Architectural Design - Chapters 10, 16, 17, 19

The horizontal member of each step in a staircase is called the tread. The tread is the part of the step that you step on when going up or down the stairs. It provides a flat and stable surface for walking and is typically made of a durable material such as wood, stone, or concrete. The tread is an essential component of a staircase as it ensures safety and ease of use for individuals using the stairs.

A lintel is a horizontal structural element that supports the weight of the masonry (bricks) above the fireplace opening. It is typically made of a strong material like steel or concrete and is placed across the top of the opening to provide stability and prevent the bricks from collapsing. The lintel distributes the weight of the bricks evenly, ensuring the structural integrity of the fireplace.

A stringer is a structural member that supports the treads and risers of stairs. It is typically a long, inclined beam or board that runs along the side of the staircase and provides support for the steps. The stringer helps to distribute the weight of the person using the stairs evenly across the treads and risers, ensuring stability and safety.

The term "run" refers to the horizontal distance from the inside of one stud wall to the inside of the opposite stud wall. In the context of roofs, this is important because it helps determine the size and dimensions of the roof structure. The run is typically measured in feet or meters and is used in conjunction with other measurements, such as the pitch and rise, to accurately design and construct a roof.

The vertical face of a step in stairs is called the riser. The riser is the part of the step that connects the treads, forming the vertical height between each step. It is important for the riser to be consistent in height to ensure safety and ease of use when climbing or descending the stairs.

An A-frame roof type forms both the walls and the roof. It is characterized by its steeply sloping sides that meet at the top to form an "A" shape. This design eliminates the need for separate walls as the roof extends all the way down to the ground, serving as both the roof and the walls of the structure. A-frame roofs are popular for their unique and modern aesthetic, as well as their efficient use of space.

The correct answer is Property Lines. Property lines are the lines that define the boundaries of a site on a plot plan. These lines indicate the exact limits of a property and are typically used to determine ownership and rights of use.

Closed contour lines represent summits (peaks) and depressions (valleys). Contour lines are lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation. Closed contour lines form circles or ovals and indicate areas of higher or lower elevation. When contour lines are close together, it indicates a steep slope or a significant change in elevation. Therefore, closed contour lines are used to identify summits (peaks) and depressions (valleys) on a map.

The correct answer is flue. A flue is a duct or chimney that provides a smoke path from the fireplace to the outside. It allows the smoke and gases produced by the fire to be safely vented out of the house, preventing them from entering the living space. The flue also helps to create proper airflow, ensuring that the fire burns efficiently and effectively.

The word "pitch" can refer to the slope of a roof. It is commonly used to describe the angle or steepness of the roof.

A hip roof is a popular roof style that has a sloped roof section rather than gables at the ends. This type of roof is characterized by all sides sloping downwards towards the walls, creating a more uniform and compact shape. It is known for its stability and ability to withstand strong winds and heavy snow loads. The absence of gables at the ends gives it a sleek and modern appearance.

The vertical distance from the top of the wall plate to the underside of the rafters at the ridge is known as the rise. This measurement is important in determining the overall height and slope of the roof.

A gable roof is easy to build and very popular because it has a simple triangular shape with two sloping sides that meet at a ridge in the middle. This design allows for efficient water drainage and provides ample space for attic ventilation. Gable roofs are also versatile and can be adapted to various architectural styles. Additionally, the straightforward construction of a gable roof makes it cost-effective and less time-consuming to build compared to more complex roof designs.

Contour lines are lines on a map that connect points of the same elevation. These lines are used to represent the shape and elevation of the land. By following contour lines, one can determine the steepness of slopes and identify features such as hills, valleys, and ridges. Therefore, contour lines are the correct answer as they are specifically designed to connect points with the same elevation.

The hearth is the correct answer because it is the part of the fireplace that is designed to protect the floor from sparks. It is typically made of fire-resistant materials such as stone or brick, and it extends out in front of the fireplace opening to catch any sparks or embers that may escape. The hearth acts as a barrier between the fire and the floor, preventing any damage or potential fire hazards.