase in a range of motion. It is commonly used in physical therapy and rehabilitation settings to assess joint mobility and track progress in patients. The goniometer typically consists of a protractor-like instrument with movable arms that can be aligned with the body part being measured. By accurately measuring the angles of joints, healthcare professionals can determine the degree of movement and identify any limitations or improvements in range of motion.

The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers and cushions the articular surfaces of the bones involved. This cartilage helps to reduce friction and absorb shock, allowing for smooth and painless movement at the joints. It also helps to distribute the forces applied to the joint, protecting the underlying bone from damage.

AAROM stands for Active Assistive Range of Motion, which is a type of exercise where the patient uses their own muscles to move a joint, but they require some assistance from a therapist or equipment. This means that the statement "AAROM is when a patient uses the muscles surrounding the joint to perform the exercise, but requires some help from the therapist or a piece of equipment" is true.

An articulation is a joint or a point of contact between bones. It refers to the connection between two or more bones, allowing movement and providing stability to the skeletal system. Articulations can be classified based on their structure, such as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints. The term "diarthroses" refers specifically to freely movable joints, while "structural classification" is a broader term that encompasses the categorization of joints based on their composition and function. "Sutures" are a type of fibrous joint found only in the skull, and "synchondrosis" is a cartilaginous joint found in areas of bone growth.

The rotator cuff is an area where shoulder muscles and tendons form a cuff arrangement around the joint. It is a frequent injury among baseball pitchers.

The correct answer is Gliding. This is because the question describes joints with relatively flat articulating surfaces that allow limited gliding movements along various axes. Gliding joints, also known as plane joints, are found in the wrists, ankles, and between the vertebrae. They allow for smooth gliding movements between the bones, without a significant range of motion in any particular direction.

Pronation is the correct answer because it refers to the movement that turns the palm of the hand downward. When the forearm is rotated from the anatomical position with the palm facing forward, the movement is called pronation.

The joint capsule is a sleevelike extension of the periosteum of each of the articulating bones. It surrounds the joint and provides stability by holding the bones together. The joint capsule is made up of two layers, the outer fibrous layer and the inner synovial layer. The fibrous layer is composed of dense connective tissue and provides strength to the joint. The synovial layer secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction between the bones during movement.

Inversion refers to the movement of the foot to a position where the sole is facing towards the midsagittal plane. This means that the foot is tilted inward, towards the midline of the body. Inversion typically occurs at the ankle joint, allowing the foot to turn inward. This movement is important for maintaining balance and stability, as well as for certain activities such as walking or running on uneven surfaces.

Flexion refers to the movement that decreases the angle of a joint, thereby reducing the range of motion. This term is commonly used in anatomy and physiology to describe the bending or flexing movement of a joint, such as bending the elbow or knee. By understanding the definition of flexion, it becomes clear that it is the correct answer for the given question.

Plantar flexion is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of bending the ankle so that the toes point downward. This movement occurs when the foot is flexed in a downward direction, such as when standing on tiptoes or pointing the toes. The range of motion for plantar flexion is typically 0-50 degrees, which aligns with the description provided in the question.

Functional classification is a scheme used for joints divided into three classes according to the degree of movement. It categorizes joints based on their ability to move and the type of movement they allow. This classification system helps in understanding the function and mobility of different joints in the body.

When moving a body part up, as in closing your mouth, it is called elevation. This term is used to describe the action of raising or lifting a body part. In this case, when you close your mouth, you are elevating your mandible (lower jaw) to meet the maxilla (upper jaw), resulting in the closing motion.

In structural classification, joints are named based on the type of connective tissue that connects the bones together. This classification system helps in categorizing joints based on their structure, which can provide insights into their function and movement capabilities.

A symphysis is a joint in which a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones. This type of joint permits slight movement.

Extension refers to the movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones at a joint. This movement is typically associated with straightening or lengthening the body part. In this case, extension is the correct answer because it specifically describes the action of increasing the angle between bones at a joint when moving a body part.

Dorsiflexion refers to the bending of the foot in an upward direction, reducing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg. This movement is important for activities such as walking, running, and jumping, as it allows the foot to clear the ground during the swing phase of the gait cycle. Dorsiflexion also plays a role in maintaining balance and stability while standing.

Eversion refers to the movement of the foot where the sole faces away from the midsagittal plane. It is the opposite of inversion, which is the movement where the sole faces towards the midsagittal plane. Protraction refers to moving a body part forward, elevation refers to raising a body part, and abduction refers to moving a body part away from the midline.

Synchondroses are a type of joint where hyaline cartilage is present between the articulating bones. In this case, the correct answer is "first rib and sternum" because the first rib and sternum are connected by a synchondrosis joint where hyaline cartilage is present. This type of joint allows for limited movement and provides stability to the ribcage.

Retraction is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of a body part in a posterior direction, along a horizontal plane or backward. This movement is opposite to protraction, which is the movement of a body part in an anterior direction or forward. Inversion, eversion, elevation, and abduction are not related to the specific movement described in the question.

Opposition refers to the diagonal movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand, making contact with the fingers. This movement allows the thumb to touch or oppose each of the fingers, enabling fine motor skills and precision grip.

A uniaxial joint is a synovial joint that allows movement in only one axis and in only one plane. This means that it permits motion in only one direction, such as flexion and extension or abduction and adduction, but not rotation.

Amphiarthroses are slight movable joints, such as the symphysis pubis. These joints allow for limited movement and are characterized by the presence of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones. The term "amphiarthroses" is used to describe this type of joint, both in uppercase and lowercase format.

Sutures are fibrous joints found in the skull where adjacent bones are tightly interlocked with each other. These joints are immovable and provide stability to the skull. The teethlike projections mentioned in the question refer to the interlocking nature of sutures, as they resemble the appearance of teeth.

The humeroscapular joint is a joint located between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. This joint allows for movement and rotation of the arm, facilitating actions such as raising and lowering the arm, as well as rotating it in various directions. The term "humeroscapular" refers to the connection between the humerus and the scapula, highlighting their anatomical relationship and the importance of this joint in the functioning of the upper limb.

Supination is a position of either the forearm or foot. Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm face to the front (anteriorly) of the body.

The correct answer is "menisci (articular disks)". Menisci are pads of fibrocartilage that are found between the articulating ends of bones in certain diarthroses. They help to distribute weight, absorb shock, and improve stability within the joint. Articular disks, also known as menisci, serve a similar purpose by providing cushioning and support to the joint.

Depression is the anatomical term for movement in an inferior direction. This term is used to describe the downward movement of a body part, such as lowering the shoulders after shrugging them.

Retraction is the anatomical term for posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders. This movement involves pulling the arms backward towards the midline of the body.

Adduction is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of a body part towards the central axis of the body. In this context, the hip joint moves towards the central axis of the body within its range of motion.

The given correct answer for this question is "pivot (uniaxial)". This is because a pivot joint is a type of synovial joint where one bone rotates around another bone. In this case, the second cervical vertebra articulates with the ring-shaped first cervical vertebra, allowing for rotational movement. Additionally, pivot joints are classified as uniaxial joints because they only allow movement around one axis.

Retraction is the anatomical term of motion for posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders. This means that when the arms move backward, towards the back of the body, it is referred to as retraction.

Gomphoses are unique joints that occur between the root of a tooth and the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. These joints are also known as "peg-in-socket" joints because the tooth fits into a socket-like structure in the jawbone. Gomphoses provide stability and support to the teeth, allowing them to withstand the forces of chewing and biting. They are immovable joints, which means that they do not allow any significant movement between the tooth and the jawbone. Gomphoses are essential for maintaining the integrity and function of the dental arch and are found in all humans.

Syndesmoses are joints that have fibrous bands, known as ligaments, connecting two bones. These joints allow for limited movement and are found in areas where stability is crucial, such as the distal tibiofibular joint in the lower leg. The ligaments in syndesmoses provide strength and support to the bones, preventing excessive movement and maintaining the structural integrity of the joint.

Synarthrosies are immovable joints, and they are specifically found in the sutures of the cranium. These joints are formed by fibrous connective tissue, which allows for a strong and rigid connection between the bones of the skull. The lack of movement in these joints is essential for protecting and supporting the brain and other delicate structures within the skull.